There is today much evidence for a positive relationship between alcohol and violence. There are however still many questions about the nature of the relationship. Somewhat simplified, the research on the link between alcohol and violence can be divided into four different lines of research, research focusing on: the effect of alcohol as a psychoactive substance, the drinking context, the personality of the drinker, and societal attitudes, expectations and values. The dissertation focuses on the last area, the importance of the cultural context. One influential theory within this field is the time-out theory formulated by MacAndrew and Edgerton in the late 1960s. Since drunken comportment varied between cultures and between different contexts within the same culture and changed over time, they suggested that the effects of alcohol on people’s behaviour was socially constructed. They suggest that many societies had a created a time-out situation for drunken behaviour that explained people’s behaviour while drunk. The general aim for this dissertation is to study young Swedes’ attitudes, experiences and expectations around drunken behaviour, with a special focus on expectancies around alcohol as a cause and excuse for violence. Three different data sets have been used. The first study is based on 4 focus-group interviews with Swedish football fans during the European football championship in Holland in 2000. The second material is eight focus-group interviews involving 47 students aged 18-20 living in Stockholm. The last material is a nationally representative survey of young adults, 16-25 years old. One part of the survey consisted of 4 vignettes which we used to elicit cultural norms around drunken behaviour. The findings suggest that young Swedes believe that alcohol can be used as a means to accomplish a pleasurable state of mind, and that alcohol could be used as a means to transgression – since alcohol reduce inhibitions it could be used to put them in a less controlled mode. The rationale for those changes was often described in terms of the psychoactive effect of alcohol. However, it was also shown that the context was important. When the situation demanded alcohol the most, their expectations together with the situation almost turned water into beer. It was also shown that there was a norm which said that one should not use alcohol as an excuse, but on the other hand, the participants said that they used alcohol as an excuse and that they thought that it was accepted. Alcohol could work as an excuse since alcohol made the aggressor look less deviant and the acts less severe. The vignette studies indicated that an aggressor who was drunk when he committed a violent act was seen as less blameworthy than a sober or less drunk aggressor. However, this applied only under certain circumstances: alcohol seemed to be a better excuse if the victim is drunk as well and the act is relatively severe. Taken together, the studies suggest that the Swedish drinking culture provides people with a drunken excuse, which helps young people to expand the room for possible action.

The aim of this essay is to problematize the role of living support in a group home and to examine staff reflections about the users' opportunities for and possibly limits to self determination and, in addition to this, how they work towards supporting this right. The study is conducted through seven semi-structured qualitative interviews. The theoretical points of departure are theories of empowerment and paternalism. We have analysed the study results from the vantage point of these theories. The results are consistent with earlier research showing lack of guidance for supporters and also a lack of common approach towards users.

