Resumo:A eletronarcose em cuba d'água é o método de atordoamento elétrico mais amplamente aceito e empregado nos abatedouros de frango da maioria dos países. Embora seja previsto na legislação nacional, que regulamenta os métodos de insensibilização para abate humanitário, esse método promove fatores estressantes para as aves. Este estudo objetivou estudar a viabilidade e eficácia de um equipamento insensibilizador elétrico por contato direto, utilizando corrente alternada (CA), aplicado na ave em pé, e avaliar suas implicações nas características intrínsecas da carne de frango. Foram abatidas 56 aves de linhagem comercial (Cobb 500), com 42 dias de idade, num delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado apresentando arranjo fatorial 2x2x2, sendo duas formas de aplicação de corrente elétrica, dois parâmetros de frequência e dois sexos. Os resultados foram analisados baseando-se na metodologia de ANOVA - com nível de significância de 5 % e teste de Duncan. Os resultados revelaram correlação linear significativa entre a amperagem e o peso dos animais. Não houve diferença estatística quanto à concentração sanguínea de glicose, cor da carne, teor de perda de líquido por gotejamento, capacidade de retenção de água, perda de peso durante o cozimento e força de cisalhamento para ambos os sexos submetidos aos diferentes métodos de atordoamento elétrico. O sistema de insensibilização por contato direto é viável no que diz respeito à garantia de um abate humanitário às aves sem prejudicar a qualidade do produto final. Entretanto, tornam-se necessários estudos direcionados à mecanização do equipamento para que o mesmo possa ser integrado à indústria frigorífica / Abstract:Eletronarcosis by water bath is the electrical stunning method most widely accepted and used in chicken slaughterhouses in most countries of the world. Although it is provided for Brazilian law, legislation that rules the stunning methods for humanitarian slaughter, this method causes stress for the birds, such as hanging and drowning. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and effectiveness of an electrical stunning device, by direct contact, using alternating current (AC) applied in the bird standing, and evaluate their implications on the intrinsic characteristics of chicken meat. Fifty six birds (Cobb 500, 42 days of age) were slaughtered, in a completely randomized design featuring factorial arrangement 2 by 2 by 2, being two forms of electrical current application, two frequency parameters, and both sexes. The results were analyzed based on the ANOVA methodology, with a significance level of 5% and Duncan's test. There is a significant linear correlation between the amperage and the weight of the animals. There was no statistical difference in terms of blood glucose level, meat color, drip loss of fluid content, water holding capacity, cooking loss, and shear force for both sexes submitted to the different methods of electrical stunning. The stunning system by direct contact is viable as regards the humanitarian slaughter assurance for the birds, without damage in the quality of the final product. However, studies involving its mechanization, in order to integrate into the packing industry, are needed / Orientador:Marcos Franke Pinto / Banca:Maria Luiza Poiatti / Banca:Márcia Marinho / Mestre

Orientador: Regina Paolicci El Dib / Banca: João Luiz Amaro / Banca: Neuseli Marino Lamari / Resumo: Introdução: Bexiga hiperativa (BH) é uma síndrome clínica caracterizada por urgência urinária, com ou sem incontinência é geralmente acompanhada por aumento da frequência miccional na ausência de infecção urinária ou de outras patologias na bexiga. Entretanto, até o momento não existe consenso na literatura de qual o melhor método de tratamento para BH. Pode atingir milhões de indivíduos de ambos os sexos em todo o mundo e causar grande impacto na qualidade de vida. O tratamento utilizando estimulação elétrica (EE) têm sido recomendado como terapia de primeira linha. Objetivo: Determinar a eficácia e segurança da estimulação elétrica (EE) com eletrodos não implantáveis no tratamento da bexiga hiperativa quando comparada a outras formas de tratamento ou placebo. Tipo de estudo: revisão sistemática de ensaios clínicos randomizados. Estratégia de busca: Foram pesquisadas as bases de dados Medline, CENTRAL, Embase e Lilacs. A última busca foi em 12 de janeiro de 2014. Critério para a seleção dos estudos: Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que avaliaram o tratamento de EE com eletrodos não implantáveis comparados ou associados a outros tipos de tratamento. Análise e coleta de dados: Dois revisores selecionaram independentemente os estudos relevantes, avaliaram a qualidade metodológica e extraíram os dados. Resultados: Foram incluídos 30 estudos, com um total de 1.785 participantes. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos foi incerta para risco de viés na maior parte dos domínios. Seis estudos geraram cinco gráficos de metanálise. A primeira metanálise com dois estudos (Barroso 2004; Yamanishi 2000) comparou a estimulação elétrica versus sham na capacidade cistométrica máxima, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa a favor da estimulação elétrica (MD 105.52 [95%CI 63.62 to 147.42], p<0.00001, I²=0%). A segunda metánalise com dois estudos (Arruda 2008; Schreiner 2010) comparou a ... / Abstract: Introduction: Overactive bladder (OAB) is a clinical syndrome characterized by urgency with or without incontinence is usually concurrent by urinary frequency in the absence of urinary tract infection or other bladder disorders. However there is no consensus in the literature that who is the most better method of treatment for overactive bladder.You can reach millions of individuals of both sexes throughout the world and cause major impact on quality of life. The treatment using electrical stimulation (ES) has been recommended as first-line therapy. Objective: To acess the efficacy and safety of electrical stimulation with non-implantable electrodes for the treatment of overactive bladder when compared to other types of treatment or placebo. Type of study: Systematic review of randomized clinical trials.Search Strategy: Medline, CENTRAL, EMBASE and Lilacs databases were searched. The last search was on January 12, 2014 Criteria for the selection of studies: clinical trials that evaluated the treatment of electrical stimulation compared with nonimplanted electrodes or with other types of treatment were included. Data collection and analysis: Two reviewers independently selected relevant studies, assessed the quality methodological and extracted data.Results: 30 studies were included, with a total of 1.785 participants. The methodological quality of the studies was unclear risk of bias all the most domains. Six studies generated five graphs of meta-analysis. The first meta-analysis with two studies (Barroso 2004; Yamanishi 2000) compared electrical stimulation versus sham on the outcome maximum bladder capacity there was a statistically significance difference favouring electrical stimulation (MD 105.52 [95%CI 63.62 to 147.42], p<0.00001, I²=0%).The second meta-analysis with two studies (Arruda 2008; Schreiner 2010) compared the electrical stimulation (ES) versus pelvic floor muscle trainning (PFMT) on the outcome of urinary ... / Doutor

Orientador: Nelson Jose Beraquet / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T01:40:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Bertoloni_William_D.pdf: 4770148 bytes, checksum: 5dffda950e07402d35c426c8d70bb70a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Diversas pesquisas tem sido realizadas pela comunidade científica com o objetivo de avaliar o bem-estar de suínos durante o abate, entretanto, a maioria destes estudos não representam as condições de abate e constituição genética dos híbridos suínos produzidos e comercializados no Brasil. O presente estudo teve como objetivo principal, avaliar a influência da constituição genética de três híbridos suínos ( A, B e C) e dois sistemas de insensibilização (elétrico e gasoso) na qualidade da carne e bem-estar animal em condições de abate brasileiras. Um total de 956 suínos provenientes de três genéticas (A, B e C) amplamente comercializadas no Brasil com peso vivo de 100 a 120 kg foi aleatoriamente submetido ao sistema de insensibilização elétrico manual comercializado e produzido pela empresa Karl Schermer (220-230/250 volts, 45-60 HZ e 1,4 ¿1,5A) e ao sistema gasoso, modelo COMBI (90 % de CO2), coletivo do tipo compacto comercializado e produzido pela empresa dinamarquesa BUTINA no mesmo abatedouro. Mensurações de pH, cor (L, a*, b*), reflectância luminosa interna (HGP), perda por gotejamento (Drip Loss), capacidade de retenção de água (CRA), ¿umidade exprimivel¿ (Expressible Moisture), salpicamento muscular, escoriações da pele, contusões musculares, fraturas ósseas, reflexos palpebral, níveis plasmáticos de creatina fosfoquinase (CPK), lactato, cortisol e presença de gene halotano foram realizadas em uma amostra dos suínos submetidos aos sistemas de insensibilização estudados. Comparando-se os sistemas de insensibilização, o elétrico demonstrou ser mais estressante, pois os submetidos a esse tratamento apresentaram níveis médios superiores de cortisol (12,23 e 18,55 mcg/dl , p= 0,001) e lactato (142,59 e 158,26 mg/dl , p= 0,0001) para os híbridos A e C em comparação ao sistema gasoso (9,22 e 12,57 mcg/dl ) e (118,09 e 109,68 mg/dl ) respectivamente, entretanto maiores níveis de CPK (p= 0,05) foram obtidos nos híbridos C, quando submetidos ao sistema gasoso (CO2). Variações dos indicadores sanguíneos de estresse entre os híbridos estudados também foram encontradas. Utilizando-se o sistema elétrico valores médios superiores de cortisol (18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,0001) foram encontrados nos híbridos C quando comparados aos híbridos A (12,23 mcg/dl) e B (10,59 mcg/dl), entretanto, quando o sistema gasoso foi utilizado menores índices de cortisol e CPK foram observados nos híbridos A (9,22 mcg/dl e 1571,29 U/L, p= 0,001) comparativamente aos híbridos B (12,11 mcg/dl e 2641,69 U/L) e C (12,57 e 2789,60 U/L). A presença do genótipo (Nn) foi observada somente nos híbridos B onde níveis elevados de cortisol, lactato e CPK também foram encontrados quando estes animais foram submetidos ao sistema gasoso de insensibilização, entretanto, nas mesmas condições os híbridos C apresentaram elevados níveis de cortisol e CPK similares aos encontrados nos híbridos B, porem não se detectou a presença do genótipo (Nn) nestes animais. Diferenças significativas nos valores médios de luminosidade (L) (p= 0,05), valores (b*) (p= 0,0001), pH 24h pm no pernil (sm) (p= 0,05), pH 24 pm na sobrepaleta (sc) (p= 0,001), reflectância interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância interna 24h pm (p= 0,05) foram encontradas quando os sistemas de insensibilização gasoso e elétrico foram comparados. O sistema de insensibilização gasoso (CO2), apresentou ligeira vantagem em relação aos valores de pH 24h pm do pernil (sm) (5,76 ± 0,18) e sobrepaleta (sc) (6,09 ± 0,27) quando comparado ao elétrico (5,71 ± 0,17) e (6,24 ± 0,18) respectivamente, entretanto, nenhuma diferença significativa nos valores de capacidade de retenção de água, perda por exsudação e ¿umidade exprimível¿ foi