Obstetriskt våld innebär ett vårdlidande i form av avsaknad av samtycke och kränkningar som påverkar kvinnans fysiska, psykiska, emotionella och existentiella hälsa. Vilket kan få konsekvenser för hela kvinnans livsvärld. Tidigare forskning visar på att obstetriskt våld medför en ökad risk att drabbas av förlossningsdepression, akut stressyndrom och posttraumatiskt stressyndrom (PTSD). Syftet med studien var att beskriva kvinnors upplevda konsekvenser som orsakats av obstetriskt våld. Studien genomfördes som en kvalitativ intervjustudie med en induktiv ansats. Metoden valdes då det var kvinnornas egna berättelser och erfarenheter ur ett livsvärldsperspektiv som studien skulle belysa. Nio kvinnor deltog i studien.  Den kvalitativa innehållsanalysen av det insamlade datamaterialet mynnade ut i ett tema; En förödelse för kvinnans livsvärld följt av tre kategorier; Egen hälsa, Sociala relationer och Tillit till vården. Resultatet redovisade att obstetriskt våld fick konsekvenser som var förödande för kvinnans livsvärld. Det orsakade både fysisk och psykisk ohälsa. Det skadade hennes nära relationer till sin partner och anknytningen till sitt nyfödda barn. Tilltron till vården försvagades då hon kände att hon inte fick det stödet hon behövde. Tilltron till förlossningsvården skadades och orsakade konsekvenser för den sexuella och reproduktiva hälsan, exempelvis genom rädsla inför att skaffa flera barn. Ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv visar resultatet att konsekvenserna påverkar kvinnans relation till sin familj. Vilket inte enbart skapar hälsoproblem för kvinnan utan också hennes partner och barn. Obstetriskt våld är ett vårdlidande som inte hör hemma inom förlossningsvården och bör heller inte få förekomma. / Obstetric violence means care suffering in the form of lack of consent and violations that affect the woman's physical, psychological, emotional and existential health. Which can have consequences for the woman's entire life world. Previous research shows that obstetric violence leads to an increased risk of suffering from postpartum depression, acute stress disorder and post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The aim of the study was to describe women's perceived consequences after being exposed to obstetric violence. The study was conducted as a qualitative interview study with an inductive approach. The method was chosen as it was the women's own stories and experiences from a lifeworld perspective that the study would highlight. Nine women participated in the study. The qualitative content analysis of the collected data resulted in a theme; A devastation for the woman's lifeworld followed by three categories; Own health, Social relationships and Trust in care. The result reported that obstetric violence had consequences that were devastating for the woman's life world. It caused both physical and mental illness. It damaged her close relationships with her partner and her attachment to her newborn child. Confidence in care weakened as she felt she was not getting the support she needed. The trust in maternity care was damaged and caused consequences for the sexual and reproductive health, for example through fear of having several children. From a sustainability perspective, the results show that the consequences affect the woman’s relationship with her family, which not only creates health problems for the woman but also her partner and child. Obstetric violence is a phenomenon that does not belong in maternity care and should not be allowed to occur either.