Submitted by WILSON ROBERTO LUSSARI null (wlussari@unoeste.br) on 2016-04-25T21:31:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese de Doutorado Wilson Lussari Unesp.pdf: 7952139 bytes, checksum: 77c2565249b99535653dc6478e4795d4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-28T11:58:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lussari_wr_dr_prud.pdf: 7952139 bytes, checksum: 77c2565249b99535653dc6478e4795d4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T11:58:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lussari_wr_dr_prud.pdf: 7952139 bytes, checksum: 77c2565249b99535653dc6478e4795d4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / O desafio em dar-se um adequado destino aos resíduos sólidos urbanos (RSU) impõe a mobilização de toda a sociedade, visto o ser humano gerar um crescente volume de resíduos. Com o aumento do consumo e a limitação de recursos da Natureza, a reciclagem tem-se tornado uma necessidade, que é melhor viabilizada pela implantação da coleta seletiva. Para implantar a coleta seletiva é preciso que se desenvolva na sociedade uma cultura de reciclagem, para gerar resíduos sólidos recicláveis que permitam sua reinserção no ciclo produtivo, como matéria-prima. Na cidade de Presidente Prudente, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi adotada uma estratégia de articulação social, que mobilizou diferentes instituições, a fim de construir a sustentabilidade ambiental no município, por meio da educação ambiental, junto à população, e implantação da coleta seletiva, a partir da inserção de catadores de resíduos do lixão em uma cooperativa de trabalhadores de produtos recicláveis. A pesquisa teve como objetivos: identificar o modelo de relação que foi estabelecido entre o grupo surgido da sociedade e a cooperativa, de forma a contemplar as diferentes necessidades sociais e que, ao mesmo tempo, legitimasse a implantação da coleta seletiva e da educação ambiental da população; discussão das dimensões sociais do trabalho nas cidades e dos desafios da sua precarização; discussão da dimensão entre trabalho e meio ambiente e da evolução social dos resíduos na demanda para a construção da sustentabilidade ambiental em Presidente Prudente; apresentação da institucionalização do Grupo de Apoiadores e dos desafios para a autogestão na Cooperlix; o processo de formação e a consolidação do Grupo de Apoiadores; e registro das trajetórias do Grupo de Apoiadores e da Cooperlix, ao longo de 15 anos, da criação de ambos, até a celebração do contrato entre a cooperativa e o poder público municipal. A hipótese adotada é que foi preciso engendrar-se um modelo de relacionamento que possibilitasse ao Grupo de Apoiadores dar suporte ao dia a dia da Cooperlix, a fim de evitar a sua paralisia ou o seu colapso, enquanto ela não conseguisse sustentar-se. Quanto aos resultados, foi identificado que o modelo de relação desenvolvido, a partir do modelo de gestão do Grupo de Apoiadores e da cooperativa, foi inclusivo e democrático junto às diferentes instituições existentes na sociedade, fundamentado no Cooperativismo, na Autogestão e na Economia Solidária, além de engendrar uma organização do trabalho que acolhia toda e qualquer instituição pública ou privada que desejasse participar, bem como contribuir para que a cooperativa oferecesse um território que abrigasse os catadores do lixão, o descarte seletivo de resíduos sólidos e a prática de educação ambiental pela reciclagem. O modelo identificado deriva da relação recíproca de interdependência entre Grupo de Apoiadores e Cooperlix. A representação é inovadora, porque mostra como pessoas comuns podem, coletivamente, tornar-se protagonistas de transformações sociais em larga escala. / The challenge to give a suitable destination to municipal solid waste (MSW) requires the mobilization of the whole society, as humans generate an increasing amount of waste. With the increase in consumption and the limited nature of resources, recycling has become a necessity, which is possible making the implementation of selective collection. To deploy the selective collection it is necessary to develop in society a culture of recycling to generate recyclable solid waste to enable their reintegration into the production cycle as raw material. In the city of Presidente Prudente, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, a social joint strategy was adopted, which mobilized different institutions in order to build environmental sustainability in the city, through environmental education among the population, and implementation of selective collection, from entering landfill waste pickers in a recyclables workers cooperative. The research aimed to: identify the relationship model that has been established between the emerged group of society and the cooperative in order to contemplate the different social needs and at the same time, legitimated the implementation of selective collection and population environmental education; discussion of the social dimensions of work in the cities and the challenges of its precariousness; discussion of the dimension between labor and the environment and social development of waste in demand for the construction of environmental sustainability in Presidente Prudente; presentation of the institutionalization of the supporters group and the challenges to ownership in Cooperlix; the process of formation and consolidation of the supporters group; and record of the supporters group and Cooperlix trajectories over 15 years of the both creation, until of the contract conclusion between the cooperative and the municipal government. The adopted hypothesis is that was necessary to engender a relationship model that would allow the supporters group to support the Cooperlix day-to-day in order to avoid its paralysis or collapse, as it could not sustain itself. For the results, it was identified that the developed relationship model, of the supporters group and the cooperative management model, was inclusive and democratic along the different society institutions, based on Cooperative Model, Self-Management, and Solidarity Economy, besides engendering an organization of work that welcomed any public or private institution who wished to participate and contribute to the cooperative should offer a territory that housed the landfill scavengers, solid waste selective disposal, and the environmental education by recycling practice. The model identified derives from the mutual interdependence between group of supporters and Cooperlix. Representation is innovative because it shows how ordinary people can collectively become protagonists of social change on a large scale.