observada quando os sistemas de insensibilização elétrico e gasoso foram comparados. A constituição genética dos híbridos avaliados influenciou os valores médios de luminosidade superficial (L) (p= 0,0001), valores (b*) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm do pernil (sm) (p= 0,0001), reflectância interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância interna 24h pm (p= 0,0001) quando o sistema gasoso foi utilizado para todos os híbridos estudados. Em relação ao sistema de insensibilização elétrico a constituição genética dos híbridos influenciou significativamente os valores de pH do pernil (sm) 24h pm (p= 0,05), pH da sobrepaleta (sc) 24h pm (p= 0,05), reflectância luminosa interna 1h pm (p= 0,0001) e reflectância 24h pm (p= 0,0001). As diferenças nos valores de cor (L, a*, b*), ph 24h no pernil (sm) e sobrepaleta (sc), assim como os valores de reflectância luminosa interna obtidas entre os híbridos A, B e C, quando submetidos aos sistemas de insensibilização estudados não foram suficientes para influenciar significativamente os valores de perda por exsudação, capacidade de retenção de água e ¿umidade exprimível¿ entre os mesmos. Suínos submetidos ao sistema gasoso (híbridos A e B) apresentaram elevados valores médios (b*) (7,16 e 7,42, p= 0,0001) quando comparados aos híbridos insensibilizados com o sistema manual elétrico (5,52 e 5,61), respectivamente. Comparando-se os sistemas elétrico e gasoso de insensibilização independentemente da genética suína estudada, o sistema manual elétrico apresentou índices médios de salpicamento significativamente superiores nas regiões do coxão mole (0,477 e 0,26, p= 0,008), paleta / cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p= 0,003), paleta / central (0,261 e 0,052, p= 0,0002), paleta / caudal (0,180 e 0,030, p= 0,002), lombo / central (0,185 e 0,065, p= 0,01), lombo / caudal (0,06 e 0,207, p= 0,01) e lombo / lateral externa (0,061 e 0,013, p= 0,04). Considerando-se a extensão da musculatura atingida pelo salpicamento, comportamento similar ao encontrado nos índices de intensidade foi observado, ou seja, o sistema manual elétrico apresentou salpicamento mais difuso nas regiões do coxão mole (0,461 e 0,279, p= 0,03), paleta / cranial (0,154 e 0,039, p= 0,003), paleta / central (0,231 e 0,039, p= 0,00002) e paleta / caudal (0,185 e 0,026, p= 0,0008) quando comparado ao sistema gasoso coletivo. Pequena influência da genética suína foi observada tanto na intensidade como na área da musculatura atingida pelo salpicamento, quando o mesmo sistema de insensibilização foi utilizado. Maiores índices de escoriações da pele nas regiões da paleta (1,098 e 0,795, p= 0,0000001), corpo (1,04 e 0,948, p= 0,04) e pernil (0,84 e 0,68, p= 0,001) foram obtidos quando o sistema de insensibilização manual elétrico foi utilizado em comparação ao sistema coletivo gasoso. Nenhuma diferença significativa foi obtida quando se considerou a genética como efeito principal para os índices de escoriações da pele dos híbridos A, B e C insensibilizados como o mesmo sistema. Suínos insensibilizados com o sistema manual elétrico apresentaram maiores índices de reflexo palpebral (11,57%) que os submetidos ao sistema gasoso coletivo (2,86%) de um total de 426 animais avaliados, demonstrando que o sistema manual elétrico foi menos eficaz e proporcionou um nível de narcose inferior ao sistema gasoso durante a sangria. Pequenos índices de fraturas ósseas (< 1%) e contusões musculares (< 2,5%) foram obtidos quando se utilizou ambos os sistemas de insensibilização para todas as genéticas estudadas / Abstract: Several researchers have been accomplished by the scientific community with the goal of evaluating the swine welfare during the stunning, however, most of these studies doesn¿t represent the stunning conditions and genetic background of pigs produced and marketed in Brazil. The present study had as main goal, evaluate the influence of genetic background of three swine hybrids (A, B and C) and two stunning systems (Electric and Gaseous) in the meat quality and welfare animal under the Brazilian slaughterhouse conditions . A total of 956 pigs of three genetics (A, B and C) thoroughly marketed in Brazil with live weight from 100 to 120 kg was randomly submitted to the manual electric stunning system marketed and produced by the company Karl Schermer (220-230/250 volts, 45-60 HZ and 1,4 .1,5A) and to the gaseous collective system, model COMBI (90% of CO2), compact type marketed and produced by the company Danish BUTINA in the same slaughterhouse. Mensurations of pH, color (L, a*, b*), light scattering (HGP), drip loss, water holding capacity, expressible moisture, blood splashed, skin damage, muscular bruises, bones fracture, eyelid reflex, color and intramuscular fat, plasmatic levels of creatine phospokinase (CPK), lactate, cortisol and presence of gene halothane were accomplished in a sample of the swine submitted to the stunning systems studied. Comparing the stunning systems applied, the electric system demonstrated to be more stressful, therefore the pigs submitted to that treatment presented superior medium levels of cortisol (12,23 and 18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,001) and lactate (142,59 and 158,26 mg/dl, p= 0,0001) for the hybrids A and C in relation to the gaseous system (9,22 and 12,57 mcg/dl) and (118,09 and 109, 68 mg/dl) respectively, although larger CPK levels (p= 0,05) were obtained when the hybrids C was submitted to the gaseous system. Variations of the blood indicators of stress among the hybrids studied were found. When the electric system was used superiors medium levels of cortisol (18,55 mcg/dl, p= 0,0001) were found