<p>Nationalism during the early 20th century, was often shaped around efforts to create feelings of fellowship within the frontiers. Fellow feelings was considered as a necessity to convince the people that their efforts served mutual goals.</p><p>Beginning in the 19th century, the European nations experienced a great many projects for this purpose. In the early 20th century the efforts grew. The danger of war and the competition for economic power, contributed the increase of nationalist movements. At the same time, many influential intellectuals also expressed apprehensions about the urbanized way of life; measures were necessary to secure the future success of the nation.</p><p>The national movements in Sweden, played a prominent role in the creation of a greater patriotic feeling. This paper is about one of these movements: Swedish Tourist Association (STF), founded in 1885. Around the motto “Know your country”, STF promoted Swedish tourism aiming to spread knowledge of the country and its people.</p><p>Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities and Michel Foucault’s Discipline & Punish has influenced the interpretation of STF’s yearbooks 1908-1916. This paper aims at explaining STF’s activities as a combination of efforts to create fellow feelings among the Swedes, and efforts to discipline them to a healthier way of life.</p><p>STF’s vision was to construct mutual heartfelt emotions towards the Swedish nature. The sound nature was seen as a symbol for the sound nation. It was thereby desirable that the Swedes were given the opportunity to experience this nature. Tourism became a technique to solve both the need for Swedish fellowship and the need for healthy citizens.</p><p>Tourism placed the Swedish bodies in the Swedish nature, which disciplined them to mutual patriotic feellings for their beautiful country, and at the same time gave them the healthy constitution and moral strength that should characterize every Swede.</p>

<p>Uppsatsen undersöker vilken betydelse begreppet ekonomisk nationalism kan tillskrivas för förståelsen av den svenska handelspolitikens utformning. För att undersöka detta kartläggs såväl förekomsten av olika handelshinder som i vilken utsträckning den nationella identiteten har präglat svenska makthavares sätt att argumentera då handelspolitiska frågor har diskuterats. Det valda sättet att studera ekonomisk nationalism kan ses som en kritik mot de tidigare tolkningar som gjorts av begreppet. Resultatet av studien tyder på att det går att påvisa en viss förekomst av ekonomisk nationalism inom den svenska handelspolitiken, men att vissa skillnader finns mellan den tidigare och den nuvarande regeringens sätt att argumentera.</p>

<p>Bakgrund: Styrelseskandaler som orsakat oroligheter i affärsvärlden har skapat ett behov av ett tydligt regelverk för bolagsstyrning, den skulle förstärka svenska noterade bolags och svenska börsplatsers konkurrenskraft på den internationella kapitalmarknaden. Den svenska koden för bolagsstyrning har kommit att bli en viktig del av regelsystemet på den svenska kapitalmarknaden. Den kräver att svenska börsnoterade bolag skall presentera bolagsstyrningsrapporter. Rapporternas kvalité är viktig för intressenterna som använder sig av bolagsstyrningsinformation.</p><p>Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera utvecklingen av tillämpningen av den svenska koden för bolagsstyrningen. Författarna vill undersöka rapporternas kvalité och se hur den har förändrats mellan åren. Författarna vill vidare utreda om informationen som presenteras i bolagsstyrningsrapporter har blivit mer användbar för intressenterna som nyttjar den.</p><p>Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen utgår ifrån Corporate Governance, agent-teorin, den svenska koden för bolagsstyrning och värderingskriterier som används för att bedöma bolagsstyrningsrapporternas kvalité.</p><p>Metod: Författarna använder sig av den kvantitativa metoden där 36 bolagsstyrningsrapporter jämförs mellan åren 2005 och 2006. Rapporterna granskas med hjälp av de tre värderingskriterierna. Resultatet presenteras i löpande text, tabeller och diagram.</p><p>Analys: Resultatet av granskade rapporter visar att de flesta bolag har utformat sin bolagsstyrningsrapportering enligt Kodens föreskrifter. De analyserade bolagen har generellt förbättrat sina bolagsstyrningsrapporter. Detta påvisar bolagsledningens vilja att ge en ärlig bild av bolaget och skapa en transparens gentemot aktieägare och övriga intressenter. Författarna tror att det leder till ökat förtroende mellan bolaget och deras intressenter.</p> / <p>Background: Board scandals that caused disturbances in the business world created a need for a clear regulation system for corporate governance. This system was created to reinforce Swedish-listed companies and their ability to compete on the international capital market. The Swedish Code for Corporate Governance is an important part of the regulation system on the Swedish capital market. It prescribes that Swedish-listed companies should present reports of corporate governance. The quality of the reports is important for stakeholders who use this information.</p><p>Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to analyse the development of the companies’ applications of the Swedish Code for Corporate Governance. The writers want to examine the quality of the reports and observe how it has changed over the years. Furthermore, the writers want to investigate if the information which is presented in the reports of corporate governance has become more applicable for stakeholders who use it.</p><p>Theory: The theoretical frame of reference is corporate governance, agent theory, the Swedish Code for Corporate Governance, and valuation standards, which are used to evaluate the quality of the reports for corporate governance.</p><p>Method: The writers use the quantitative scientific method to evaluate 36 reports of corporate governance between the years 2005 and 2006. The reports are studied on the basis of the three valuation standards. The results are presented in the text, and in tables and diagrams.</p><p>Analysis: The results of the studied reports show that most of the companies have shaped their reports of corporate governance according to the regulations of the Swedish Code for Corporate Governance. The analysed companies have generally improved their reports of corporate governance. This shows the willingness of the boards to give an honest image of the corporations in order to create a transparency towards shareholders and stakeholders. The writers believe that this will lead to a higher level of trust between the corporations and their stakeholders.</p>