A presente tese ambiciona apresentar o fenômeno das torcidas organizadas de futebol do Brasil (TOBR) sob a ótica do Estado brasileiro. O objetivo deste estudo é apresentar não somente o protagonismo do Estado no processo que levou à fundação das primeiras TOBR nos anos 1940, mas também a influência de suas instituições para o crescimento e difusão das TOBR, que atingiram seu auge nos estádios de futebol nos anos 1990. Além de analisar a importância do Estado, esta tese também se dedica à compreensão das funções exercidas pela mídia esportiva, pelos clubes de futebol e pelos governing bodies do esporte brasileiro no que diz respeito à mediação da relação entre Estado e torcedores de futebol. Para a produção desse texto foram usadas fontes primárias como jornais de época, revistas de época, entrevistas, relatos e arquivos pessoais e também fontes secundárias como livros, dissertações, teses e artigos produzidos sobre as temáticas pertinentes a este estudo. Concluiu-se que as associações de torcedores no Brasil têm uma existência fortemente vinculada ao que se chamou de regime de Futebol de Estado, um arranjo político-institucional no qual o esporte de um país passa a ser usado como ferramenta política pelo Estado. O regime de Futebol de Estado é uma criação nazifascista que foi importada por Getúlio Vargas para o Brasil no início dos anos 1940. É durante este regime que se formam as primeiras associações de torcedores no Brasil. O expediente do Futebol de Estado foi também utilizado em toda a década de 1970 pelo Regime Militar, durante o qual as TOBR se desenvolveram de forma mais intensa. Foi também durante esse período que a violência entre torcedores se tornou mais frequente, o que contribuiu para que a relação entre Estado brasileiro e as TOBR entrasse em crise, uma consequência do fim do interesse estatal no esporte e da consolidação de um novo regime esportivo no Brasil nos anos 1990, o de Futebol para Mercado. / This study aims to present the phenomenon of football-supporters\' associations in Brazil (or TOBR, acronym in Portuguese language for torcidas organizadas de futebol brasileiras) on the historical perspective of the Brazilian State. It focuses not only on the State\'s role in the process that led to the foundation of the first TOBRs during the 1940\'s, but also on the influence of its institutions for the growth and diffusion of TOBRs, who experienced their golden age in football stadiums in the late 1980\'s and early 1990\'s. In addition to the analysis of the State\'s role within this process, this study is also dedicated to understand the role played by the sports media, the football clubs and the governing bodies of the Brazilian sport in mediating the relationship between the State and football supporters. This text was written upon primary sources such as coeval newspapers, magazines, periodicals, personal files, reports and non-coeval interviews, as well as secondary sources such as books, dissertations, theses and papers produced on the issues which are pertinent to this study. It was concluded that the TOBRs\' existence in Brazil is strongly linked to what was called a setting of Football of State, which is a political-institutional arrangement in which the sport of a nation is used as a political tool by its State. The Football of State\'s setting is a Nazi-fascist creation that was brought to Brazil by Getúlio Vargas in the early 1940\'s. It was precisely during this regime that the first TOBRs were founded. The device of the Football of State was also used during the military regime throughout the 1970\'s, and it was under this rule that the TOBRs developed more intensely. It was also during this period that violence among supporters started to happen more frequently. The violence among football-supporters increased substantially during the 1980\'s and led to a crisis between the TOBRs and Brazilian State in the early 1990\'s, which was also triggered by the end of State\'s interest in sports and the consolidation of a new sports setting in Brazil during the 1990s, the Football for the Market.