in the hybrids C when compared to the hybrids A (12,23 mcg/dl) and B (10,59 mcg/dl), by the other hand, when the gaseous system was used the smallest levels of cortisol and CPK were observed in the hybrids A (9,22 mcg/dl and 1571,29 U/L, p= 0,001) comparatively the genetics B (12,11 mcg/dl and 2641,69 U/L) and C (12,57 mcg/dl and 2789,6 U/L) . The presence of the genotype (Nn) was only observed in the hybrids B where high levels of cortisol, lactate and CPK were also found, when stunned with the gaseous system, however, in the same conditions the hybrids C showed similar levels of cortisol and CPK but absence of the (Nn) genotype. Significant differences in the average brightness values (p= 0,05), (b*) (p= 0,0001), pH 24h pm in the ham (sm) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm in the shoulder (sc) (p= 0,001), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,05) were found when the gaseous and electric systems of stunning were compared. The gaseous stunning system in comparison to the electric showed results slightly superiors, presenting better values of pH 24 in the ham (sm) (5,76 ± 0,18) and (5,71± 0,17) and in the shoulder (sc) (6,09 ± 0,27) and (6,24± 0,18), however any significant difference in the values of water holding capacity, drip loss and expressible moisture was observed when both systems were compared. The genetic constitution of the hybrids influenced the medium values of brightness (L) (p= 0,0001), (b*) (p= 0,05), pH 24h pm of the ham (p= 0,0001), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,0001) when the gaseous system was used for all the animals studied. In relation to the electric system of stunning, the genetic constitution influenced the pH values of the ham (sm) 24h pm significantly (p= 0,05), pH of the shoulder (sc) 24h pm (p= 0,05), light scattering 1h pm (p= 0,0001) and light scattering 24h pm (p= 0,0001). The significant differences in pH24 pm values of the ham (sm) and shoulder (sc), light scattering and color (L, a*,b*) among the hybrids submitted to the electric and gaseous systems obtained were not enough to influence the values of water holding capacity, drip loss and expressible moisture. Hybrids stunned with the gaseous system (A and B) showed high levels of (b*) values (7,16 and 7,42, p= 0,0001) when compared with other animals of the same genetic stunned with the electric system(5,52 and 5,61), respectively. Comparing the electric and gaseous systems of stunning independently of the breeds studied, the manual electric system presented blood splashed levels significantly superiors in the areas of the inside round (0,477 and 0,26, p= 0,008), shoulder / cranial (0,154 and 0,039, p= 0,003), shoulder / central (0,261 and 0,052, p= 0,0002), palette / caudal (0,180 and 0,030, p= 0,002), loin / central (0,185 and 0,065, p < 0,01), loin / caudal (0,06 and 0,207, p= 0,01) and loin / lateral external (0,061 and 0,013, p= 0,04). Considering the extension of the musculature damaged by the blood splashed the manual electric system also presented more diffuse blood splashed in the areas of inside round (0,461 and 0,279, p= 0,03), shoulder / cranial (0,154 and 0,039, p= 0,003), shoulder / central (0,231 and 0,039, p= 0,00002) and shoulder / caudal (0,185 and 0,026, p= 0,0008) when compared to the collective gaseous system. Small effect of genetic background was observed in the intensity (x) and extension of muscle damaged (y) by the blood splashed when the hybrids were stunned with the same system. Larger skin damage levels in the areas of the shoulder (1,098 and 0,795, p= 0,0000001), body (1,04 and 0,948, p= 0,04) and ham (0,84 and 0,68 , p= 0,001) were obtained when the electric manual system was used in comparison on the gaseous collective system. No significant difference was obtained when was considered the genetics as main effect for the skin damage levels of the hybrids A, B and C stunned with the same system. Pigs stunned with the manual electric system presented larger eyelid reflex levels (11,57%) in comparison the pigs submitted to the collective gaseous system (2,86%), from a total of 426 animal appraised, demonstrating that the manual electric system was less effective and provided a small narcosis level than the gaseous system during the bleeding. Small levels of bone fractures (<1%) and muscular bruises (< 2,5%) were obtained when both stunning systems were utilized for all the studied hybrids / Doutorado / Tecnologia de Alimentos / Doutor em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Animals in distress can experience an attenuation of their stress response if provided companionship. This thesis studied the social support phenomenon in 72 nine-week old juvenile pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) of the crossbreed Yorkshire/Hampshire. Pigs were placed either alone or with a familiar or an unfamiliar age-matched conspecific of the opposite sex in a stunning box. Half of the groups were exposed to an air-filled foam inside of the box and the other half was exposed to an empty box. All pigs underwent an individual behaviour assessment at eight-weeks of age for a personality evaluation. The results of this thesis indicate that pigs were startled by the foam exposure as suggested by changes in activity, escape attempts and vocalisations. Indications of social buffering were found with regards to performance of escape attempts, altered activity patterns and engagement in affiliative social behaviours. Differences were observed in the social behaviour of familiar and unfamiliar pig pairs, suggesting that familiarity between pigs should be preferred from a welfare perspective. Correlations between possible personality traits and the pigs’ behaviour in the foam box study can be understood within the coping style framework. The results suggest that pigs show variation in their need for social support and that personality could have been a bias in interpreting the pigs’ behavioural response to the foam stunning situation. This thesis provide support that the welfare of pigs during foam stunning may be improved if pigs are stunned in groups of familiar individuals.