Ce travail de recherche porte sur l’engagement des supporters de football ultras. La plupart des recherches sur les supporters de football dégagent deux modèles de supportérisme« extrême » par rapport au supportérisme traditionnel : le modèle anglais (hooligans) et le modèle italien avec les groupes de supporters ultras. Ces derniers sont constitués en association de loi 1901 dont les membres les plus actifs sont très majoritairement des jeunes hommes de 15 à 30 ans. Leur manière de supporter repose sur une culture partisane et des activités propres (réalisation d’animations sur l’ensemble de la tribune, recours à des chants et des gestuelles spécifiques, utilisation d’engins pyrotechniques, organisation de déplacements,etc.). Cette recherche propose une étude détaillée du processus de constitution du collectif qu’est le groupe ultra et de son fonctionnement, à travers l’angle de la sociologie de la déviance et des notions de « sous-culture » (codes, règles, langage) ou celle de « carrière »(structure hiérarchisée, différents statuts, réputation). Mais l’objectif de ce travail est de dépasser une lecture monographique qui s’en tiendrait à la seule étude du fonctionnement interne du groupe ultra. Cette recherche s’inscrit ainsi dans une conception interactionniste de la déviance qui nécessite d’analyser l’action des déviants – celle des ultras - mais aussi celledes personnes qui réagissent à cette déviance, en l’occurrence celles des agents des services répressifs ou chargés de la sécurité des stades. Ce travail se propose de décrire et d’analyser les interactions entre les ultras, les groupes de supporters « adverses » et les acteurs de la sécurité (policiers, stadiers, directeurs de sécurité des stades) en privilégiant une ethnographie des situations et une description détaillée des pratiques sociales des ultras. En développant« une perspective en terme de monde social » (Strauss) nous nous efforçons d’appréhender le spectacle des ultras comme une production collective, sans cesse négociée et ré-ajustée par rapport à celle des autres acteurs et institutions publiques. Cette perspective permet également de travailler la façon dont les pratiques sociales et « culturelles » des ultras sont affectées notamment par le processus de criminalisation des supporters de football : les supporters ultras sont, en effet, devenus des « délinquants de stades » et la police s’est spécialisée dans la lutte contre ce phénomène sportif et urbain. Les supporters sont désormais surveillés,identifiés, fichés, parfois « interdits de stade » ou incarcérés. Dans le cadre de cette recherche,nous avons suivi l’évolution de ce monde contraint de s’ajuster et de s’adapter à ces différentes évolutions. L’objet de cette recherche est de décrire les processus sociaux qui traversent au quotidien le monde des ultras et qui provoquent sa segmentation et fragmentation en plusieurs « sous-mondes » (celui des interdits de stades, des supporters« indépendants » etc.). En mobilisant les outils descriptifs et analytiques de la sociologie interactionniste qualitative, ce travail entend prolonger la discussion avec les Culturals Studies, dont les travaux ont historiquement alimenté la majorité des travaux sur le supportérisme.Cette recherche repose sur un travail de terrain ethnographique mené par observation participante, principalement parmi les supporters ultras stéphanois – les Green Angels et les Magic fans-, et par entretiens semi-directifs auprès d’ultras et d’acteurs de la sécurité(policiers, stadiers, etc.) en France et à l’étranger. Elle s’appuie aussi sur l’analyse de nombreux documents indigènes, d’articles de presse et mobilise la photo-ethnographie. / This work of research deals with the ultras football fans' engagement. Most of there searches about football fans reach two models of "extreme" sports fanaticism in comparison with the traditional sports fanaticism: the English model (hooligans) and the Italian one with the ultra supporters' groups. The latter are formed in association under the French Law of 1901, which the most active members are predominantly young men between 15 and 30 years old. Their way of supporting is based on a partisan culture and own activities (creation of activities in the whole terraces, resort to songs and specific gestures, use of pyrotechnic devices, organisation of travels, etc.).This research proposes a detailed study of the creation process of the collective that forms the ultra group and its functioning, through the sociology angle of the deviance and the"subculture" notions (codes, rules, language) or the one of the "career" (ranked structure,different status, reputation). Nevertheless, the objective of this work is to go beyond amonographic reading that would just give a study of the internal functioning of the ultragroup. This research falls within an interactionist conception of the deviance which requests an analysis of the deviants' action - the ultras' one - but also the one of the persons who reactto this deviance, in this case, the action of the law enforcement officers or the agents in charge of the stadium security. This work aims to describe and analyse the interactions between the ultras, the "opposing" supporters groups and the security actors (policemen, football stewards,stadium security directors) by favouring an ethnography of situations and a detailed description of the ultras' social practices. By developing " a perspective in terms of social world" (Strauss) we endeavour to comprehend the ultras' show as a collective production,always negotiated and readjusted in relation to the one of the other actors and the public institutions. This viewpoint also enables to work on the way the ultras' social and "cultural"practices are affected notably by the process of the football supporters' criminalisation: the