Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Raimundo Nonato Rosa Filho.pdf: 1125835 bytes, checksum: 91689e7b58443f6d0eb73d752860ce37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-03-31 / In this work a methodology for reduction of maintenance cost in the on-load tap changers (OLTC) of extra high voltage is proposed. The methodology is based on the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for the intelligent processing of input signals of the commutator. The neural nets adequately trained allow to create an information system and dedicated diagnosis of the OLTC. This system can interpret and diagnosis the components through the real time input signals in order to delay the power transformer maintenance intervals, foreseeing when the OLTC is going to maintenance have intervention based on its condition. It has been adopted a multiperceptron ANN architecture in which the input vector has 22 components and the output considers only one component with the status of the OLTC condition in function of its operation time. This output information is used to determine the periods of maintenance of the commutators. It is reported an application of the proposed system considering the on load tap changer of an autotransformer bank of 500/230/13.8 kV, 600MVA of Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil S/A (ELETRONORTE). The results indicate the advantages of the maintenance based on the condition using ANN. / Neste trabalho é proposta uma metodologia para redução de custo de manutenção nos comutadores de tap sob carga (OLTC) dos transformadores de potência de extra alta tensão. A metodologia está baseada na utilização de redes neurais artificiais (RNA) para o processamento inteligente dos sinais de entrada dos comutadores. As redes neurais adequadamente treinadas permitem criar um sistema de informação e diagnóstico dedicado a OLTC que podem interpretar e diagnosticar os componentes através das entradas em tempo real de forma a, postergar os intervalos de manutenção, prevendo quando o OLTC deverá sofrer intervenção de manutenção baseada na condição do OLTC. Foi adotada uma arquitetura de RNA de multiperceptron na qual a entrada considera um vetor com 22 entrada e apenas uma saída com o status da condição do OLTC em função do tempo de operação. Essa informação de saída é utilizada para determinar os períodos de manutenção dos comutadores de tap. É realizada uma aplicação do sistema proposto considerando o comutador de tap sob carga de um banco de autotransformador de 500/230/13.8kV, 600MVA da Centrais Elétricas do Norte do Brasil S/A( ELETRONORTE) e os resultados indicam as vantagens da manutenção baseada na condição usando RNA.

Il existe dans le sud ouest algérien plusieurs variétés de berbère. Certaines d'entre elles sont situées dans la région dite du Sud-Oranais et peuvent être cataloguées comme des langues en danger. Nous avons donc entrepris de décrire ces variétés avant qu'elles ne disparaissent. Cela a été mené à bien en réalisant plusieurs enquêtes de terrain. Par ailleurs, ce travail de documentation linguistique et de conservation du patrimoine culturel n'est qu'un des aspects de cette thèse. Ce travail académique est à la croisée de différents domaines disciplinaires. Nous avons eu recours aux méthodes en usage en Sciences de l'Information Géographique (SIG) et en Sciences Des Données (SDD) pour mener une étude dialectologique. Grâce aux SIG, nous avons réalisé une étude géolinguistique qui nous a permis de visualiser sur des cartes linguistiques la distribution de la variation linguistique de certaines consonnes. À partir de ces données, nous avons discuté de la réalité phonologique de ces consonnes simples et géminées. Dans le prolongement, une étude dialectométrique a été effectuée en nous basant sur des méthodes de partitions des données. Nous avons utilisé les méthodes d'Apprentissage Non Supervisé (PHA, k-moyenne, MDS, ...) et les méthodes d'Apprentissage Supervisé (CART) connues en SDD. Les résultats ont été affichés sous la forme de figures (cartes linguistiques, dendogramme, heatmap, arbre, ...) à des fins d'exploration visuelle des