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:38:15Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Klaylian Marcela Santos Lima Monteiro.pdf: 1147567 bytes, checksum: 05c2fcd53418463043381bdc1b9cc12d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-06-29 / The present study aimed, in general, to investigate, under a psychoanalytic approach, the main processes that characterize the constitution of subjectivity of serial killers, linking them to the role that they play the ancient super-ego and the effects of stunning. As the first specific objective, there were submitted, from data collected in interviews, the aspects of the schizo-paranoid position and their repercussions in the manner that act serial killers, in this way, investigating the role of destructive fantasies, of defenses, besides the questions about the object-victims, passing by the theme of hate. The second specific objective was to study, from data collected in interviews, the ancient super-ego and its modes of action in those points related to sadism, to the criminal tendency, and the implications of the ancient super-ego on the psyche of the serial killers, besides the compulsion to repetition in the compulsive act of serial killers. The last of the objectives was the development of an interrelation between the data collected in the interview and the role of stunning in the psyche on the ancient superego demands. Search relevancy is justified, among other reasons, by the fact that it does not exist yet, in Brazil, psychoanalytic readings on this theme, in despite of the growing number of serial homicides and the need for improvement of clinical methods of early approach to children and adolescents who exhibit cases antisocial features. Such studies were marked out especially by kleinian and post-kleinian theoretical structure. It was noted that the psychic configuration of the serial killers, based on the model of ancient super-ego, takes them to destructive behaviors displayed in front of the victims, in particular, the ability to stunning. The data were obtained through interviews with serial killers prisoners in penitentiary units of the States of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo / O presente estudo objetivou, de modo geral, investigar, sob um enfoque psicanalítico, os principais processos que caracterizam a constituição da subjetividade dos assassinos seriais, relacionando-os ao papel que neles têm o superego arcaico e os efeitos da sideração. Como primeiro objetivo específico, foram apresentados, a partir dos dados colhidos nas entrevistas, os elementos relacionados à posição esquizo-paranóide1 e suas repercussões no agir dos assassinos em série, neste sentido, investigando o papel das fantasias destrutivas , das defesas, além das questões referentes às vítimas-objeto, passando pelo tema do ódio. O segundo objetivo específico foi estudar, a partir dos dados colhidos nas entrevistas, o superego arcaico e seus modos de atuação, naquilo que se relacionam ao sadismo, à tendência criminosa e implicações do superego arcaico no psiquismo dos assassinos em série, além da compulsão à repetição no agir compulsivo dos homicidas seriais. O último dos objetivos, foi o desenvolvimento de uma interrelação entre os dados colhidos na entrevista e o papel da sideração no psiquismo diante das demandas do superego arcaico. A relevância da pesquisa justifica-se, entre outras razões, pelo fato de ainda não existirem, no Brasil, investigações psicanalíticas sobre este tema, apesar do número crescente de homicídios seriais e da necessidade de aperfeiçoamento dos métodos clínicos de abordagem precoce a crianças e adolescentes que apresentam quadros de característica antissocial. Tais estudos foram balizados, especialmente, pelo arcabouço teórico kleiniano e pós-kleiniano. Observou-se que a configuração psíquica dos homicidas em série, embasada sob os moldes do superego arcaico, leva-os aos comportamentos destrutivos apresentados diante das vítimas, em especial, à capacidade de sideração. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas com assassinos seriais reclusos em unidades prisionais dos Estados do Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo

Moderne Schlachtsysteme tragen ein Risiko lebende Tiere weiterzuverarbeiten (SCHÜTTE und BOSTELMANN 2001, TROEGER 2005 und TROEGER und MEILER 2006). Gründe für dieses ernst zu nehmende tierschutzrelevante Problem sind eine ineffiziente Betäubung und/oder der Mangel an einer ausreichenden und schnellen Entblutung der Schweine. Die europäische Kommission hat 2009 die Verordnung (EG) Nr. 1099/2009 über den Schutz von Tieren zum Zeitpunkt der Tötung implementiert (ANON. 2009). Die Studie schafft Grundlagen um eine automatisierte Methode zu entwickeln, welche die Abwesenheit von Lebenszeichen von Schlachtschweinen verifiziert. Die Hypothese hierbei ist die Annahme, dass Schweine, die auf einen schmerzhaften Reiz wie heißes Wasser mehrere Minuten nach der Entblutung reagieren mit dem Risiko eines zumindest teilweise funktionierenden Gehirns behaftet sind. Die Studie fand an drei kommerziellen Schlachthöfen in Deutschland statt, die verschiedene elektrische Betäubungs- (Kopf-zu-Herz-Durchströmung) und Stechverfahren