ultra supporters became, in fact, the "stadium delinquents" and police get specialised in the struggle against this sportive and urban phenomenon. The supporters are now kept undersurveillance, identified, filed, and sometimes "stadium banned" or incarcerated. As part of this research, we have followed the evolution of this world forced to fit and to adapt itself to different developments. The purpose of this research is to describe the social processes that go through the ultras' world and causes its segmentation and fragmentation in several "subworlds"(the stadium banned's one, the "independent" supporters' one, etc.). Mobilising the descriptive and analytical tools of the qualitative interactionist sociology, this research aims to extend the discussion with the Culturals Studies, which works have historically fed most ofthe studies about the sports fanaticism. This research rests upon an ethnographic field work driven by participant observation,principally among the ultra supporters from Saint-Etienne - the Green Angels and the Magic fans -, and by semi-structured interviews with ultras and security actors (policemen, stewards,etc.) in France and abroad. It is also based on the analysis of numerous native documents,press articles and mobilise the photo-ethnography.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T19:32:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Therence Santiago Alves Feitosa.pdf: 625417 bytes, checksum: fd193b13bb977871b457e4d6d9d78c28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-24 / This work has the aims to develop some understanding on the violence within soccer, as well as the influence of the written sports press regarding such violence. The intention here is to examine soccer and the media-related questions as intense and condensed phenomena inside the societies, specifically in the Brazilian society. Soccer, since its origin in Brazil, came out as being conflicting and entrancing, since, after its arrival, an impressive adhesion by all Brazilian society occurred. Such fact was followed by a recently created sports press, which delivered almost exclusive attention to it. It is pointed, in this dissertation, how the press dealt with soccer at different moments, not only following the sportive facts, but also the events of violence related to them. Such events had had diverse reasons, always related to its respective historical moments. The research carried through in this work focused on the divulgation of the events of violence in soccer made by the press in the decade of 1990, which held impressive technological expansion and, consequently, a speeding-up of the spreading of information. Regarding this informational context, diverse techniques were developed by the press; such techniques aimed to build parameters in order to mould the comprehension of the receivers of the information - in the scope of the present work, the supporter and reader. Such actions had generated reactions which reflected in the daily routine of the world of soccer / Essa dissertação tem como objetivo compreender a violência presente no futebol, bem como a influência da imprensa esportiva escrita em relação a essa mesma violência. A intenção aqui é pensar o futebol e as questões midiáticas como fenômenos intensos e condensados nas sociedades, em específico a brasileira. O futebol, desde sua origem no Brasil, apresentou-se conflitante e arrebatador, pois, logo após sua chegada, ocorreu uma adesão impressionante por toda a sociedade brasileira. Tal fato foi acompanhado por uma recém-criada imprensa esportiva, a qual lhe dava atenção quase que exclusiva. É apontado na dissertação como a imprensa tratou o futebol nos diferentes momentos, acompanhando não só os fatos esportivos, como também os acontecimentos de violência. A referente pesquisa se concentrou na divulgação feita pela imprensa em relação aos acontecimentos de violência dentro do futebol na década de 1990, a qual se caracterizou pela impressionante expansão tecnológica e, consequentemente, por uma velocidade acentuada em se tratando da divulgação das informações. Nesse cenário informacional, diversas técnicas foram desenvolvidas pela imprensa; tais técnicas visavam construir parâmetros os quais se incumbiriam de moldar os entendimentos dos receptores dessas mesmas informações - no caso do presente trabalho, o torcedor / leitor. Tais ações geraram reações que se refletiram no dia-a-dia do mundo futebolístico

Internet involves possibilities for public debate and civic participation in democratic life. Space is provided on the World Wide Web for new communities and public discussions, both with and without explicit political intentions. The starting point of this study is that online discussions in everyday life, political or not, contribute to the reproduction of democratic and civic culture. The aim of the study is to analyze whether an un-political discussion forum in everyday life can be described as a public sphere and the discussion on hockey as communicative, democratic and deliberative. The data consists of contributions to the discussion from three seasons, 1999–2002, of the Swedish National Hockey League. The final sample, 3993 contributions posted during totally 149 days, have been undergone a content analysis. The results show that the discussion is open to anyone but dominated by one group of supporters and this status affect the discussion in several ways. The forum can be considered a public sphere principally because new areas and perspectives are continuously discussed. The participants cope well with language, truth and truthfulness but normative conflicts sometimes strongly challenge understanding. Yet communicative action is frequent enough to guarantee the survival of the discussion. The overarching character of the discussion is, due