Bakgrund: Intraoperativ awareness, där patienter upplever medvetenhet under anestesi kan leda till varierande grader av sinnesintryck. Detta fenomen är sällan förekommande men för den drabbade innebär det ett lidande med psykologiska eftereffekter. För att förebygga oavsiktlig medvetenhet under operationer kan anestesisjuksköterskan integrera både kliniska tecken och avancerad teknologi som EEG och BIS för noggrann övervakning av anestesidjupet. Det är av vikt för anestesisjuksköterskan att få en fördjupad förståelse av patienters upplevelser av awareness för att inse betydelsen av att förebygga ett lidande.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva patienters upplevelser av awareness vid anestesi och sedering.  Metod: En integrativ litteraturöversikt där både kvalitativa och kvantitativa artiklar inkluderades. En systematisk litteratursökning genomfördes i databaserna CINAHL, MEDLINE och PsycINFO. Totalt inkluderades 13 artiklar, som analyserades enligt Whittmore och Knafl.  Resultat: Upplevelser av awareness är förenat med starka sinnesintryck som smärta och hörsel, samt emotionella reaktioner som ångest och hjälplöshet under anestesi. Awareness upplevs olika av patienter och beskrivs från att vara medveten om sin omgivning utan att känna tillstymmelse av sensoriskt påfrestande intryck till att befinna sig i det värsta tänkbara sceneriet.  Slutsats: Awareness är ett komplext fenomen och upplevelserna mångsidiga. För patienten innebär awareness ett betydande psykologiskt lidande med risk för långsiktiga emotionella skador såsom PTSD. För att förebygga intraoperativ medvetenhet rekommenderas att kombinera kliniska tecken med tekniskövervakning såsom BIS och ETAC, vilket ger en noggrannare bedömning av anestesidjupet och minskar risken för intraoperativ awareness. / Background: Intraoperative awareness, where patients experience consciousness during anesthesia, can lead to varying degrees of sensory impressions. Although this phenomenon is rare, for those affected, it results in suffering with psychological aftereffects. To prevent unintentional awareness during surgeries, anesthesia nurses can integrate both clinical signs and advanced technology such as EEG and BIS for precise monitoring of anesthesia depth. It is crucial for anesthesia nurses to gain a deeper understanding of patients' experiences of awareness to appreciate the importance of preventing suffering.  Objective: The aim was to describe patients' experiences of awareness during anesthesia and sedation.  Method: An integrative literature review was conducted including both qualitative and quantitative articles. A systematic literature search was performed in the databases CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. A total of 13 articles were included, analyzed according to Whittmore and Knafl.  Results: Experiences of awareness are associated with strong sensory impressions such as pain and hearing, as well as emotional reactions such as anxiety and helplessness during anesthesia. Awareness is experienced differently by patients and is described from being aware of one's surroundings without any sensation of sensory strain to being in the worst conceivable scenario.  Conclusion: Awareness is a complex phenomenon and the experiences are diverse. For the patient, awareness entails significant psychological suffering with the risk of long-term emotional damage such as PTSD. To prevent intraoperative awareness, it is recommended to combine clinical signs with technical monitoring such as BIS and ETAC, which provides a more accurate assessment of anesthesia depth and reduces the risk of intraoperative awareness.

Bakgrund: Tidigare forskning visar att invasiv ventilation varit obehagligt för patienterna, därav har de varit djupt sederade. Rutinerna har ändrats och numera är patienterna ofta lätt sederade under invasiv ventilation på IVA. Lätt sedering har visats ge positiva fysiologiska effekter. Därför är det av stor vikt att belysa patienternas upplevelser av att vara lätt sederade under invasiv ventilation. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva lätt sederade patienters upplevelser under invasiv ventilation på IVA. Metod: En strukturerad litteraturstudie med systematisk datainsamling har genomförts. 13 resultatartiklar inkluderades efter kvalitetsgranskning. Det kvalitativa innehållet analyserades med hjälp av dataextraktion. Resultat: Följande tre huvudkategorier, med subkategorier, utgjorde resultatet: Upplevelser av sitt tillstånd, Upplevelser av att bli sedd och hörd och Upplevelser av längtan. Patienterna hade både positiva och negativa upplevelser av att vara lätt sederade. Upplevelser av maktlöshet och förlorad värdighet var centralt i resultatet. Majoriteten av patienterna ville trots allt vara lätt sederade. Flera förbättringsområden framkom ur resultatet baserat på patienternas upplevelser. Slutsats: Resultatet kan ge ökad kunskap hos IVA-sjuksköterskan för att förbättra patienternas vårdupplevelse genom förbättringsarbeten inom verksamheten. Patienternas vårdvistelse kan underlättas med hjälp av hälsofrämjande åtgärder med minskad risk för vårdlidande. Sjuksköterske-patient ratio 1:1 tror författarna kan ge ökad patientfokuserad vård. Litteraturstudien har kartlagt befintlig forskning och även förslag på vidare forskning inom ämnet. / Background: Earlier research show that invasive ventilation has been uncomfortable for the patients. Therefore the patients have been deeply sedated. Routines have changed and the patients are nowadays often lightly sedated during invasive ventilation in the ICU. Light sedation results in positive physical effects. It's important to illuminate the patients'  experiences by light sedation during invasive ventilation. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe lightly sedated patients experiences during invasive ventilation in the ICU.  Method: A structured literature study with systematic data collection was implemented. 13 articles was included after quality control. The qualitative content were analyzed with data extraction.  Result: The result were constituted by the following three main categories with subcategories: Experiences of the condition, Experiences of being seen and heard, and Experiences by yearning. The patients expressed both positive and negative experiences associated with light sedation. Experiences of powerlessness and lost dignity were central parts of the result. Nevertheless, the majority of patients wanted to be lightly sedated. Several areas of improvement emerged from the result based on the patients' experiences. Conclusion: The result can provide the ICU-nurse with increased knowledge about the patients experiences of care during improvement within the intensive care. Patients hospital stay could be facilitated by health-promoted actions and reduced risk of suffering in care. The authors believe that nurse-patient ratio 1:1 can provide increased patient-focused care. The literature study has also illustrated the existing research and ideas for further research.

This research was executed as three separate studies. Study 1 focused on the perception of pain and the semantic aspects of pain. Study 2 focused on the measurement of acute pain and mood states. Study 3 focused on the psychological treatment of cancer pain. In Study 1 a group of 66 Setswana-speaking adults were required to describe what they saw, what happened, and what would be the outcome with respect to three visually presented pain scenes using The Pain Apperception Test (PAT) A qualitative analysis of their responses shows that pain is experienced as an all encompassing experience affecting all aspects of their lives, such as the physical, emotional, social, and economic. This was found to be true, irrespective of gender and age with the exception of economic issues. A qualitative analysis of their responses to the Pain Eliciting Incidents Questionnaire (PEIQ) reveals that the Setswana pain descriptors are classifiable according to the three dimensions of pain namely, the sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative. Sludy 2 applied the Profile of Mood States (POMS) preoperatively to a group of 58 female laparotomy (gynaecological) patients. These patients were also tested post-operatively with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (WBPQ) as pain measures. The pain measures were taken at no medication and at the peak of medication. Factor analysis could not confirm the validity of the six POMS scales. These scales also did not show correlations with post-operative pain. Correlations between the pain measures showed acceptable reliability and validity of the VAS and the WBPQ. In Study 3 three groups of 15 cancer patients each, suffering from chronic pain, were treated over a period of two weeks with either cognitive behavioural therapy plus medication, reassurance therapy plus medication, or medication only. Comparison of before and after treatment pain measures showed that both cognitive behavioural therapy and reassurance therapy had a beneficial effect. Follow-up results three months later showed that the beneficial effect of reassurance therapy did not persist. Patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy still showed the beneficial effects thereof. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

This research was executed as three separate studies. Study 1 focused on the perception of pain and the semantic aspects of pain. Study 2 focused on the measurement of acute pain and mood states. Study 3 focused on the psychological treatment of cancer pain. In Study 1 a group of 66 Setswana-speaking adults were required to describe what they saw, what happened, and what would be the outcome with respect to three visually presented pain scenes using The Pain Apperception Test (PAT) A qualitative analysis of their responses shows that pain is experienced as an all encompassing experience affecting all aspects of their lives, such as the physical, emotional, social, and economic. This was found to be true, irrespective of gender and age with the exception of economic issues. A qualitative analysis of their responses to the Pain Eliciting Incidents Questionnaire (PEIQ) reveals that the Setswana pain descriptors are classifiable according to the three dimensions of pain namely, the sensory-discriminative, affective-motivational, and cognitive-evaluative. Sludy 2 applied the Profile of Mood States (POMS) preoperatively to a group of 58 female laparotomy (gynaecological) patients. These patients were also tested post-operatively with the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and the Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire (WBPQ) as pain measures. The pain measures were taken at no medication and at the peak of medication. Factor analysis could not confirm the validity of the six POMS scales. These scales also did not show correlations with post-operative pain. Correlations between the pain measures showed acceptable reliability and validity of the VAS and the WBPQ. In Study 3 three groups of 15 cancer patients each, suffering from chronic pain, were treated over a period of two weeks with either cognitive behavioural therapy plus medication, reassurance therapy plus medication, or medication only. Comparison of before and after treatment pain measures showed that both cognitive behavioural therapy and reassurance therapy had a beneficial effect. Follow-up results three months later showed that the beneficial effect of reassurance therapy did not persist. Patients treated with cognitive behavioral therapy still showed the beneficial effects thereof. / Psychology / D. Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)