Bakgrund: När individer från olika kulturer möts och arbetar tillsammans uppstår det ofta missförstånd och konflikter. Ett sätt att uppnå förståelse för hur nationell kultur påverkar ett företag, är att studera ett team. Ledaren är mycket viktig för teamet och i ett mångkulturellt team kan hans arbete bli komplicerat pga. olika värderingar etc. som finns i olika kulturer. Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka om ledaren för ett svensk- engelsk team bör anpassa sin ledarstil efter de nationella kulturella skillnaderna i teamet, och i sådana fall hur. Vår avsikt är även att undersöka vilka styrkor och svagheter som är förknippade med ett svensk-engelskt team. Avgränsningar: Vi avgränsar oss till nationell kultur. Tillvägagångssätt: Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ studie, baserad på åtta intervjuer. Resultat: De viktigaste skillnaderna mellan svenskar och engelsmän är: beslutsfattande, kollektivism vs. individualism, och auktoritetsacceptans. Ledarstilen påverkas av ledarens och teammedlemmmarnas kulturella bakgrund. I situationer när teammedlemmarnas motivation kan förbättras, tycker vi att ledaren bör anpassa sin stil efter kulturella skillnader i teamet.

This essay is about the Swedish working woman in the early 1930s. The empirical data consists mainly of Arbetarkvinnornas Tidning (AKT), a Swedish Communist magazine which was launched in December 1929. A qualitative discourse method has been used. Texts, articles, letters to the editor and reports about social conditions in Sweden and Soviet during the years 1929-1932 has been examined. Soviet women models and ideal types are compared with the image of the Swedish working woman. How was the Swedish working woman and her everyday life presented out of a Communist perspective? How was the Soviet woman ideal imaged? Was the Soviet ideal determinative for the Swedish communism? / Denna uppsats handlar om den svenska arbetarkvinnan under det tidiga 1930-talet. Empiriska materialet består huvudsakligen av Arbetarkvinnornas Tidning (AKT), en svensk kommunistisk tidskrift som startades i december 1929. En kvalitativ diskursiv metod har använts. Texter, artiklar, insändare och reportage som handlar om svenska och sovjetiska förhållanden under åren 1929-1932 har undersökts. Kvinnliga sovjetiska förebilder och idealtyper jämförs med bilden av den svenska arbetarkvinnan. Hur framställdes den svenska arbetarkvinnan och hur såg hennes vardagsliv ut ur ett kommunistiskt perspektiv? Hur såg den kvinnliga sovjetiska idealbilden ut? Var de sovjetiska idealen styrande för den svenska kommunismen?

Uppsatsen undersöker vilken betydelse begreppet ekonomisk nationalism kan tillskrivas för förståelsen av den svenska handelspolitikens utformning. För att undersöka detta kartläggs såväl förekomsten av olika handelshinder som i vilken utsträckning den nationella identiteten har präglat svenska makthavares sätt att argumentera då handelspolitiska frågor har diskuterats. Det valda sättet att studera ekonomisk nationalism kan ses som en kritik mot de tidigare tolkningar som gjorts av begreppet. Resultatet av studien tyder på att det går att påvisa en viss förekomst av ekonomisk nationalism inom den svenska handelspolitiken, men att vissa skillnader finns mellan den tidigare och den nuvarande regeringens sätt att argumentera.

