As current social problems grow more complex, public organizations have to deal with more complicated problems and values than in the past. Public organizations arguably need more knowledge to effectively address such complex problems. However, there is little study of the relationship between knowledge sharing and government performance. This study has several primary purposes. First, it tries to find out more about the roles and effects of knowledge sharing on program performance in public organizations. Second, by examining the factors affecting the relationships between knowledge sharing and program performance, the study explores the importance of individual and organizational conditions in connecting knowledge sharing to program performance. Lastly, the study helps clarify the effect of knowledge sharing on program performance by also examining other factors that are likely to affect program performance. To explore the relationships among explicit and tacit knowledge sharing, public service motivation, self-set goals, red tape, economic conditions, staffers' professionalism, budgetary resources, and program performance, I examined Virginia's Child Protective Services program. The Virginia Department of Social Services determines the guidelines and policies for the state's CPS program and supervises its implementation by local agencies. I focused on the implementation of the CPS program. The study examined the relationships between CPS program performance and the degree and dynamics of knowledge sharing at the local jurisdictional and at the individual social worker levels in each of the 23 local CPS departments in which staffers responded to an on-line survey. In addition to these relationships, the study examined the effects of individual, organizational, and financial factors in Virginia local CPS departments on the relationships between knowledge sharing and program performance. The study yielded numerous findings. First, at the local agency level evidence showed that explicit knowledge sharing played an important role in affecting CPS program performance. At the individual level, only the reported usefulness of explicit knowledge sharing affected CPS program performance, while the usefulness of tacit knowledge sharing and time devoted to explicit knowledge sharing affected usefulness of explicit knowledge sharing. The personal motivation of CPS staffers influenced program performance through tacit knowledge sharing, and red tape evidently affected CPS program performance by decreasing explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Even when factors like local economic conditions and available financial resources were taken into account, the usefulness of explicit knowledge sharing still affected CPS program performance. Second, the relationships among time devoted to, usefulness of, and access to explicit and tacit knowledge sharing were diverse. They affected CPS program performance through the reported usefulness of explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Third, individual and organizational factors influenced the relationship between knowledge sharing and CPS program performance. The personal motivation of CPS staffers had a positive effect on tacit knowledge sharing, but red tape appeared to have a negative effect on explicit and tacit knowledge sharing. Fourth, the study showed that several factors other than knowledge sharing such as local economic conditions, work training of CPS staffers, family assessments, CPS staffer education, and additional budgetary resources also affected CPS program performance. / Ph. D.

The number of people with intellectual disabilities having children has increased since the abolition of the forces of sterilizations in Sweden and with the improved right and living conditions. Previous studies showed that this is a large client group within social services and that parents feel mistrusted in their interaction with the authorites despite improved living conditions. Our qualitative study aimed to investigate social workers' experiences of assessing children's needs and parental capacity in families where one or both parents have intellectual disabilities and to identify the social worker’s state of knowledge working with this target group. The study has been conducted with a qualitative approach in the form of semi-structured interviews with professionals working and investigating these families. The empirical data has been analyzed with Michael Lipsky’s theory of street-level bureaucrats which highlights the social workers discretion in their work which can be considered to be complex. The results provide a deeper understanding of the experiences, challenges and knowledge social workers have working with families where the parents have an intellectual disability.

In this essay the aim is to analyse the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment program of newly arrived immigrants in Sweden. The questions I intend to answer through qualitative interviews and analysis of policy documents are: What factors limit the local work with refugees and immigrants within the framework of the Social orientation course as an establishment effort? How is the Social orientation course as a part of the Establishment Reform implemented in Växjö Municipality? And, how can the result of the Social orientation course in the local context be explained by the theory of street-level bureaucracy? In the light of Michael Lipsky’s theory about street-level bureaucracies the study contributes to a better understanding of the factors that limit the work with Social orientation as an establishment effort. The result shows that the local work with newly arrived immigrants in Sweden is much influenced and limited by the features of street-level bureaucracies: the resources are inadequate to the task, goal expectations are vague and conflicting, goal achievement is difficult to measure, and the clients do not serve as bureaucratic reference groups. The limitations result in an introduction program which is an inadequate basis for successful integration of immigrants. This knowledge of the outcomes of the Establishment Reform is of great importance for the newly arrived immigrants in Sweden to whom the reform is directed, as well as for the policy makers.