verwendeten. Insgesamt wurden am Schlachtband 5.301 Mastschweine im Hauptversuch untersucht und mittels Videokameras aufgezeichnet. Um die Abwesenheit von Lebenszeichen am Ende der Nachentblutestrecke, das heißt vier bis fünf Minuten nach Entblutestich, zu überprüfen wurde ein Heißwasser-Reiz mit 65 °C verwendet. Die Dauer der Reizapplikation betrug fünf bzw. 15 Sekunden. Eine automatisierte Reizapplikations-Anlage, erbaut von der Firma BANSS Schlacht- und Fördertechnik GmbH (Biedenkopf), induzierte den Stimulus vor allem im Bereich des Gesichts der Schweine. Als Referenz zu den Beobachtungen der Bewegungen während der Reiz-Applikation wurden Gehirnnerven-Reflexe (Corneal- und Lidschlussreflexe) und Reaktionen auf einen Kniff in die Nasenscheidewand klinisch untersucht. Schweine mit positiven Befunden wurden mittels Bolzenschuss nachbetäubt bzw. getötet. Die Sensitivität des Heißwasser-Tests lag bei 99 %. Eines von 75 Tieren wies positive Corneal- und Lidschlussreflexe auf, obwohl dieses Schwein auf den Heißwasser-Reiz nicht reagiert hatte. Jedoch konnten deutlich erkennbare Spontanbewegungen jenes Tieres bereits vorher beobachtet werden. Die Spezifität des Heißwasser-Tests lag bei 98 %. Beinah jedes Schwein mit negativen Gehirnnerven-Befunden blieb während der Reizapplikation unauffällig. 3,8 % (n = 199) der untersuchten Schweine zeigten eine Reaktion auf den Heißwasser-Reiz. Es war kein Unterschied zwischen dem fünf bzw. 15 Sekunden anhaltendem Reiz zu ermitteln. Neben einer ineffizienten Entblutung kann die reversible Betäubung als ein weiterer möglicher Grund für dieses Ergebnis genannt werden. Die Elektrische Betäubung ist reversibel, solange kein Herzkammerflimmern sicher ausgelöst wird (HOENDERKEN et al. 1980 und VOGEL et al. 2010). Es kann geschlussfolgert werden, dass die elektrische Kopf-zu-Herz-Durchströmung, die in den hier dargestellten Schlachtbetrieben verwendet wurde, nicht immer zum Herzkammerflimmern geführt hatte. Die Anzahl der Reaktionen der Schweine auf das heiße Wasser war begrenzt. 92 % der Schweine, die den Kopf während der Reizapplikation geschüttelt hatten und 78 % derer, die eine aufrichtende Bewegung gezeigt hatten, wiesen mindestens einen positiven Gehirnnerven-Befund auf. Auffälligkeiten in den Vordergliedmaßen korrelierten zu 59 % und das Muster “Maul öffnen” zu 52 % mit positiven Gehirnnerven-Befunden. Bewegungen aus dem Becken bzw. den Hintergliedmaße heraus waren nur zu 21 % mit positiven Gehirnnerven-Befunden verbunden. Bei der Betrachtung der Bewegungsmusterkombinationen stellte die Autorin fest, dass nahezu keine Reaktion missachtet werden sollte. Lediglich das Muster „ausschließliche Bewegungen Becken/Hintergliedmaße“ korrelierte in keinem der 59 Fälle mit positiven Gehirnnerven-Befunden. Dieses Ergebnis deckt sich mit den Aussagen von GRANDIN (2013) und den Mitarbeitern des bsi Schwarzenbek (ANON. 2013a), die darauf hinwiesen, dass der caudale Körperabschnitt elektrisch betäubter Schlachtschweine zur Einschätzung ihres möglicherweise vorhandenen Bewusstseins keine Relevanz besitzt. Während der Untersuchungen wurden außerdem Spontanbewegungen der Schlachtschweine zwischen dem Stechen und dem Heißwasser-Test analysiert. Jedes Tier, das eine Reaktion auf die Heißwasser-Reiz-Applikation zeigte und mindestens einen positiven Befund in der Gehirnnerven-Untersuchung aufwies, hatte vorher das Spontanbewegungsmuster „Maul öffnen“ durchgeführt. Um dem Überwachungs- und Schlachthofpersonal zu vermitteln, welche Spontan-bewegungsmuster bzw. reizinduzierten Reaktionen bei der Beobachtung der Nachentblutestrecke entscheidend sind, wurden entsprechende Arbeitsanweisungen entwickelt. Bereits vorhandene Literatur wurde hierbei mit eingearbeitet (ANIL 1991, ATKINSON et al. 2012 und EFSA 2013). Als eine wirksame Lösung um den sicheren Tod von Schweinen vor weiteren Schlachtarbeiten sicherzustellen, scheint es sinnvoll entsprechende Spontanbewegungen zu beachten und die Implementierung einer abschließenden Untersuchung mittels eines Heißwasser-Reiz-Tests am Ende der Nachentblutestrecke zu verwirklichen. Selbstverständlich sollten weiterhin die Betäubung und Entblutung der Tiere möglichst sicher kontrolliert werden. Für die Nachbetäubung bzw. Tötung der betroffenen Schweine wird der Einsatz eines Bolzenschussgerätes von der EFSA (2004), dem bsi Schwarzenbek und dem Max Rubner-Institut empfohlen. / Modern slaughter regimes carry a risk of live animals being further processed (SCHÜTTE and BOSTELMANN 2001, TROEGER 2005 and TROEGER and MEILER 2006). This serious animal welfare problem may result from inefficient stunning and/or lack of complete and fast exsanguination of the pigs. In 2009, the European Commission implemented Council Regulation (EC) No. 1099/2009 on the protection of animals at the time of killing (ANON. 2009). The study lays groundwork for developing an automated method to verify the absence of signs of life in slaughter pigs. The hypothesis is that pigs that react to a painful stimulus, like hot water, several minutes after debleeding have the risk of a partly functional brains. The study took place at three commercial abattoirs in Germany using different electrical stunning (head-to-body) and bleeding methods. In the main part of the study a total of 5,301 finishing pigs was examined and videotaped on line. As a stimulus to check the absence of signs of life right before further processing, namely four to five minutes after sticking, a hot-water-stimulus at 65 °C was utilized. The residence time of the stimulus amounted either five or 15 seconds. An automated construction, built by the company BANSS Schlacht- und Fördertechnik GmbH (Biedenkopf/Germany), implemented the