données. L'ensemble de ces études a été accompli par le biais d'un traitement informatique (langage R). Puis, nous avons entrepris une analyse phonétique fondée sur une étude acoustique des rhotiques alvéolaires : [ɾ], [r], [ɾˤ] et [rˤ]. Ces unités phoniques se distinguent par leur temporalité et leur réalisation articulatoire. Ainsi, les spectrogrammes nous ont permis d'examiner la distribution de ces sons. Puis, cela nous a aidé à distinguer ce qui relevait de la phonétique et de la phonologie. Ensuite, nous avons achevé cette thèse par une étude phonétique et statistique. Ces dernières ont porté sur l'obstruction réalisée par la pointe de la langue et sur la nature des vocoïdes qui accompagnent les rhotiques alvéolaires dans l'environnement d'une consonne. / There are several Berber languages in the south west of Algeria. Some of them are situated in the so-called Sud-Oranais and they can be categorized as endangered languages. So I have decided to describe them before they disappear. That’s why, I have carried out several fieldworks. But, this linguistic documentation work and cultural heritage conservation are just one of aspects of our thesis. This PhD are transdisciplinary. I have used the methods which are applied in Geographic Information Science (GIS) and in Data Science (DS) to carry out a dialectological study. A geolinguistic study has been undertaken and has enabled to visualize the expansion of the linguistic variation of certain consonants through GIS. Based on these data, I have debated the phonological reality of the simple and geminate consonants. From this research, a dialectometric study was carried out on the basis of data partitioning methods. I have used the Unsupervised Learning Methods (HAC, k-mean, MDS, ...) and the Supervised Learning Methods (CART) known in DS. A visual exploration (linguistic maps, dendogram, heatmap, tree, ...) approach is proposed in order to analyse the results which have been realized through computer processing (R language). Then, I have undertaken a phonetic analysis, which is based on an acoustic study of alveolar rhotics : [ɾ], [r], [ɾˤ] and [rˤ]. These phonic unities are distinguished by their temporality and their articulatory realization. Thus, the spectrograms enabled to examine the distribution of these sounds and to distinguish what was related to phonetic and phonology. Then, this thesis with a phonetic and statistical study has reinforced this research focused on the obstruction made by the tip of the tongue and on the nature of the vocoids which goes along with the alveolar rhotic in the area of the consonants.

Bei der Entwickelung von System-on-Chip (SoC) Debuggern ist es leider hinreichend oft erforderlich den Debugger selbst auf mögliche Fehler zu untersuchen. Da alle ernstzunehmenden Debugger konstruktionsbedingt selbst ein eingebettetes System darstellen, erwächst die Notwendigkeit eine einfache und sicher kontrollierbare Diagnose-Hardware zu entwerfen, welche den Zugang zur Funktionsweise des Debuggers über seine Ausgänge erschließt. Derzeitig ist der Test Access Port (TAP nach IEEE 1149.1-Standard) für viele Integratoren die Grundlage für den Zugriff auf ihre instanzierte Hardware. Selbst in forschungsorientierten Multi- Core System-on-Chip Architekturen wie dem ARM11MP der Firma ARM wird dieses Verfahren noch immer eingesetzt. In unserem Beitrag möchten wir ein Spezialwerkzeug zur Analyse des TAPKommunikationsprotokolles vorstellen, welches den Einsatz teurer Analysetechnik (Logik- Analysatoren) unnötig werden lässt und darüber hinaus eine komfortable, weitergehende Unterstützung für Multi-Core-Systeme bietet. Aufbauend auf der Problematik der Abtastung und Erfassung der Signalzustände am TAP mittels FPGA wird auf die verschiedenen Visualisierungs- und Analyseaspekte der TAPProtokollphasen in einer Multi-Core-Prozessor-Zielsystemumgebung eingegangen. Die hier vorgestellte Lösung ist im Rahmen eines FuE-Verbundprojektes enstanden. Das Vorhaben wird im Rahmen der Technologieförderung mit Mitteln des Europäischen Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) 2000-2006 und mit Mitteln des Freistaates Sachsen gefördert.

