Denna studie berör intersektionalitet, genus och litteraturreception. Jag ville ta reda på om 2010-talets elever urskiljer och reflekterar kring de köns- och maktstereotyper som finns i svensk 1880-talslitteratur. Undersökning ägde rum i en i åk 9 under tre lektioner. Den var konstruerad som en uppgift i det nationella provet i svenskämnets läsförståelsedel. Texterna som användes var utdrag ur August Strindbergs Fröken Julie och Victoria Benedictssons Fru Marianne. Eleverna som deltog i undersökningen urskiljer de traditionella köns- och maktstrukturerna. Undersökningen visar att flickor och pojkar uttrycker sig olika om de strukturer de urskiljer. Flickorna uttrycker sig mer kritiskt, medan pojkarna är mer accepterande i sitt resonemang. / This study involves intersectionality, gender and literary reception. I wanted to find out if secondary school pupils of the 2010s can descry th gender and power structures in Swedish literature of the 1880s and se how the reason about it. The investigation took place in a ninth grade during three lessons. It was designed to resemble the reading literacy part of the national tests in Swedish. The texts used were excerpts from August Strindberg's Miss Julie and Victoria Benedictsson's Fru Marianne. The pupils who participated in the investigation uncovered the traditional gender and power structures. The investigation shows though that girls and boys express themselves differently about the structures the find. The girls express themselves more critically while the boys are more accepting in their reasoning.

Analisamos, neste trabalho, o filme Anticristo (2009), do cineasta Lars von Trier, tomando como base um viés crítico que contemplasse a relação entre sua construção formal e seus conteúdos implícitos e explícitos. Assim como outras obras do artista, igualmente questionadoras, perturbadoras e políticas, Anticristo mostra-se capaz de apontar dinâmicas histórico-sociais relevantes para a compreensão de seu tempo, além de desnudar diversas características substanciais do pensamento hegemônico, espantosamente naturalizadas. Nesses termos, a tese proposta é a de que o filme reapropria-se de um método estéticopolítico brechtiano com o fim de criar uma contraposição ao modelo dramático que orienta grande parte das produções cinematográficas mainstream. Sendo responsável por sua estruturação mais ampla, essa reapropriação vincula-se à formatação do foco narrativo do filme, associado à personagem masculina e plasmado com várias nuances de obras de Strindberg e de Freud, bem como do Expressionismo. Configura-se, portanto, essencial o exame da inter-relação que Anticristo apresenta entre os planos histórico e social, e os planos do indivíduo e de sua subjetividade, inclusive de sua construção psíquica. A partir dessa análise revelam-se contradições fundamentais da sociedade ocidental, sobretudo no que se refere às questões de gênero, guarnecidas pela inquietante alusão que o filme faz à caça às bruxas. / In this thesis, we analyze the film Antichrist (2009), by Lars von Trier, from a critical perspective that contemplates the relationship between its formal construction and its implicit and explicit content. As with other works by the artist, equally questioning, disturbing and political, Antichrist has shown itself capable of pointing out historical and social dynamics that are relevant to the comprehension of its time; it also lays bare several substantial characteristics of the hegemonic thinking, which are naturalized in an unsettling way. Accordingly, the proposed thesis is that a Brechtian aesthetic-political method is reappropriated by the film, in order to counterpoint the dramatic model that guides much of the mainstream film productions. Being responsible for the broader structuring of Antichrist, this re-appropriation is linked to the design of the films narrative perspective, which is associated to the male character and shaped by various nuances of works by Strindberg and Freud, and also of Expressionism. The examination of the interrelationship between the historical and social level, and the level of the individual and of his subjectivity, including his mental construction, becomes thus essential in Antichrist. From such analysis, fundamental contradictions of Western society can be unveiled, especially the ones regarding gender issues, which are furnished by the uncanny allusion to the Witch Hunt brought up by the film.