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo qualitativo sobre o trabalho técnico social (TTS) na implementação do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) para a Faixa 1 no município de Porto Alegre-RS. Nosso objetivo principal foi compreender de que forma o trabalho técnico social se efetiva, quais são seus limites e potencialidades quanto à sua autonomia e discricionariedade, e como está associado à consolidação do direito à moradia prescrito pelo PMCMV. Para tanto, realizamos entrevistas com técnicas sociais atuantes no ano de 2016, observações participantes e análise de conteúdo de pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o tema. Assim buscamos observar as percepções dos profissionais que realizam o trabalho social quanto ao seu papel dentro do processo de implementação do PMCMV. Partimos da ideia que os técnicos sociais representam os burocratas de nível de rua da política pública habitacional, pois possuem um papel específico de mediação entre os beneficiários da política e o Estado. Em nossas análises das entrevistas, identificamos dois fatores importantes que influenciam a discricionariedade do TTS: os fatores institucionais e normativos, relacionados ao que é oficialmente prescrito; e os fatores relacionais e interacionais, que se referem às relações dos técnicos sociais com os beneficiários. A partir desses dois fatores, constatamos que o desenho institucional do PMCMV exerce uma função determinante nos limites e potencialidades do TTS. Concluímos que o mesmo não consegue exercer efetividade, no que tange promover o direito à moradia. / This dissertation presents a qualitative study about social technical work (TTS) in the implementation of the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) for Track 1 in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Our main objective was to understand how social technical work is effective, what its limits and potentialities are regarding its autonomy and discretion, and how it is associated with the consolidation of the right to housing prescribed by the PMCMV. For that, we conducted interviews with social techniques in the year 2016, participating observations and analysis of content of academic research on the subject. Thus, we seek to observe the perceptions of professionals who carry out social work in relation to their role in the PMCMV implementation process. We start from the idea that the social technicians represent the street-level bureaucrats of the public housing policy, since they have a specific role of mediation between the beneficiaries of politics and the State. In our interview analysis, we identified two important factors that influence the discretion of TTS: institutional and normative factors, related to what is officially prescribed; and relational and interactional factors, which refer to the relationships of social workers with beneficiaries. From these two factors, we find that the institutional design of PMCMV has a determining function in the limits and potentialities of TTS. We conclude that it can not be effective in promoting the right to housing.