stimulus mainly within the faces of the pigs. As a reference to the observation of movements during the stimulation, brain stem reflexes (corneal and palpebral) and reactions to a nasal septum pinch were clinically examined. Pigs with any positive result were restunned or killed using a captive bolt device. The sensitivity of the hot-water-test was determined at 99 %. One out of 75 animals exhibited positive corneal- and palpebral-reflexes although this one pig did not show any reaction to the hot water stimulation. However, obvious spontaneous movements of this animal could be observed beforehand. The specificity of the hot-water-test was determined at 98 %. Almost every pig with negative brain stem results remained motionless during the stimulation. A share of 3.8 % (n = 199) of pigs showed movements during the hot water exposure. Es war kein Unterschied zwischen dem fünf bzw. 15 Sekunden anhaltendem Reiz zu ermitteln. No difference was estimated between the residence times of five versus 15 seconds. Besides inefficient bleeding one possible reason for this result is reversible stunning. Electrical stunning is reversible, unless effective cardiac arrest is caused (HOENDERKEN et al. 1980 and VOGEL et al. 2010). It may be assumed that after head-to-body electrical stunning used by the abattoirs displayed in this study cardiac arrest was not always achieved. The number of individual responses was limited. 92 % of pigs that shook their heads during the stimulation and 78 % that showed a righting reflex exhibited at least one positive brain stem result. Noticeable front leg activity correlated to 59 % and the movement “opening of the mouth” to 52 % with positive brain stem results. Hips or hind leg movements were only associated with positive brain stem results in 21 % of the cases. By looking at the combinations of movements the author found that nearly no reaction should be ignored. Merely exclusive hips or hind leg movements in none of the 59 cases correlated with brain stem results. This finding is supported by the statements made by GRANDIN (2013) and the staff of the bsi Schwarzenbek (ANON. 2013a), pointing out that the caudal body part of electrically stunned slaughter pigs possesses no relevance to evaluating possible consciousness. During the study additionally spontaneous movements of the slaughter pigs were analyzed between sticking and the hot water device. Every animal that eventually showed a reaction to the hot water stimulation and exhibited at least one positive result during the brain stem examination had shown spontaneous mouth opening. Appropriate working instructions for the monitoring personnel and the slaughter staff, in order for them to realize which spontaneous movements or stimulus induced reactions during the observations of the debleeding line are relevant, were designed. For this available expertise has additionally been taken into account (ANIL 1991, ATKINSON et al. 2012 and EFSA 2013). As a suitable solution for ascertaining death before further processing, the idea of paying attention to slaughter pigs that obviously show signs of recovery and the implementation of a “last check” by using a hot water test right before further processing seems reasonable. Of course the stunning and exsanguination should still be safely monitored. The use of a captive bolt device to restun or kill “suspicious” pigs is recommended by the EFSA (2004), the bsi Schwarzenbek and the Max Rubner-Institute.

As ectothermic marine megafauna, sea turtle physiology and ecology are tightly intertwined with temperature, seasonality, and oceanography. Identifying how turtles respond when exposed to cold water, how they adapt to cold environments when they need to explore cold environments in order to forage, and what foraging resources are exploited by sea turtles are all components central to their conservation. Cold-stunning is a well-documented phenomenon that occurs when water induced decreases in sea turtle body temperature cause turtles to become immobilized and wash ashore. While most cold-stunned turtles are rescued and rehabilitated, we do not know whether cold-stunning is an acute transient occurrence, or a symptom of a bigger environmental problem. Further, while in some environments avoiding cold water is preferential, in other habitats, sea turtles need to inhabit cold environments in order to forage. Along the Eastern Pacific Rim, discrete upwelling locations are characterized by high primary productivity and unusually cold water. In these environments, avoidance is not possible and sea turtles require physiological adaptions to mitigate body temperature decreases in cold water. Little is known about how turtles handle upwelling environments, despite the fact that sea turtles remain in these habitats regardless of water temperature fluctuations. Because upwelling habitats provide increased nutrient presence, and sea turtles are opportunistic foragers, quantification of diet composition will further our understanding of why sea turtles remain in cold water environments year-round. Diet composition in multiple populations of cohabitating sea turtles revealed partitioning that results in reduced inter-specific competition. Further, flexibility in diets provides a wide range of ecosystem services central to habitat resiliency. Therefore, conservation of endangered sea turtles requires complete ecosystem conservation, and complete understanding of the interconnectivity of sea turtles and their environments is crucial.<br>

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Alabama at Birmingham, 2007. / Title from first page of PDF file (viewed Feb. 15, 2008). Includes bibliographical references.