to its inequality, ordered structure and media dependency, a problem-solving democratic dialogue. Furthermore it is deliberative in several respects. Compared with political discussions on Usenet and America Online, the hockey supporters seek information and use arguments to a lower degree. On the other hand they interact much more frequent, incorporating and reflecting upon other contributions, and are much less homogeneous in their opinions than political debaters are. The conclusion is that an un-political discussion in the cultural public sphere shows even more deliberative merits than discussions in the political public sphere. In addition, by publishing new subject matters and perspectives and being a problem-solving dialogue with a potential for communicative action, the discussion is a soil for reproduction of civic and democratic culture for far more tangible reasons than just being an association of people in every day life, supposed to produce the more indeterminable qualities solidarity and social capital

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of the high-stakes standardized test movement in Texas secondary schools. The method to accomplish this task was to compare the perceptions between Texas secondary school administrators and supporters, critics, and researchers of high-stakes testing. Out of 400 potential respondents randomly selected from 2005-2006 membership list of Texas Association of Secondary School Principals, 178 administrators participated in an electronic survey to rate the extent to which 31 statements derived from supporters, critics, and the unintended consequences of high-stakes testing as reported by researchers in current literature. Means, standard deviations, and frequencies were used to make assumptions about perceptions of secondary administrators. Independent t-tests were conducted to test for possible perception differences between groups identified in the study. Independent groups examined in this study included: Gender (Male and Female), Years of Administrative Experience (1-4 years vs. 15 or More Years), Campus Classification (Large vs. Small), and Current Campus Rating (Exemplary and Recognized vs. Academically Acceptable). Using an alpha level of .05 to establish significance, t-tests suggest that significant differences exist between large and small school administrators on statements 5 and 7. Further, significant differences exist between male and female administrators on statements 4 and 5. The findings of this study seem to suggest that Texas secondary principals strongly support the following statements: 1. No high-stakes decision such as grade retention or graduation should be based on the results of a single test. 2. Educators are making use of student performance data generated by highstakes tests to help them refine programs, channel funding, and identify roots of success. 3. High-stakes tests have helped focus public attention on schools with lowachieving students. 4. The public display of high-stakes test scores motivates administrators. 5. High-stakes testing has resulted in a loss of local control of curricula. 6. The implementation of high-stakes testing has been a catalyst for increased attention to students with special needs. 7. Doing poorly on high-stakes tests does not lead to increased student effort to learn.

Submitted by Monica Monteiro (monicapenido@gmail.com) on 2015-02-11T22:58:32Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Monica Penido Monteiro - Versao Final_aprovada.pdf: 2084491 bytes, checksum: c27de5572b906187326a4529214de1a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Janete de Oliveira Feitosa (janete.feitosa@fgv.br) on 2015-02-19T13:39:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Monica Penido Monteiro - Versao Final_aprovada.pdf: 2084491 bytes, checksum: c27de5572b906187326a4529214de1a1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marcia Bacha (marcia.bacha@fgv.br) on 2015-02-23T17:01:03Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Monica Penido Monteiro - Versao Final_aprovada.pdf: 2084491 bytes, checksum: c27de5572b906187326a4529214de1a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-23T17:01:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao - Monica Penido Monteiro - Versao Final_aprovada.pdf: 2084491 bytes, checksum: c27de5572b906187326a4529214de1a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-12 / The purpose of this paper is to examine the motivations for the participation of supporters in the Brazilian reward-based model of crowdfunding, taking into consideration the aspects disclosed in the north-american research of Gerber and Hui (2014). Since the participation in such model is voluntary, it is important to understand the reasons that move a person to participate. Therefore, we believe that the purpose of this study has been completely fulfilled, providing contributions in various ways. To deepen the understanding of this new social phenomenon, a qualitative research based on a multiple case study was presented in which supporters represented the analysis unit in three of the largest crowdfunding platforms in Brazil: Queremos, Catarse and Benfeitoria. In addition, the qualitative method of in-depth interviews with the elements of the analysis unit has been chosen as the source of information for this methodology. There were 11 interviews conducted with supporters, 06 men and 05 women. The study also aimed at a better understanding of the national panorama of this market, starting from in-depth interviews among platform founders and a heavy user (over 140 supported projects) of the model. After the consolidation and analysis of the collected data, it has been verified the presence of the motivations found in Gerber’s studies (GERBER and HUI, 2014), although with a few