壓力與工作倦怠(stress and burnout)之課題，是1980年代以來，組織學者，管理實務家與大眾傳播媒體關注的焦點。工作倦怠是壓力徵狀的一種獨特型態，常與不妥適的心理及情緒徵狀有關，表現在組織離職、缺席、低士氣及各種有關個人煩惱的自我報告指標上，包括生理枯竭、失眠、酒精與藥物使用量的增加、婚姻與家庭問題等面向上。因此，對工作倦怠現象之瞭解與衡量，是測量組織工作生活品質的重要指標，更是對個人工作經驗及組織診斷的方法；從積極面而言，具有提昇組織整體效能之正面意義，從消極面而言，防止組織成員工作倦怠現象之發生，可達到避免組織衰敗的功能。 　　區政是市政之基礎與延伸，區公所之基層公務人員扮演政府與民眾之間的重要橋樑，民眾經由他們的服務感知政府的存在，且擔負著政府政策執行成敗之關鍵性角色；值此行政革新如火如荼展開之際，探討基層公務人員工作倦怠程度在組織分佈情形，應為克服行政革新阻力，有效提昇服務品質之最佳途徑。 　　本研究整合分析工作倦怠之文獻探討，採用階段理論模式，針對台北市政府十二行政區區公所的基層公務人員進行間卷調查及統計分析。根據研究結果有以下的主要發現： 　　一、依區公所基層公務人員個人背景變項與工作變項之不同，其在工作倦怠階段中人數分布情形，有以下的結果： 　　　　1.就性別而言，集中於低工作倦怠群之現象十分明顯，其中男性51.7%女性47.2%；而在高工作倦怠群之分布，女性高於男性，尤其階段VIII特別顯著。 　　　　2.就年齡層而言，年齡26-30歲及31-40歲兩組，在高工作倦怠群階段VIII所佔之比率大於其它各組，是工作倦怠的兩個高峰期。 　　　　3.就服務年資而言，隨著服務年資之進升，低工作倦怠群之比率呈下降趨勢，而服務年資在（一至未滿三年）及（五至未滿十年）兩組在階段VIII之比率最高，係兩個高峰期。 　　　　4.依基層人員業務類型觀之，以秘書室人員在高工作倦怠群之人數比率達50.0%，明顯高於其它類型人員，依次為經建課人員45.6%，社會課人員42.7%，兵役課人員32.1%，而以民政課人員28.4%最低。 　　　　5.工作性質方面，內勤人員之高工作倦怠比率平均大於外群人員，兩者相差10.0%。 　　　　6.職等部份，薦任人員之高工作倦怠比率佔35.1%，高於委任人員之34.6%。 　　　　7.專科程度之基層人員，高工作倦怠程度最嚴重，研究所程度人員則無高工作倦怠現象。 　　　　8.有宗教信仰之基層人員，在高工作倦怠群之比率低於無宗教信仰者。 　　　　9.未婚之基層人員，其高工作倦怠比率佔36.4%，大於已婚人員之34.1%。 　　　　10.以行政區而言，在高工作倦怠群之比率，以文山區49.0%最高，北投區47.5%次之，而以士林區24%最低。 　　二、從區公所基層公務人員個人背景變項之分析結果，女性基層人員工作倦怠程度高於男性基層人員；26-30歲人員工作倦怠程度最高，51-60歲人員最低；未婚者工作倦怠程度明顯高於已婚者；無宗教信仰者工作倦怠程度高於有宗教信仰者。由區公所基層公務人員工作變項觀之，以秘書業務人員之工作倦怠程度最高，民政業務人員最低；內勤人員工作倦怠程度大於外勤人員；而服務地區中以文山區之基層人員工作倦怠程度最高，而以士林區人員最低。 　　三、工作倦怠對區公所基層公務人員之工作緊張、工作無助、工作投入、工作滿足、一般健康等變項之影響程度，依研究結果顯示，工作倦怠與工作緊張、工作無助、一般健康等變項成正相關，而與工作滿足、工作投入二者成負相關。 　　四、工作倦怠對基層公務人員執行公務行為之影響程度，依其工作投入之中位數劃分為積極投入與消極投入者，兩者在工作倦怠八階段中之人數比率發現，積極投入型基層人員由階段1之21.3%，趨降於階段VIII之12.9%；而消極投入型基層人員則由階段I之5.0%趨升至階段VIII之31.9%，顯示工作倦怠導致基層公務人員的工作投入情形普遍不高。 　　本研究之預期價值在於探究並瞭解臺北市區公所組織中基層公務人員工作倦怠感之分佈情形，藉以研提妥善的因應之道，俾能有效的提昇行政效率，達到改善服務品質之目的。依據研究結果發現，對於臺北市主管機關及區公所管理人員，提出下列幾項建議： 　　一、組織功能面的調適 　　　　1.充份授權並賦予區公所業務上之自主權。 　　　　2.重新設計工作內容。 　　　　3.採取（經歷管制辦法），促進人員之間之交流與互動。 　　二、管理實務面之診斷與防治 　　　　1.建立組織診斷制度。 　　　　2.發展員工諮商與生涯諮商方案。 　　　　3.提供對員工支持性與教育性的協助措施。 　　　　4.增進主管人員對（員工生活壓力）課題之認知。 　　三、採取增進個人工作效能之干預技術 　　　（一）高工作倦怠群之干預技術。 　　　　　--建立基層公務人員的心理輔導制度。 　　　　　--輔導基層公務人員從事生涯與事業之規劃。 　　　　　--貫澈實施定期工作輪調制度。 　　　（二）低工作倦怠群之干預技術。 　　　　　--強化基層公務人員敏感性訓練。 　　　　　--推行組織目標之管理制度。 　　　　　--改變組織結構。

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo qualitativo sobre o trabalho técnico social (TTS) na implementação do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) para a Faixa 1 no município de Porto Alegre-RS. Nosso objetivo principal foi compreender de que forma o trabalho técnico social se efetiva, quais são seus limites e potencialidades quanto à sua autonomia e discricionariedade, e como está associado à consolidação do direito à moradia prescrito pelo PMCMV. Para