Cette étude traite de la représentation du criminel et de la normalisation de l’homme dans les œuvres d’August Strindberg, Ola Hansson et Gustaf af Geijerstam. La question de l’identité et de la spécificité de l’homme criminel attira une attention considérable à la fin du 19ème siècle. Elle fut explorée dans des sciences prestigieuses qui employaient de nouvelles techniques photographiques et statistiques pour surveiller et définir les anormaux. Dans les œuvres littéraires examinées, le criminel représente un thème privilégié : à travers ce thème, des questions fondamentales concernant la déviance, le déclin et la dégénérescence pourraient être exprimées et discutées par les auteurs. Pourtant, le criminel reste une figure complexe qui à la fois était perçue comme un homme malade ou déviant qu’il faut normaliser et un homme supérieur qui exprime sa propre liberté et individualité. Ce processus ambiguë est décrit, avec un terme emprunté à Michel Foucault, comme une forme de « gouvernementalité », ou une élaboration continue d’un champ de liberté et individualité situées. / This study explores the representation of the criminal and the wider question of the normalization of man seen through the works of August Strindberg, Ola Hansson and Gustaf af Geijerstam. The question of the identity of the criminal attracted considerable attention at the end of the 19th century. It was explored in new, prestigious scientific fields that relied upon cutting-edge photographic technology and statistics as forms of surveillance for defining types of human beings. In the literary works, the criminal thus functions as an appealing topic through which deeper cultural anxieties about deviance, decline and degeneration could be voiced and discussed. However, the criminal is a complex figure who at the same time tended to be seen as a sick, deviant or abnormal individual in need of normalization, and as a superior being who expresses his personal freedom and individuality. This ambivalent process, called a “game of normality”, is in turn understood in post-Foucauldian terms as a form of “governmentality”, or as a continuous shaping of a field of situated freedom and individuality

Analisamos, neste trabalho, o filme Anticristo (2009), do cineasta Lars von Trier, tomando como base um viés crítico que contemplasse a relação entre sua construção formal e seus conteúdos implícitos e explícitos. Assim como outras obras do artista, igualmente questionadoras, perturbadoras e políticas, Anticristo mostra-se capaz de apontar dinâmicas histórico-sociais relevantes para a compreensão de seu tempo, além de desnudar diversas características substanciais do pensamento hegemônico, espantosamente naturalizadas. Nesses termos, a tese proposta é a de que o filme reapropria-se de um método estéticopolítico brechtiano com o fim de criar uma contraposição ao modelo dramático que orienta grande parte das produções cinematográficas mainstream. Sendo responsável por sua estruturação mais ampla, essa reapropriação vincula-se à formatação do foco narrativo do filme, associado à personagem masculina e plasmado com várias nuances de obras de Strindberg e de Freud, bem como do Expressionismo. Configura-se, portanto, essencial o exame da inter-relação que Anticristo apresenta entre os planos histórico e social, e os planos do indivíduo e de sua subjetividade, inclusive de sua construção psíquica. A partir dessa análise revelam-se contradições fundamentais da sociedade ocidental, sobretudo no que se refere às questões de gênero, guarnecidas pela inquietante alusão que o filme faz à caça às bruxas. / In this thesis, we analyze the film Antichrist (2009), by Lars von Trier, from a critical perspective that contemplates the relationship between its formal construction and its implicit and explicit content. As with other works by the artist, equally questioning, disturbing and political, Antichrist has shown itself capable of pointing out historical and social dynamics that are relevant to the comprehension of its time; it also lays bare several substantial characteristics of the hegemonic thinking, which are naturalized in an unsettling way. Accordingly, the proposed thesis is that a Brechtian aesthetic-political method is reappropriated by the film, in order to counterpoint the dramatic model that guides much of the mainstream film productions. Being responsible for the broader structuring of Antichrist, this re-appropriation is linked to the design of the films narrative perspective, which is associated to the male character and shaped by various nuances of works by Strindberg and Freud, and also of Expressionism. The examination of the interrelationship between the historical and social level, and the level of the individual and of his subjectivity, including his mental construction, becomes thus essential in Antichrist. From such analysis, fundamental contradictions of Western society can be unveiled, especially the ones regarding gender issues, which are furnished by the uncanny allusion to the Witch Hunt brought up by the film.