Baigiamajame magistro darbe ištirta skystųjų kristalų (cholesterolio stearatas) priedų prie tepimo ir aušinimo skysčio (TAS) įtaka kietlydynio peilio nudilimui ir apdirbto paviršiaus šiurkštumui tekinimo operacijoje. Ištirtas sriegiklio pasipriešinimo momento kitimas sriegiant skyles rankiniais sriegikliais, kai sriegikliai tepami skystaisiais kristalais ir konsistentiniu tepalu. Paviršiaus šiurkštumo tyrimai buvo atlikti tekinant 45 plieninį strypą: pastūma – 0,1 mm/aps., pjovimo greitis buvo keičiamas nuo 85 iki 267 m/min, o cholesterolio stearato kristalų koncentracija emulsijoje – nuo 0,1 iki 0,5 %. Eksperimentas buvo atliekamas pagal dviejų veiksnių ortogonalinį eksperimento planą. Rezultatai pateikti kaip tekinto paviršiaus šiurkštumo parametro Ra priklausomybė nuo pjovimo greičio ir cholesterolio stearato koncentracijos TAS. Peilio užpakalinio paviršiaus nudilimas buvo nustatomas esant tokiems režimams: pjovimo greitis 160 m/min, pastūma 0,1 mm/sūk., aušinimas – mineralinė emulsija BLASOCUT ir ta pati emulsija su 0,1% cholesterolio stearato. Rezultatai pateikti kaip dilimo priklausomybės nuo įrankio kelio grafikai. Nustatyta, kad skystųjų kristalų priedai pagerina įrankio patvarumą ir sumažina įrankio dilimą. Taip pat nustatyta, kad sriegiklio pasipriešinimo momentas mažėja iki 1,1 karto, tepant jį skystaisiais kristalais, lyginant su tepimu konsistentiniu tepalu. Darbą sudaro keturios dalys: įvadas, literatūros analizė, eksperimentiniai tyrimai, išvados. Darbo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The influence of the liquid crystals (cholesteryl stearate) additives on technological properties of the cutting fluid is investigated in the master‘s thesis. Influence of the presence of the liquid crystals in cutting fluid on wear of the carbide lathe tool and roughness of the turned surface is established. Also changes in the cutting torque of the hand tap in the tapping operation were obtained when tap were lubricated with grease and liquid crystals. Research of the surface roughness was done at the following conditions: tool feedrate – 0.1 mm/rev., cutting speed was varied from 85 to 267 m/min and concentration of the liquid crystals was varied from 0.1 to 0.5%. Experimental research was performed by means of two factors second order orthogonal design. The results presented as graphs of dependence of average roughness of turned surface on cutting speed and concentration of the liquid crystals in the coolant. The wear of carbide tool relief face was established under following conditions: cutting speed 160 m/min, feedrate – 0.1 mm/rev., cutting fluid – mineral coolant BLASOCUT with 0.1% and without liquid crystals additives. The results are presented as graphs of dependence of tool wear on the length of tool path. It is established that liquid crystals additive reduces tool wear and increase tool life. It is also established, that cutting torque of the hand tap reduces about 1.5 times when it is lubricated with liquid crystals, as compared with lubrication with... [to full text]