tanto, realizamos entrevistas com técnicas sociais atuantes no ano de 2016, observações participantes e análise de conteúdo de pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o tema. Assim buscamos observar as percepções dos profissionais que realizam o trabalho social quanto ao seu papel dentro do processo de implementação do PMCMV. Partimos da ideia que os técnicos sociais representam os burocratas de nível de rua da política pública habitacional, pois possuem um papel específico de mediação entre os beneficiários da política e o Estado. Em nossas análises das entrevistas, identificamos dois fatores importantes que influenciam a discricionariedade do TTS: os fatores institucionais e normativos, relacionados ao que é oficialmente prescrito; e os fatores relacionais e interacionais, que se referem às relações dos técnicos sociais com os beneficiários. A partir desses dois fatores, constatamos que o desenho institucional do PMCMV exerce uma função determinante nos limites e potencialidades do TTS. Concluímos que o mesmo não consegue exercer efetividade, no que tange promover o direito à moradia. / This dissertation presents a qualitative study about social technical work (TTS) in the implementation of the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) for Track 1 in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Our main objective was to understand how social technical work is effective, what its limits and potentialities are regarding its autonomy and discretion, and how it is associated with the consolidation of the right to housing prescribed by the PMCMV. For that, we conducted interviews with social techniques in the year 2016, participating observations and analysis of content of academic research on the subject. Thus, we seek to observe the perceptions of professionals who carry out social work in relation to their role in the PMCMV implementation process. We start from the idea that the social technicians represent the street-level bureaucrats of the public housing policy, since they have a specific role of mediation between the beneficiaries of politics and the State. In our interview analysis, we identified two important factors that influence the discretion of TTS: institutional and normative factors, related to what is officially prescribed; and relational and interactional factors, which refer to the relationships of social workers with beneficiaries. From these two factors, we find that the institutional design of PMCMV has a determining function in the limits and potentialities of TTS. We conclude that it can not be effective in promoting the right to housing.

Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo qualitativo sobre o trabalho técnico social (TTS) na implementação do Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) para a Faixa 1 no município de Porto Alegre-RS. Nosso objetivo principal foi compreender de que forma o trabalho técnico social se efetiva, quais são seus limites e potencialidades quanto à sua autonomia e discricionariedade, e como está associado à consolidação do direito à moradia prescrito pelo PMCMV. Para tanto, realizamos entrevistas com técnicas sociais atuantes no ano de 2016, observações participantes e análise de conteúdo de pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o tema. Assim buscamos observar as percepções dos profissionais que realizam o trabalho social quanto ao seu papel dentro do processo de implementação do PMCMV. Partimos da ideia que os técnicos sociais representam os burocratas de nível de rua da política pública habitacional, pois possuem um papel específico de mediação entre os beneficiários da política e o Estado. Em nossas análises das entrevistas, identificamos dois fatores importantes que influenciam a discricionariedade do TTS: os fatores institucionais e normativos, relacionados ao que é oficialmente prescrito; e os fatores relacionais e interacionais, que se referem às relações dos técnicos sociais com os beneficiários. A partir desses dois fatores, constatamos que o desenho institucional do PMCMV exerce uma função determinante nos limites e potencialidades do TTS. Concluímos que o mesmo não consegue exercer efetividade, no que tange promover o direito à moradia. / This dissertation presents a qualitative study about social technical work (TTS) in the implementation of the Programa Minha Casa Minha Vida (PMCMV) for Track 1 in the city of Porto Alegre, RS. Our main objective was to understand how social technical work is effective, what its limits and potentialities are regarding its autonomy and discretion, and how it is associated with the consolidation of the right to housing prescribed by the PMCMV. For that, we conducted interviews with social techniques in the year 2016, participating observations and analysis of content of academic research on the subject. Thus, we seek to observe the perceptions of professionals who carry out social work in relation to their role in the PMCMV implementation process. We start from the idea that the social technicians represent the street-level bureaucrats of the public housing policy, since they have a specific role of mediation between the beneficiaries of politics and the State. In our interview analysis, we identified two important factors that influence the discretion of TTS: institutional and normative factors, related to what is officially prescribed; and relational and interactional factors, which refer to the relationships of social workers with beneficiaries. From these two factors, we find that the institutional design of PMCMV has a determining function in the limits and potentialities of TTS. We conclude that it can not be effective in promoting the right to housing.

This study aims to identify the municipalities of Hallands’ methods, guidelines and policies in integration concerning new arrivals of children and teenagers. Some of the new arrivals are under the power of Swedish Migration Board and some of them are by a contract handed over to the municipalities. The evaluation is based on Michael Lipskys street-level bureaucracy which puts its focus on the lower level of bureaucrats meeting with clients. The frame is Skolverkets guideline for education of new arrivals which is more or less a way towards a common policy. The other document used to put up evaluation criteria’s is the Integration office united goals towards the receiving of new arrivals. The material for this evaluation is empirical in the sense of interviews made in the municipalities and document handed from each responsible bureaucrat. The result shows implications of the wide interpretation that the municipalities have. Some of them follow the directions and stop there, while others form routines and policies which go beyond the expectations. The conclusion of this study is that some municipalities have a lack of structure in the area for new arrivals of children and teenagers. This is in most of the cases because there also is a lack of liability areas. Most of the jobs are handed over to the principals who in the same way hand theirs over to the teachers. Bureaucrats need to know what is expected and there need to be documents or a reliable structure to work under.

The purpose of this study is to examine how upper secondary school teachers within the social studies subject interpret and transform the mission of preparing students for political participation. Based on teachers' dictums of how the mission is interpreted and transformed ahead of teaching, as well as which factors are expressed to affect this transformation, the study aims to determine what differences exist regarding how the mission is transformed and what can be seen to cause these differences. Through semi-structured interviews with seven social studies teachers, the study aims to answer three research questions addressing how the teachers interpret the mission, their expressions of how the mission is transformed ahead of teaching as well as which factors are mentioned to affect this transformation. The general conclusion of the study is that the teachers