reservations regarding the motivation 'Be part of a community', explained below. The qualitative research substantially polished the understanding of whatever motivates any supporter to participate in crowdfunding, including important aspects regarding market practices that ought to be taken into consideration. In the end part of this paper, the conclusions and implications of the research were described in detail. / Este trabalho procurou investigar as motivações para a participação de apoiadores no modelo de recompensa de crowdfunding no Brasil, sob a luz dos aspectos encontrados na pesquisa americana de Gerber e Hui (2014). Como a participação nesse modelo é voluntária, entendeu- se ser importante compreender os motivos que levam pessoas a apoiarem projetos. Acredita- se que este trabalho tenha atingido o que foi por ele proposto, deixando contribuições em diversos sentidos. A fim de aprofundar o entendimento desse novo fenômeno social, apresentou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa fundamentada em um estudo de caso múltiplo, em que os apoiadores eram a unidade de análise, nas três maiores plataformas de crowdfunding do Brasil: Queremos, Catarse e Benfeitoria. E, como fonte de informações para esta metodologia, optou-se pelo método qualitativo de entrevistas em profundidade com os elementos da unidade de análise. Foram realizadas 11 entrevistas com apoiadores, sendo 06 homens e 05 mulheres. O trabalho também teve o objetivo de conhecer melhor o cenário nacional desse mercado, a partir de entrevistas em profundidade com os fundadores das plataformas e um heavy user (mais de 140 projetos apoiados) do modelo. Após a consolidação e análise dos dados obtidos, verificou-se a presença das motivações encontradas nos estudos de Gerber (GERBER e HUI, 2014), porém com algumas ressalvas quanto a motivação 'Fazer parte de uma comunidade', explicitada a seguir. A pesquisa qualitativa refinou substancialmente a compreensão do que motiva apoiadores a participar de crowdfunding, incluindo aspectos importantes que devem ser levados em consideração quanto a práticas do mercado. Ao final, as conclusões e implicações deste estudo foram detalhadamente apresentadas.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background: Tuberculosis (TB) poses a major public health challenge in South Africa and in the Northern Cape Province. The province has the third highest in TB incidence rate in the country. Poor adherence to TB treatment impacts negatively on treatment outcomes. Siyanda district in the Northern Cape Province has the second highest number of TB defaulters in the province despite the fact that 79.9% of these patients are on Community Based Direct Observation of Treatment (CBDOT). Aim: To explore the reasons for defaulting of TB patients from TB treatment in the CBDOT Programme in the Siyanda district, Northern Cape Province Study design: This was a qualitative exploratory study. Study population and sampling: Two TB nurses with varying years of experience in the TB Control Programme serving as key informants were selected from the participating facilities in the study area. Ten TB defaulters who were on the CBDOT programme were selected from the Electronic TB Register. Two focus group discussions (FGDs) comprising of purposively selected DOT Supporters (five in one group and six in the other) from different NGOs in the community were selected for maximum variation. Data collection: Key informant interviews were conducted with the TB nurses. Records of all defaulters in the study population were reviewed including clinic progress notes and patient TB treatment cards. In-depth interviews were conducted with the TB patients. FGDs were conducted with DOT supporters. Analysis: Analysis commenced simultaneously with collection of data. This enabled the researcher to continuously review and reflect on the data collected. Thematic content analysis was done.Categories emerged through the inductive process of the data analysis. Notes that were kept during data collection, reflections, audiotapes and transcripts were used to support the thick description of the findings. Results: The participants generally appreciated the programme and mostly had a good relationship with the DOT supporters. However, the quality of care exacerbated by inadequate health services such as lack of adherence counselling training of health professionals, low levels of education amongst TB defaulters, were found to be major contributory factors to TB defaulting. The patients interrupted treatment several times before defaulting, were not counselled during the interruption phase and understood TB messages differently. TB defaulters in the Siyanda District face socio economic challenges which include alcohol abuse, a major historic ill in the district and the grape farming community in the region. The impact of the disability grant on TB treatment adherence remains anecdotal and requires further research as TB defaulters did not admit to defaulting so that they could continue benefiting from the disability grant although these statements were refuted by the DOT supporters and key informants. The attitude of employers and fear of losing employment were also contributing factors. Conclusion and recommendations: It has become evident that TB in the Siyanda District is a public health issue. The predominantly rural, impoverished and transient community that moves to the farms to seek employment requires a CBDOT programme that will address pertinent challenges in the district to achieve a positive reduction in the TB defaulter rate. It will require collaboration with stakeholders including farmers, to address the challenges posed by the disease. Improved staff allocation, staff capacity development and community education are also recommended to improve quality of care.