August Strindbergs dramer Till Damaskus I, Ett drömspel och Spöksonaten har många likheter och brukar ofta refereras till som ”drömspel” på grund av deras drömlika stämning. Vad skapar denna stämning? Den här uppsatsen undersöker hur olika typer av upprepning utgör grepp med vilka Strindberg bygger sin speciella värld, som står mitt emellan drömmen och verkligheten. Det är en närläsning som både ser till makro- och mikroperspektiv; undersökningen gäller både retoriska språkfigurer i dialogen och större strukturella upprepningar i dramat.   Upprepningens betydelse för skapandet av drömstämningen i Till Damaskus I, Ett drömspel och Spöksonaten kan i en bredare bemärkelse inte överdrivas. Trots dess mycket olika former i dramerna spelar den i alla tre pjäserna en stor roll. I Till Damaskus I är den strukturella och materiella upprepningen avgörande grepp i dramat. I Ett drömspel är återkommande scener och inte minst upprepningen i replikerna påtagligt och skapar effektivt en känsla hos läsaren av att befinna sig i en dröm. I Spöksonaten är det upprepningen av tidigare händelser innan dramats början i form av traumatiska minnen i olika konkretiserade former, som spelar störst roll och som man skulle kunna hävda utgör dramats mest bärande komponent. Trots dramernas många olikheter, förenas de av många likheter – så många och grundläggande att det inte skulle vara omöjligt att kalla dem för en drömspelstrilogi.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: During the nineteenth century, Charles Darwin published The Origin of Species, inciting debate surrounding the validity of the Christian creation narrative. Prior to this, the Adam and Eve creation narrative was the central narrative around which Christian families modelled their own family structures – with the father as the head of the household. In this thesis I discuss the effect that Darwin’s publication had on the restructuring of families in the nineteenth century. I do this through analysis of Henrik Ibsen’s Ghosts and August Strindberg’s Easter, two domestic dramas that chronicle the effect of a society redesigning their religious philosophies owning to the toppling of the patriarchal structures of authority. I argue that Ibsen and Strindberg stand in polar relation to one another in terms of the debate surrounding the religiosity of the family and the position of the (F)ather within this framework (borrowing from Ross Shideler’s term conflating the notion of the divine Father and the earthly father). Relating the debate to the contemporary Afrikaner culture, the research aims to create a family drama (...van ons vaders) that addresses the decline of Afrikaner Calvinistic religious constructs in a similar manner to that of Ibsen and Strindberg, but in through a contemporary aesthetic approach. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Gedurende die negentiende eeu is debat ontlok rondom die geldigheid van die Christelike skeppingsverhaal wanweë die publikasie van Charles Darwin se The Origin of Species. Voor dit, is die Adam-en-Eva verhaal die sentrale narratief waarvolgens Christelike families hulself gestruktureer het – met die vader as die hoof van die huishouding. In hierdie tesis bespreek ek die effek wat Darwin se publikasie gehad het op die herstrukturering van families gedurende die negentiende eeu. Ek doen dit aan die hand van Henrik Ibsen se Ghosts en August Strindberg se Easter – twee familiedramas wat sentraal in die debat staan rondom die herontwerp van geloofsfilosifieë en omvorming van patriargale gesagstrukture. Ek argumenteer dat Ibsen en Strindberg in polêre verhouding met mekaar staan in terme van die debat rondom die godsdienstigheid van die familie en die posisie van die (V)ader binne hierdie raamwerk. Hier leen ek Ross Shideler se term wat die idee van die goddelike Vader en die aardse vader saamsmelt. Dit word later in verband gebring met die kontemporêre Afrikaner kultuur om ten einde ‘n nuwe familiedrama (…van ons vaders) te skep, wat fokus op die hedendaagse hervorming van Afrikaner Calvinistiese geloofstrukture, in ‘n wyse soortgelyk aan dié van Ibsen en Strindberg, maar deur om gebruik te maak van ‘n kontemporêre estetiese benadering.