Several classes of antimetabolites have been developed for the treatment of cancer, including numerous inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis. N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) and hydroxyurea (HU) are two antimetabolites that inhibit nucleotide biosynthesis; PALA inhibits de novo pyrimidine synthesis and HU inhibits the conversion of ribonucleotide diphosphates to deoxyribonucleotide diphosphates. Due to the similar mechanisms, it was thought that cancer cells would respond similarly to HU and PALA treatment. However, studies in this dissertation revealed strikingly different responses to either HU or PALA treatment in HCT116 cells. A cytoprotective S-phase arrest was activated upon HU treatment while PALA treatment failed to activate the S-phase checkpoint, resulting in p53-dependent apoptosis. The checkpoint effector kinase, Chk1, was not significantly phosphorylated during PALA treatment due to a failure to recruit ATR, the upstream kinase, to chromatin sites. The post-translational modifications of p53, phosphorylation of serines 46 and 392, suggested that PALA treatment promotes the accumulation of a transcriptionally active p53 while HU does not. ChIP analysis showed that p53 bound to pro-apoptotic promoters, therefore activating p53-dependent apoptosis during PALA treatment. To gain more insight into these differential cellular responses, we developed a tandem-affinity purification (TAP) tagged p53 cell line in which a TAP tag was inserted into the C-terminus of the endogenous p53 genetic locus through homologous recombination. This technology allows purification of p53 with its protein binding partners at endogenous expression levels. The tagged p53 accumulated and bound to promoters in response to DNA damage similar to the untagged p53, suggesting that the TAP tag did not interfere with the normal cellular functions of p53. Using mass spectrometry, we can identify the different p53 protein binding partners in response to PALA or HU treatment. We can also determine the variable pattern of post-translational modifications on different drug-stabilized p53 and determine which modifications are responsible for promoting apoptosis versus cytoprotective arrest. We can then exploit the identified proteins and post-translational modifications in the development of new chemotherapeutic agents.

Renewable energy is harnessed from continuously replenishing natural processes. Some commonly known are sunlight, water, wind, tides, geothermal heat and various forms of biomass. The focus on renewable energy has over the past few decades intensified greatly. This thesis contributes to the research on developing renewable energy technologies, within the wind power, wave power and marine current power projects at the division of Electricity, Uppsala University. In this thesis grid connection of permanent magnet generator based renewable energy sources is evaluated. A tap transformer based grid connection system has been constructed and experimentally evaluated for a vertical axis wind turbine. Full range variable speed operation of the turbine is enabled by using the different step-up ratios of a tap transformer. This removes the need for a DC/DC step or an active rectifier on the generator side of the full frequency converter and thereby reduces system complexity. Experiments and simulations of the system for variable speed operation are done and efficiency and harmonic content are evaluated.  The work presented in the thesis has also contributed to the design, construction and evaluation of a full-scale offshore marine substation for wave power intended to grid connect a farm of wave energy converters. The function of the marine substation has been experimentally tested and the substation is ready for deployment. Results from the system verification are presented. Special focus is on the transformer losses and transformer in-rush currents. A control and grid connection system for a vertical axis marine current energy converter has been designed and constructed. The grid connection is done with a back-to-back 2L-3L system with a three level cascaded H-bridge converter grid side. The system has been tested in the laboratory and is ready to be installed at the experimental site. Results from the laboratory testing of the system are presented. / Wind Power / Wave Power / Marine Currnet Power