Nationalism during the early 20th century, was often shaped around efforts to create feelings of fellowship within the frontiers. Fellow feelings was considered as a necessity to convince the people that their efforts served mutual goals. Beginning in the 19th century, the European nations experienced a great many projects for this purpose. In the early 20th century the efforts grew. The danger of war and the competition for economic power, contributed the increase of nationalist movements. At the same time, many influential intellectuals also expressed apprehensions about the urbanized way of life; measures were necessary to secure the future success of the nation. The national movements in Sweden, played a prominent role in the creation of a greater patriotic feeling. This paper is about one of these movements: Swedish Tourist Association (STF), founded in 1885. Around the motto “Know your country”, STF promoted Swedish tourism aiming to spread knowledge of the country and its people. Benedict Anderson’s Imagined Communities and Michel Foucault’s Discipline &amp; Punish has influenced the interpretation of STF’s yearbooks 1908-1916. This paper aims at explaining STF’s activities as a combination of efforts to create fellow feelings among the Swedes, and efforts to discipline them to a healthier way of life. STF’s vision was to construct mutual heartfelt emotions towards the Swedish nature. The sound nature was seen as a symbol for the sound nation. It was thereby desirable that the Swedes were given the opportunity to experience this nature. Tourism became a technique to solve both the need for Swedish fellowship and the need for healthy citizens. Tourism placed the Swedish bodies in the Swedish nature, which disciplined them to mutual patriotic feellings for their beautiful country, and at the same time gave them the healthy constitution and moral strength that should characterize every Swede.

Bakgrund: Styrelseskandaler som orsakat oroligheter i affärsvärlden har skapat ett behov av ett tydligt regelverk för bolagsstyrning, den skulle förstärka svenska noterade bolags och svenska börsplatsers konkurrenskraft på den internationella kapitalmarknaden. Den svenska koden för bolagsstyrning har kommit att bli en viktig del av regelsystemet på den svenska kapitalmarknaden. Den kräver att svenska börsnoterade bolag skall presentera bolagsstyrningsrapporter. Rapporternas kvalité är viktig för intressenterna som använder sig av bolagsstyrningsinformation. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera utvecklingen av tillämpningen av den svenska koden för bolagsstyrningen. Författarna vill undersöka rapporternas kvalité och se hur den har förändrats mellan åren. Författarna vill vidare utreda om informationen som presenteras i bolagsstyrningsrapporter har blivit mer användbar för intressenterna som nyttjar den. Teori: Den teoretiska referensramen utgår ifrån Corporate Governance, agent-teorin, den svenska koden för bolagsstyrning och värderingskriterier som används för att bedöma bolagsstyrningsrapporternas kvalité. Metod: Författarna använder sig av den kvantitativa metoden där 36 bolagsstyrningsrapporter jämförs mellan åren 2005 och 2006. Rapporterna granskas med hjälp av de tre värderingskriterierna. Resultatet presenteras i löpande text, tabeller och diagram. Analys: Resultatet av granskade rapporter visar att de flesta bolag har utformat sin bolagsstyrningsrapportering enligt Kodens föreskrifter. De analyserade bolagen har generellt förbättrat sina bolagsstyrningsrapporter. Detta påvisar bolagsledningens vilja att ge en ärlig bild av bolaget och skapa en transparens gentemot aktieägare och övriga intressenter. Författarna tror att det leder till ökat förtroende mellan bolaget och deras intressenter. / Background: Board scandals that caused disturbances in the business world created a need for a clear regulation system for corporate governance. This system was created to reinforce Swedish-listed companies and their ability to compete on the international capital market. The Swedish Code for Corporate Governance is an important part of the regulation system on the Swedish capital market. It prescribes that Swedish-listed companies should present reports of corporate governance. The quality of the reports is important for stakeholders who use this information. Purpose: The purpose of this essay is to analyse the development of the companies’ applications of the Swedish Code for Corporate Governance. The writers want to examine the quality of the reports and observe how it has changed over the years. Furthermore, the writers want to investigate if the information which is presented in the reports of corporate governance has become more applicable for stakeholders who use it. Theory: The theoretical frame of reference is corporate governance, agent theory, the Swedish Code for Corporate Governance, and valuation standards, which are used to evaluate the quality of the reports for corporate governance. Method: The writers use the quantitative scientific method to evaluate 36 reports of corporate governance between the years 2005 and 2006. The reports are studied on the basis of the three valuation standards. The results are presented in the text, and in tables and diagrams. Analysis: The results of the studied reports show that most of the companies have shaped their reports of corporate governance according to the regulations of the Swedish Code for Corporate Governance. The analysed companies have generally improved their reports of corporate governance. This shows the willingness of the boards to give an honest image of the corporations in order to create a transparency towards shareholders and stakeholders. The writers believe that this will lead to a higher level of trust between the corporations and their stakeholders.