The thesis is a structural biography of Harald Molander (1858-1900), stage manager, author, translator and critic.The investigation is based on his literary works and the reviews of these. Articles, letters and the director's comprehensive manuscripts and other documents are analyzed. The reactions of the audience are studied.Molander's authorship and directing were artistically coherent. In accordance with the theories of Felix Vodicka and Jan Mukarovsky a model of description is formulated for the study of the period norm. The structure of Molander's literary works, the reception of them, and the modern conception of stage management are related to the changes in the norm.As an. author Molander successively associated himself with tradition, with the realism of the modern breakthrough and the interest in historical subject. His works were often shaped by literary impressions. His works as an author and stage manager were frequently religiously tinged.As a director Molander was a transitional figure. He began as an author-director and gradually took up modern stage management. In this thesis his work as a director is studied as part of the division of labour in the theatre, as staging-procedure and as an expression of principles of style and artistic viewpoint. His directing was chiefly aimed at realizing the author's vision on the stage. He wanted to transform the possibilities of the drama into scenic reality.As a stage manager Molander was influenced by the Meininger Company and Wagner. As a director he was very systematic. He distanced himself from the kind of theatre which was dominated by the actors, from Romanticism and ideal realism, and he studied naturalism. Tradition, fidelity to authors, realism, historicism, ensemble-acting and the harmonization of the means of expression of the theatre characterized his stage managing. Molander also had a didactic view of the theatre; he wanted to discuss societal and psychological problems and he wanted to amuse his audience.Molanderwas active both in Sweden and in Finland. The highlight of his early period was the staging of Goethe's Faust (1889). He shaped it into a realistic-fantastic Gesamtkunstwerk. He made pictorially attractive stagings of Strindberg's historical dramas, Mäster Olof (1897), Gustaf Vasa and Erik XIV (1899). The staging of Hauptmann's The Weavers was his masterpiece. The instruction of the masses in this strike drama was consistent. The Swedish labour movement greeted the play with enthusiasm. / digitalisering@umu

The author's Habilitationsschrift--Freiburg, 1977. / Includes text in French and Swedish. Includes bibliographical references (p. 363-381) and index.

The dramatic structure is like the skeleton that holds together the components and gives birth to the orchestration of the performance.This structure is essential to give the performance life.As a director in theatre it is our main tool. In defining the performance we define the dramaturgy. But what does the dramaturgy consist of and how do we get a hold of a tool, which is so driven by our intuition and how do we change it during the process? In this thesis work I will focus on how to use the dramatic principles in different works from interpretation to adaptation. I will explore how these principles function in each process and how they support the dramaturgy towards the creation of the performance.

Syftet med den här uppsatsen är att utföra en komparativ analys av fem läromedel i svenska 2 i gymnasieskolan. Vi besvarar en frågeställning som rör hur fördelningen mellan kvinnliga och manliga författare ser ut i läromedlen. Vi besvarar även en fråga gällande hur kvinnliga och manliga författare framställs i läromedlen med avseende på allmänna beskrivningar av författarnas lynne, karaktär samt litterära produktion. För att besvara dessa frågeställningar använder vi oss av två teoretiska utgångspunkter, Yvonne Hirdmans genussystem samt Gisela Håkansson och Catrin Norrbys samtalsstilar. I den här uppsatsen kommer vi fram till att de läromedel vi har analyserat visar en klar majoritet av manliga författare sett till hur ofta de nämns och hur mycket utrymme de får i respektive läromedel.