環境資本中的水資源是自然生態必備要素，隨著經濟發展，水資源即漸成經濟財，早期重視農業的結果，如今與二、商及民生用水一起競用有限水資源，加上新的環境生態問題，均使水資源面臨短缺之危機；而台灣地處亞熱帶，雨量雖丰，但因其地形特殊（如南部地區），七八成地表逕流量迅速流入海中，因此河流枯水期長，流量小，如不經適當開發即面臨缺水的危機；水資源之管理有如多頭馬車，如中央有水利司、水資會、工業局、環保署，地方有水利局、水庫管理局等，導致每遇缺水時，即發生各單位協調困難，使問題無法有效解決。以上因素使未來水資源問題，不僅只為水源之開發，水源之維護與分配亦需獲得應有的重視，因此本文嘗試由效率面，就水源的管理及自來水供應予以探討，並提出較合理的方式以解決水資源問題。 　　對於民生用水方面，一般推估其用水量多是以每年人口成長數推算，本文則以實証方式找出除人口外之可能影響水的因素，以供未來決定國內民生用水需水量之參考。 　　本研究以水資源之功能分成水管理與自來水使用，水管理部份現行制度下己產生不少問題，本研究建議採水利區為一個管理單元，除可解決現今事權不統一主窘境外，尚可配合各河川水文特性，建立符合當地自然景觀之特色，於環境保育日漸興起之際，採集水區管理局經營實為當務之急。 　　自來水使用現今分成二個供水單位一台北自來水事業處及台灣省自來水公司，二者均為公用事業，過去政府從事各項水利建設，在眾多重大工程一起競用有限資金下，唯有採行之統一管理、分區經營才可解決，但此種經營方式形成水費需經民意機關監督，造成低水費政策，在原水成本不斷上升，己無法彌補公司之營運成本之際，本研究建議引入俱樂部財模型以配合水利區管理局分區成立民營水公司以解決目前難題。 　　實証部份，限於樣本不足，如能採月資料將更可使模型結果完滿，以本模型而言，所得仍為影響各縣市需水量最重要因素，且彈性皆小於一，足証水仍為民生必需品；其次為平均成本，只有四個縣市顯著：台中市及台南價格彈性小於一，表示必需品，高雄市及北縣基隆大於一，富有彈性，表示價格上升時，需求量減少很大；雨量部份計有臺北縣基隆市、高雄縣、澎湖、雲林四個區域顯著，且彈性為正表雨量上升，用量亦增加；溫度方面，只有台南顯著，一般而言應為正相關，有可能是溫度上升使水質差不願使用，此由歷年降雨量較其他縣市為少下，使水體無法有效溶解使水質變差可茲証明。需水量之估計不僅要考慮人口，尚應加上所得、價格、雨量、溫度甚或各用水設備（如馬桶個數）等，將可使實証結果更加完備。 　　本文主題一水屬環境資本之一支，它是否為再生系統，端視二種力量而定：一為水污染，嚴重的水污染將破壞水體，非但人類無法取用，水中生物及仰賴水而活之動植物亦無法悻免，如淡水河即是一例；二為新技術開發或原有技術改良以提高水的資本存量及生產力，如英國泰晤士河流域即是整治成功之最佳例証；如後者力量大於前者，水就是再生系統，反之其命運如礦產一般只有耗竭一途，而現今的水資源問題除應改供給導向之水資源政策為需求導向外，積極開發水源節水及循環用水、改進現行組織系統均為解決目前水資源難題之途。

<p>The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of power flow control, on a section of a railway grid fed by rotary converters, using an extra feeding line. Two possible solutions for the power flow control were examined. The first using a series reactance in connection to each converter station and the second by changing the tap changer level of the transformer between the converter station and the feeding line.</p><p>In the two models a distance, comparable to the distance between Boden and Häggvik, in Stockholm, was used. The simulations were performed using the software SIMPOW.</p><p>The results from the performed simulations show that series reactances, under the stated conditions, can essentially improve the power flow. To implement this air coils with inductances in the approximate size of 10 to 45 mH could be used. Further, the tap changer levels of the transformer may be used, for individual converter stations, as a way to control the reactive power flow.</p>

Aufgrund der vielfältigen metabolischen Prozesse und Funktionen von Mitochondrien finden durch beide mitochondriale Membranen zahlreiche Transportprozesse statt. Es wird weitgehend angenommen, dass der Transfer von metabolischen Intermediaten durch die äußere Membran von den zahlreichen Porinporen gewährleistet wird. Im Gegensatz dazu sind in der inneren Membran spezifische Transportproteine für die Translokationsprozesse verantwortlich. Neben dem gut untersuchten Porinmolekül (Por1p) gibt es in der Hefe S. cerevisiae unter respiratorischen Bedingungen zwei weitere abundante, aber funktionell unbekannte Proteine in der äußeren Membran von Mitochondrien - Om14p und Om45p -, deren molekular-biologische Charakterisierung Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war. Mit drei unabhängigen Methoden (2D BN - SDS-PAGE, Co-IP und TAP) konnte gezeigt werden, dass die beiden Proteine Om14p und Om45p zusammen mit Por1p einen Proteinkomplex in der äußeren Membran ausbilden, wobei Por1p eine von Om14p und