This study aimed to optimize the electrical stunning for silver catfish and to evaluate whether the anesthesia with essential oil (EO) of L. alba before electrical stunning or hypothermia, used in pre-slaughter stunning stage, would reduce stress and influence on stability and sensory characteristics of fish produtcts. The effect of electrical frequencies between 50 and 1000 Hz associated to 128 or 256 V m-1 electric field strength and duration of exposure to the current between 1 and 60 seconds were evaluated. The electrical frequencies of 100, 300 and 500 Hz, combined with electric field strength of 128 V m-1 during 5 seconds were the most appropriate electrical combinations for pre-slaughter stunning of silver catfish as they yielded longer apparent stunning, lower levels of glucose and lactate and smaller changes in flesh characteristics compared to the others. Anesthesia with EO (300 mg L-1) did not reduce the biochemical markers of stress in silver catfish. However, compared to non-anesthetized fish, anesthesia did delay the loss of freshness and deterioration of chilled fish as it delayed the degradation of ADP to AMP and the generation of inosine, and contributed to reduce the sensory demerit scores for overall and gills odor, belly firmness and whole TFRU scheme, especially when associated with the electrical stunning. Furthermore, non-anesthetized fish were unacceptable for consumption on the 23rd day of chilled storage, whereas anesthetized fish become unacceptable only on the 33rd day. The EO also showed antimicrobial activity against Enterobacteriaceae species, however, when used before hypothermia the EO anesthesia did not prevent the post mortem oxidative changes in the frozen fillets, and potentialized lipid oxidation of frozen fillets when associated with electrical stunning. Hypothermia stunning did modify post mortem changes of fish stored in ice, however fillet from fish submitted to hypothermia had greater oxidation of sulfhydryl groups and protein carbonylation with consequent reduction in lightness and increase in yellowness along frozen storage, which may be responsible for the greater total color difference and increased elasticity of fillets over 18 months of frozen storage compared to electrical stunning. In contrast, electrical stunning resulted in faster onset of rigor mortis than hypothermia but did not accelerate the resolution of rigor mortis or the degradation of ATP in whole fish stored in ice. In addition, electrical stunning favored the generation of hydroperoxides in fillets by the end of frozen storage, as well as more intense red color at the beginning of storage. Thus, electrical stunning with 128 V m-1 electric field strength combined with 300 Hz frequency during 5 seconds, can be used in the pre-slaughter stunning of silver catfish as it was less stressful for fish than hypothermia and did not have any negative effect on the post mortem stability of chilled fish or frozen fillets compared to hypothermia. In addition, prior anesthesia with 300 mg L-1 of EO of L. alba may also be used in this step of the fish processing, especially for whole fish stored in ice. / Este trabalho teve como objetivo otimizar o atordoamento elétrico para jundiás e avaliar se a anestesia com óleo essencial (OE) de L. alba antes do atordoamento elétrico ou hipotermia, na etapa de insensibilização pré-abate, reduz o estresse e influência a estabilidade e características sensoriais do pescado. Foram avaliadas frequências elétricas entre 50 e 1000 Hz, força de campo elétrico de 128 ou 256 V m-1 e tempo de exposição a corrente entre 1 e 60 segundos. As frequências elétricas de 100, 300 e 500 Hz, combinadas com a força de campo elétrico de 128 V m-1 durante 5 segundos foram as combinações elétricas mais adequadas para a insensibilização pré-abate de jundiás, uma vez que contribuíram para maior duração do atordoamento aparente, menores níveis de glicose e lactato e menor alteração nas características da carne comparadas às demais. A anestesia com OE (300 mg L-1) não reduziu os níveis de marcadores bioquímicos de estresse dos jundiás, entretanto, comparado aos peixes não anestesiados, retardou a perda de frescor e deterioração do pescado conservado em gelo, já que atrasou a degradação do ADP em AMP e a formação de inosina, e contribuiu para menor pontuação de demérito na avaliação sensorial do odor dos peixes e das brânquias, firmeza da região ventral e no esquema TFRU, especialmente quando associado ao atordoamento elétrico. Além disso, os peixes não anestesiados estavam inaceitáveis para o consumo no 23° dia de armazenamento refrigerado, enquanto que os peixes anestesiados tornaram-se inaceitáveis somente no 33° dia. O OE também apresentou atividade antimicrobiana contra espécies da família Enterobacteriaceae, porém, quando utilizado antes da insensibilização por hipotermia não impediu as alterações oxidativas post mortem nos filés congelados, e potencializou a oxidação lipídica dos filés congelados quando associada ao atordoamento elétrico. O atordoamento por hipotermia não modificou as alterações post mortem do pescado estocado em gelo, porém os filés dos peixes submetidos à hipotermia apresentaram maior oxidação de grupos sulfidrila e carbonilação de proteínas com consequente redução da luminosidade e aumento na intensidade da cor amarela durante o congelamento, o que também pode ter influenciado na maior diferença total de cor, e maior elasticidade dos filés ao longo dos 18 meses de armazenamento congelado em relação ao atordoamento elétrico. Em contrapartida, o atordoamento elétrico resultou em instalação mais rápida do rigor mortis quando comparado à hipotermia, mas não acelerou a resolução do rigor mortis nem a degradação do ATP dos peixes inteiros armazenados em gelo. O atordoamento elétrico favoreceu a geração de hidroperóxidos no final do período de estocagem congelada dos filés, e resultou em maior intensidade da cor vermelha no início do armazenamento comparado à hipotermia. Dessa forma, o atordoamento elétrico, utilizando um campo elétrico de 128 V m-1 combinado à frequência elétrica de 300 Hz durante 5 segundos, pode ser utilizado na insensibilização pré-abate de jundiás, já que não apresentou qualquer efeito negativo na estabilidade post mortem do pescado refrigerado ou dos filés congelados em comparação com a hipotermia. Além disso, a anestesia prévia com 300 mg L-1 de OE de L. alba também pode ser utilizada nessa etapa do processamento do pescado, especialmente para os peixes conservados inteiros em gelo.