express that the mission of preparing students for political participation contain several contrasting dimensions, which in various ways are transformed ahead of teaching. The most central differences can be seen within the knowledge conveying and participation promoting dimensions, where the variations appear as the teachers to a certain extent focus on different areas of teaching and attend to these on different levels. Furthermore, different possibilities of influence and forms of participation are accentuated to various extent. To conclude, the study indicates that the teachers, qua agents of political socialisation, are preparing the students dissimilarly for political participation. / Syftet med föreliggande studie är att undersöka hur gymnasielärare i samhällskunskap tolkar och transformerar skolans uppdrag att förbereda elever för politiskt deltagande. Utifrån lärares utsagor kring hur uppdraget tolkas och transformeras inför samhällskunskapsundervisning, samt vilka faktorer som uttrycks påverka denna transformering, syftar studien till att utröna vilka skillnader som föreligger beträffande hur uppdraget transformeras, samt vad dessa skillnader kan ses bero på. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sju samhällskunskapslärare, syftar studien till att besvara tre forskningsfrågor, vilka behandlar hur lärarna tolkar uppdraget att förbereda elever för politiskt deltagande, hur de uttrycker att uppdraget transformeras inför undervisning samt vilka faktorer som uttrycks påverka denna transformering. Studiens övergripande slutsats är att lärarna ger uttryck för att uppdraget att förbereda eleverna för politiskt deltagande inbegriper flera olika dimensioner, vilka transformeras på olika sätt inför undervisning. De mest centrala skillnaderna kan ses finnas inom de kunskapsförmedlande och deltagarfrämjande dimensionerna, vilket yttrar sig genom att lärarna i viss mån fokuserar på olika undervisningsområden och behandlar dessa på olika nivåer. Vidare framhävs olika påverkansmöjligheter och deltagandeformer i varierande grad. Sammanfattningsvis indikerar studien att lärarna, i egenskap av politiska socialisationsagenter, förbereder eleverna olika för politiskt deltagande.

Arbetsförmedlingen genomgår en omfattande digitalisering och är mitt i ett stort förändringsarbete, kallat förnyelseresan, där syftet är att modernisera myndigheten. Tidigare forskning visar att olika faktorer påverkar en implementeringsprocess och belyser också hur den politiskt styrda offentliga förvaltningens tjänstemän har en speciell roll.  Studiens huvudteori är baserad på implementeringsstyrning utifrån Lennart Lundquists styrningsmodell och tre egenskaper hos anställda, förstår, vill och kan, som påverkar om implementeringen får önskat utfall. Syftet med studien är att nå en förståelse för hur arbetsförmedlare upplever implementeringsprocessen kring förändringsarbetet och digitaliseringen som pågår vid myndigheten, och hur förändringarna hanteras.  För att få en förståelse för deras upplevelser används en kvalitativ metod i form av intervjuer.  Resultatet visar att arbetsförmedlarna upplever omfattande problem med tekniken och många upplever även en stor personal- och tidsbrist. Arbetsförmedlarna visar sig dock ändå vara motiverade och ha en i grunden positiv inställning till förändringar. Chefer och ledning upplevs ha varit tydliga i hur de har informerat om förändringarna men förtroendet för dem, och förståelsen från dem, varierar stort. Resultaten visar tydligt att arbetsförmedlare främst har kundens bästa i fokus. Studiens slutsats är att arbetsförmedlarna förstår och vill implementera förändringarna men inte riktigt kan, till följd av teknikproblem och resursbrist. / The Swedish public employment service is under an extensive process of digitalization as well as a big organizational change called ”förnyelseresan”, which purpose is to modernize the authority. Previous research has found different factors affecting the implementation process and also illustrates the special features of public administration employees.  The main theory of this study is based upon implementation steering and three employee characteristics, which a Swedish professor of political science, Lennart Lundquist, highlights: understand, will and can. They are said to determine whether or not the implementation will lead to desired outcome. The purpose of this study is to reach an understanding of how the employees at the Swedish public employment service experience the implementation process regarding the ongoing organizational change, and how these changes are handled, with a main focus on digitalization. Qualitative interviews with the employees have been constructed in order to reach an understanding of their experiences. The study shows extensive problems with technology and many of the employees also experience a great lack of resources, such as time and staff. But still their motivation seems to be high and they seem to have a positive attitude regarding changes in general. The received information from management has been clear and sufficient but the confidence towards management, and perceived understanding from them, varies greatly. The study also shows that the employees seem to have their clients best interests in mind.  The conclusion is that the employees understand and are willing to implement the changes but that they not quite can, due to technical problems and lack of resources.