Recent accounting scandals, often led by managers trying to improve results and thereby their own bonuses, have severely damaged the publics view of management. In the aftermath of scandals such as Enron, Parmalat and Skandia, demand has increased for Corporate Governance codes and similar regulation. The Swedish code for Corporate Governance came into effect on July 1, 2005. The code requires all Swedish companies listed on the Swedish Stock Exchange (OMX A- and O-list), with a turnover exceeding 3 billion SEK, to disclose a report regarding Corporate Governance, attached to the annual report. The purpose of this paper is to examine whether the new disclosure required by the Swedish Corporate Governance code will have a measurable effect on stock prices. The authors have applied event study methodology examining daily returns around the announcement of the Corporate Governance reports. The listed companies mentioned above were also divided into groups depending on whether or not the report hade been audited, and to which extent the authors found the reports to be transparent. Also, two groups were formed with companies applying SOX, and companies not required to apply the code. The results show that a measurable negative effect could be identified on the 1% significancelevel on the day of the event for the whole sample of companies. Companies publishing audited reports found positive Abnormal Returns, but without significance. Negative abnormal returns were found on the 1% significance-level for companies not presenting audited reports. No significant results were found for the groups classified after the degree of transparency. The findings suggest that the market is not fully mature enough to evaluate unaudited reports. The market rewards companies that audit the reports. The conclusion of this paper is therefore that reports regarding Corporate Governance do have a negative effect on stock prices.

The aim of this study is to investigate the syntax in Finnish literature for young people in order to arrive at fundamental information about the character of the language in literature of this kind. The corpus consists of three Tiina books by Anni Polva. My method is mainly quantitative, but also comparative. The language of the three books is compared, but the results of this comparison are also contrasted with other Finnish and also Swedish quantitative linguistic investigations. The investigation begins at the sentence and clause levels. To some extent is also considered whether syntactic features occur in main clauses or in subordinate clauses, in narrative text or in dialogues. The length of sentences and clauses is investigated. It appears that the length of sentences stated in clauses (2.2 clauses on averige) and the length of clauses in words (5 words on averige) do not differ from those typical of literature for children or adults. On the other hand the length of sentences stated in words (11 words on averige) is somewhat higher than in literature for children and adults. Active and passive clauses, mode, tense and negation in the clauses are investigated. The results show that the frequency of active clauses is high and the frequency of passive clauses is very low. The frequency of negated clauses is also very high. The most frequent mode is the indicative, followed by the conditional. There are few predicates in the imperative, and there are only isolated instances of predicates in the potential. The use of tenses resembles that in literature for children and adults: most predicates are in the past tense, followed by the present, the pluperfect and the perfect. Main clauses and subordinate clauses of different kinds are dealt with in the investigation. The proportion between main clauses and subordinate clauses is about the same as in the spoken language. The coordinating as well as the subordinating conjunctions are investigated both with regard to the actual occurrences of the conjunctions and with regard to their meanings. The most frequent coordi­nating conjunctions are ja 'and* (55.8 %) and multa 'but' (21.4 %). The classification of the conjunctions according to meaning shows that copulative conjunctions are the most frequent ones (50.7 %). Of the subordinating conjunctions että 'that' (35.7 %) and kun 'when, because' (25.0 %) are the most frequent ones. Semantically explicative conjunctions are the most frequent subordinating conjunctions (27.6 %). Syndetic coordination is most frequent in main clauses (78.8 %) as well as in subordinate clauses (98.9 %). Asyndetic coordination is clearly used as a stylistic device. A large number of different constructions are used in the corpus. Some of them are contracted clauses, some are other constructions which resemble them. The frequency of these constructions is unexpectedly high. The most frequent types of contracted clause are the necessive construction (47.9 %), the participle construction (18.3 %) and the temporal construction (15.3 %). Of the other constructions the modal construction (60.4 %) and the agent construction (12.8 %) are the most frequent ones. The structure of the sentences in the Tiina books is varied and sometimes complex. In all there are 167 different combinations of clauses in the corpus. The most frequent type of sentence consists of one main clause (27.8 %). In the combination of clauses we also find clauses with different degrees of subordination. Grade 1 is the most frequent one (87.1 %). However, there are even instances of grade 4. The position of main clauses and subordinate clauses varies a great deal. They may be mixed at will. The corpus contains a large number of clause combinations which occur once only. / digitalisering@umu