Title: The impact of the exclusion of the visual analyzer on the swimmer's ability to swim straight while doing the crawl Goals: The goal of this work is to determine the impact of the exclusion of the visual analyzer on one's ability to swim straight while doing the crawl; to find and analyze the angle of the deviation from the set central line, if any, using measurable variables; to find the critical spots in the fulfillment of a set movement assignment where the swimmer deviated from his straight swimming direction, to make a qualitative analysis of these spots in relation to the individually optimal technique, and to propose potential corrections of the time and space of movements of the upper limbs work and the body. Methods: A qualitative analysis with a manual measurement of the deviation from the straight direction of swimming per constant distance. Analysis of a video- recording to find the critical points in the crawl technique. Questionnaire to deal with participants' upper limbs laterality. Results: We managed to determine some causes of the deviation from the straight swimming direction without visual control. The achieved results proved that breathing was an important aspect when doing the crawl having influence on the ability to swim straight: The impact of laterality on the...

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The diploma thesis deals with problems of depression in older people. Mainly the work is focused on identifying and analyzing the role of nurses in screening for depression in older people in primary care, acute care, long-term care and home care. This thesis was focused on theoretical direction and was used the method of design and demonstration. In this thesis was set one main goals with five research questions. The main goal was to identify and analyze the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly. RQ 1: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 2: What is the role of the nurse in the primary care in screening for depression in the elderly? RQ 3: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in hospitalized patients in acute care? RQ 4: What is the role of the nurse in screening for depression in seniors in long-term and home care? RQ 5: What rating scales and methods are used in screening for depression in the elderly? The thesis introduce the concept of depression. The following are specified the causes of and the important factors that affect depression in the elderly. It also deals the differences in the clinical symptomatology of depression in old age. It explains possibilities and various barriers in the diagnosis of depression. Another chapter introduces complete geriatric examination, diagnostic classification systems, possible screening methods and scales for detection of depression in the elderly population. It also deals methods of pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment and its possible complications associated with older age. By reason of increased suicide rate caused by depressive disorder the issue of suicidal behavior in the elderly is introduced. The next chapter deals with the nursing process, which is used by nurses in practice. It consists of the evaluation of the patient's health condition, making nursing diagnosis, creating nursing plan and subsequent implementation and evaluation. The nursing process is also needy for providing quality care. The nursing process in the stage of nursing diagnosis, introduces possible nursing diagnosis for a patient suffering from depression, which are based on the latest classification. Finally is described the role of nurses in screening for depression in the elderly in different health facilities and their contribution to the timely evaluation of depression in the elderly. This chapter introduces the role of nurses, nursing screening and collaboration with a physician. The role of nurses in screening for depression in different medical facilities is based on the first phase of the nursing process of assessment. On the basis of objective and subjective information, the nurse will assess the overall health and mental condition of the patient. Primarily, it was investigated what is the role of the nurse in screening for depression. On the basis of content analysis and synthesis it was necessary to used and processed domestic and foreign literature. A number of relevant sources are the results of various studies and Meta-analyzes, mostly from abroad, but also from the Czech Republic. The thesis can serve as a basis for nurses. The result of this thesis is to create e-learning material available for students in the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice in the tutorial called Moodle.