Om45p unabhängige Porenstruktur ausbildet. Bei Bedarf, möglicherweise über Phosphorylierungen signalisiert, binden Om14p und Om45p an diese Struktur, wobei Om45p dabei der direkten Interaktion von Om14p mit Por1p bedarf. Die Identifikation von Interaktionspartnern des Fusionsproteins Om14p-TAP durch Einsatz einer präparativen TAP mit anschließender massenspektrometrischer Analyse sowie die Untersuchungen der Effekte von OM14- und/oder OM45- Gendeletionen auf das mitochondriale Proteom mit einem 2D DIGE-Verfahren führten zur Aufstellung von funktionalen Zusammenhängen des Proteinpaares Om14p/Om45p. Mit Wachstumsuntersuchungen von Deletionsmutanten in Gegenwart von in den Mitochondrien toxisch wirkenden Substanzen sowie durch ein in dieser Arbeit entwickeltes Testverfahren zur Bestimmung des mitochondrialen ATP-Flusses, konnten die funktionalen Hypothesen für die Proteine Om14p und Om45p initial verifiziert werden. Zusammengefasst unterstützen die Daten dieser Arbeit die Idee von einem hochgradig flexiblen System der Mitochondrien, zur Gewährleistung von effizienten Transportvorgängen durch beide Membranen. Eine koordinierte Bindung der Porinpore an die spezifischen Transporter der inneren Membran wird wahrscheinlich durch die Aktivität des Proteinpaares Om14p/Om45p vermittelt. In diesem Zusammenhang könnten beide Proteine als eine Art Lizenzierungsfaktor fungieren und die Positionierung der Porinpore an die entsprechenden Proteine der inneren Membran erzeugen. Dadurch würde ein effektives System für den Austausch von metabolischen Intermediaten und Substraten der mitochondrialen Atmungskette entstehen. Ebenfalls durch diese Arbeit nicht auszuschließen ist die Vorstellung, dass die Proteine Om14p und Om45p einen Einfluss auf die spezifischen Transportproteine der inneren Membran oder die Porinpore der äußeren Membran ausüben. Phosphatrest-Übertragungen, die zu Konformationsänderungen oder Porenöffnungen führen könnten, sind beispielsweise vorstellbar. Die Stoffwechseladaption einer Zelle bei einem diauxic shift ist durch einen verstärkten mitochondrialen Import von Metaboliten, Co-Faktoren und Proteinen sowie häufigerer mitochondrialer Teilungsprozesse charakterisiert. Om14p und Om45p sind bei einem Wechsel zu nicht-fermentativen Bedingungen verstärkt präsent. Diese beiden Proteine könnten der Hefe einen entscheidenden Vorteil bei der Synchronisierung der genannten Prozesse liefern, indem sie eine verbesserte Erreichbarkeit bzw. eine Veränderung der Selektivität von bereitgestellten Kanälen bzw. Transportproteinen in beiden mitochondrialen Membranen bewirken.

The purpose of this thesis was to investigate the possibility of power flow control, on a section of a railway grid fed by rotary converters, using an extra feeding line. Two possible solutions for the power flow control were examined. The first using a series reactance in connection to each converter station and the second by changing the tap changer level of the transformer between the converter station and the feeding line. In the two models a distance, comparable to the distance between Boden and Häggvik, in Stockholm, was used. The simulations were performed using the software SIMPOW. The results from the performed simulations show that series reactances, under the stated conditions, can essentially improve the power flow. To implement this air coils with inductances in the approximate size of 10 to 45 mH could be used. Further, the tap changer levels of the transformer may be used, for individual converter stations, as a way to control the reactive power flow.