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo principal investigar práticas de torcedores de futebol com relação aos novos estádios brasileiros, inaugurados para a Copa do Mundo de 2014. Para tanto, analisa-se o período compreendido como de mudança no local dos jogos da equipe do Sport Club Corinthians Paulista na cidade de São Paulo: o Estádio do Pacaembu e a Arena Corinthians. A realização da pesquisa de campo centralizou-se no acompanhamento das atividades dos torcedores em dias de jogos, situações em que as diferenças entre os locais puderam ser observadas a partir da ação. Destaca-se a circulação dos atores pela cidade com o intuito de problematizar não só aspectos da atuação destes no interior das praças esportivas, como implicações decorrentes nos usos de espaços e equipamentos urbanos. A partir das situações observadas, temas como representações da cidade, formas de torcer e consumos específicos foram entrecruzados ao longo da etnografia e, por meio do acompanhamento de distintos agrupamentos de torcedores, em diferentes estádios e locais da cidade, foi possível classificar dicotomias: torcedor organizado/sócio torcedor, transporte público/veículo particular, estádio/arena, Pacaembu/Itaquera. Pode-se, desta maneira, averiguar regularidades na atuação dos sujeitos que passaram por impactos decorrentes da mudança de estádios, bem como, entremeios que despolarizam tais noções dicotômicas. Trata-se, por fim, de investigar mudanças mais amplas no modo de conceber o espectador do futebol de espetáculo. / This research investigates practices of soccer supporters concerning new Brazilian stadiums, opened for the 2014 World Cup. The period analyzed was the change in the place of Sport Club Corinthians Paulista games: Estádio do Pacaembu (Pacaembu Stadium) and Arena Corinthians (Corinthians Arena). The field research was based on the accompaniment of supporters activities on game days, when the differences between places could be observed from the action. The flow of actors through the city is highlighted in order to question not only their action inside the sports arenas, but also implications from the uses of urban spaces and facilities. From the situations observed, subjects as city representation, supporting ways and specific consumption have been crossed along the ethnography and by following different supporters groups in different stadiums and city places, some dichotomies may be classified, such as: organized supporter/associated supporter, public transport/private vehicle, stadium/arena, Pacaembu/Itaquera. So, it was possible to verify regular actions of those subjects that have passed through impacts due to the change in stadium as well as clarify such dichotomy ideas. Finally, wide changes have been investigated in the way of conceiving the spectators of soccer spectacle.

The environment of professional football clubs has undergone numerous and considerable changes recently. The changes in ownership structure above else have brought the goals of investors - club owners into conflict with expectations of soccer fans and even jeopardized the survival of professional soccer clubs. The dissatisfaction of football fans has led to attempts to regulate clubs and give the fans a share in the management of the clubs. This dissertation attempts to analyze the conflict between ownership and fans and offers possible solutions. The core of the dissertation is an analysis of the influence of football fans on the sport and the ways in which they may use their economic leverage to participate in the management of clubs. Recently, fans have become more prominent as stakeholders in professional football clubs with the development of the supporters trusts in the British Isles and continental Europe. The dissertation analyzes the regulation tools of Financial Fair Play (FFP), and Supporters' Liaison Officer (SLO), created by the UEFA. It investigates the broader application of these and other regulatory tools for the sport. It offers a model for the measurement of value of fan support to a club. Research conclusions based on a survey of Czech fans are also included and added by recommendations that arise from them.

According to The Swedish act concerning Support and Service for Persons with Certain Functional Impairments (LSS), people with intellectual disability have certain rights. Even if the law does not specifically mention parents with intellectual disability or the right to start a family, it is clear that this law shall promote equality in living conditions and full participation in community life. The Swedish social board (Socialstyrelsen) describes daily life support as a help for people in their daily life. The support is often addressed to people with mental disability but in some Swedish municipalities people with an intellectual disability can receive this support as well. Daily supporters does not only help with practical needs but also with social and psychological needs. This qualitative study aims to capture the respondents perspectives and perceptions on support for parents with intellectual disabilities. Six respondents from three different municipalities in Skåne county has been interviewed. From these interviews four different themes has been selected. All of the respondents has in some way mentioned that alliance/trust/relationship is very important, and that it is necessary for their work to even be possible. They also talk about their work with practical support and their work with clients in supporting them in their self-esteem. Cooperation is according to the respondents necessary in their work with the clients but that cooperation with other professions does not work. When the respondents talk about their views on the target group they often mention that the parents can feel insufficient in their role as parents. They think it could be a result of how people with intellectual disability often is treated and viewed by society. The result of this study shows that daily life support, specifically for parents with intellectual disability, is inadequate. However, the result should be considered in relation to the extent of the study.

This paper seeks to unravel the existing discourses within the Swedish football supporter movement, and their criticism towards the Swedish police authority and the implementation of a new strategy known as"Villkorstrappan". The strategy faced heavy criticism from the supporters’ clubs, calling it counterproductive and harmful. The Swedish football supporters’ union soon launched an initiative called "Rädda svensk fotboll!". Almost every supporters’ club affiliated with football clubs in the Swedish top flight, joined the initiative leading to nationwide protests both online, and in the stadiums. The theoretical framework consists of Norman Fairclough's three-dimensional model of CDA. In addition the paper seeks to examine the creation of collective identity in the movement, this by using Melucci's theory and Burke's rhetorical identification theory. The research material has consisted of texts produced by Swedish supporters’ clubs and of pictures of message-banners presented in the stands during games. The results revealed three main discourses within the supporters’ movement and the criticism towards Villkorstrappan: “The police is a threat towards Swedish football”; "Football as democratic, and belonging to the people''; and “The importance of the supporterculture”. Regarding collective identity, various findings indicated an increasing unity within the Swedish football supporter movement, when uniting against a common enemy. Overall the results emphasize the importance of the swedish football supporters’movement, as a democratic actor, as a social movement and as crucial to swedish football in general.