I takt med fotbollens kommersialisering har det blivit vanligt att europeiska fotbollsklubbar flyttat från klassiska arenor till multiarenor. Det hela är ett nytt fenomen i svensk och nordisk fotboll, där endast ett fåtal arenor kan klassas som multiarenor. Studien har till syfte att ge ökad förståelse för hur en allsvensk fotbollsklubb påverkas av att flytta till en multiarena, utifrån klubbekonomi och viktiga intressenter som supportrar och sponsorer. Uppsatsen avgränsar sig till de svenska klubbarna AIK och Hammarby, då klubbarna har flyttat till vardera multiarena i Stockholmsregionen, Friends Arena och Tele2 Arena. En kvalitativ forskningsstrategi har applicerats i form av semistrukturerade intervjuer. En teoretisk referensram bestående av intressentmodellen, interaktionsritualer, A-ERIC-modellen och Economic Impact Analysis har valts ut för att analysera fenomenet. Sett ur ett ekonomiskt perspektiv har flytten varit positiv för klubbarna, då faciliteterna på en multiarena har öppnat upp nya möjligheter gällande sponsring och affärsnätverk. Lyftet har visat sig i form av ökade intäkter från både sponsring och publik. Studien visar även att en flytt till en multiarena kan vara krävande för en allsvensk fotbollsklubb, då de traditionella arenorna var omtyckta av klubbarnas supportrar. För att kraftigt öka sitt publiksnitt vid en flytt till en multiarena visade det sig vara viktigt att tidigt engagera sig i flytten, för att skapa entusiasm och anpassa arenan efter klubbens behov. / In line with the development of profit-oriented football, it has become common for European football clubs to move from classic stadiums to modern multi arenas. The phenomena is new for Swedish and Nordic football, where only few stadiums can be classified as multi arenas. This study examines how a Swedish football club is affected by a move to a multi arena based on club finances and important stakeholders as supporters and sponsors. The study is limited to two of Sweden's largest clubs, AIK and Hammarby. AIK and Hammarby are chosen because of their moves to one of each multi arenas in Stockholm, Friends Arena and Tele2 Arena. A qualitative research strategy has been applied by semi-structured interviews to investigate it further. Following theories are applied: Stakeholder model, Interaction rituals, A-ERIC model and Economic Impact Analysis. Above mentioned theories have been applied to analyze the phenomena. According to the study the clubs have experienced an improvement from an economic point of view. The facilities at the multi arenas developed opportunities for the club sponsors and business networks with increased revenue from sponsorship and ticket sales. A move to a multi arena might be challenging to the clubs and their supporters because the old stadiums were popular among supporters. It was proven important for the clubs to engage in their move to the multi arenas at an early point to create enthusiasm and adjust the arena after the club’s needs.

PHD (Health Sciences) / Department of Advanced Nursing Sciences

Former studies indicate that social media is a good way to communicate with stakeholders which also makes it an interesting and relevant focus for this study. As football is becoming more and more commercialized, the demands that non sports related activities are professionalized are raised ever higher. Between the professionals and Sunday league football teams, we find Division 1. A Swedish football league in limbo between the professionals and the amateurs. A league where the clubs manage to survive on pocket money and seldom with the possibility to hire staff on full time. The clubs in Division 1 have been the subject of this research to map how they communicate on the image sharing app, Instagram.  The purpose of this essay is to, through the issue “What patterns can be found on Instagram among the football clubs in the Swedish third tier leagues?” shine the light on the small sports clubs, and their day to day activity and communication. In the long run it will contribute to more effective communication for small organizations.  The thematic analysis of the empirical material shows that the clubs in Division 1 often use Instagram by routine or for the sake of it, rather than with a cut out strategy or plan. Even though it’s evident that a social media presence has positive effects in itself when it comes to building an identity as a club, with supporters and other parties, there are several measures football teams can take to improve their communication on Instagram. Having a  clear cut plan and goals can achieve things such as getting more active and loyal supporters with raised ticket sales as a long term result.

No description available.