Competitive sports has grown into a large industry with a turnover of hundreds of billions of dollars. In line with the digitalization and globalization that the world has undergone in recent years, there have been great marketing opportunities for sponsors who want to benefit from the sport and its positivity. Although choosing a sponsor is not always easy, especially not because the sport has its norms and values ​​to take into account, which may differ from the sponsors' purposes.In the idea program Idrotten vill, which was approved by the members at the Swedish Sports Confederation's meeting in 2019, it is written that sports in Sweden should function as a social force that contributes to a more sustainable society by, among other things, promoting public health. Despite this, there are sponsors from industries such as betting, alcohol and fast food, all of which go against public health. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of consumer attitudes towards sponsorship collaborations that go against the stated values ​​of sport, by examining any differences between supporters with an emotional connection to a sports team or an athlete, and those supporters without an emotional connection. Through a quantitative survey, questions have been formed based on the theories of Corporate Social Responsibility, Heider's balance theory and Word of mouth. With the help of 176 sports supporters, the study has shown that they are influenced by their surroundings' views on sponsorship collaborations, and that trust in them is strengthened if their products in any way give back to society. However, the results show that a product's affiliation with the sports movement does not necessarily have to be accepted as a sponsor.

Syfte: Syftet är att förstå vad för typ av innehåll som publiceras på Malmö FF:s officiella Twitter-konto och hur klimatet kring kontot kan beskrivas.Frågeställningar: 1. Varför använder Malmö FF och supportrarna Twitter?2. Vad kommunicerar Malmö FF ut via sitt Twitter-konto och hur kan innehållet kategoriseras och beskrivas?3. Stämmer supportrarnas/följarnas tankar kring innehållet på och klimatet kring Malmö FF:s Twitter-konto överens med klubbens tankar?Teori: Teorin som använts för att tolka empirin är huvudsakligen Erving Goffmans teori om självpresentation med fokus på front- och backstage. De teoretiska begreppen konflikt och konsensus har också använts för att beskriva resultatet.Metod: Studien är fallstudie där man arbetat med triangulering – det vill säga flera olika metoder. Studien inleddes med en innehållsanalys av Malmö FF:s Twitter-flöde. Sedan följde en semistrukturerad intervju med Malmö FF:s kommunikatör och sist genomfördes två fokusgruppsintervjuer med supportrar.Resultat och slutsats: Malmö FF och deras supportrar använder Twitter för att den plattformen har ett linjärt ”liveflöde”, möjlighet att ge och få snabb information i realtid och möjlighet att föra enkla och direkta dialoger med varandra. Innehållet på Malmö FF:s Twitter-konto har delats upp i nio kategorier som sedan kategoriserats vidare till front- eller backstage. Klubben och supportrarna har väldigt liknande tankar om hur Malmö FF bör vara på Twitter och vad de bör publicera där. Det råder stark konsensus mellan klubben och supportrarna kring Twitter och detta bidrar till en känsla av gemenskap – MFF-familjen. / Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine what content Malmö FF publishes on their official Twitter account and how the interaction linked to the account can be described.Research questions:1. Why does Malmö FF and their supporters use Twitter?2. What is published on their official account and how can the content be categorised?3. Is the content and interaction around the account perceived alike by the club and their supporters?Theory: Theories that outlined this study was Erving Goffman’s self-presentation theory which included the concept of frontstage and backstage and the theoretical perspectives conflict and consensus. Methods: The methods used in this study included content analysis of Malmö FF’s Twitter account, a semi-structured interview with Malmö FF’s communicator and focus group interviews with supporters of Malmö FF. Results and conclusion: Twitter is used for its live timeline and to share information quickly and efficiently. The content published on Malmö FF’s Twitter account can be divided into nine categories and further categorised into front- or backstage. The club and their supporters strongly agree on the way Twitter should be used, related to Malmö FF.