Im Kontext der rasanten Stadt- und Verkehrsentwicklung in Subsahara-Afrika haben Motorrad-Taxis in den vergangenen Jahren einen starken Bedeutungsgewinn erfahren. Diese sorgen für die Erreichbarkeit randstädtischer Siedlungsgebiete und erfüllen auch in innerstädtischen Gebieten wichtige Funktionen. Bisherige Studien haben vor allem Aspekte der Verkehrsunsicherheit sowie quantitative Angebotsmerkmale und Nutzerbewertungen der Dienstleistung herausgearbeitet. Auch um die Potenziale für eine Reduzierung ihrer Negativeffekte und für ihre stärkere verkehrsplanerische Einbettung abschätzen zu können, bedarf es darüber hinaus eines besseren Verständnisses ihrer Steuerungsmechanismen. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht die vorliegende Studie die Organisation und Regulierung der Motorrad-Taxis am Beispiel der tansanischen Metropole Dar es Salaam. Die Empirie stützt sich auf ein methodisch qualitatives Vorgehen, das sich am Forschungsstil der Grounded Theory und den Argumenten des Southern Urbanism orientiert. Die Analyse und Einordnung der Ergebnisse basiert auf verschiedenen theoretischen Perspektiven der Steuerung sowie auf Konzepten der soziologischen Praxistheorien. Die Arbeit zeigt, welchen Einfluss der lokale Kontext auf das Entstehen der Motorrad-Taxi-Dienstleistung hat und welche Governance-Mechanismen ihre kontinuierliche Integration in den lokalen Markt der Mobilitätsdienstleistungen ermöglichen. Dabei deckt die Studie das enge Zusammenspiel und die Bedeutung von Selbstregulierung, staatlicher Regulierung sowie Konflikten und Kooperation zwischen den beteiligten Stakeholdern auf. Damit trägt die Studie zur Überwindung einer oft unterstellten Dichotomie von ‚informellen‘ und ‚formellen‘ gesellschaftlichen Relationen bei. Darauf aufbauend liefert die Studie außerdem einen empirischen Beitrag zu aktuellen theoretischen Debatten um das Verhältnis von Strukturzwängen in den Städten Subsahara-Afrikas einerseits und den Handlungsmöglichkeiten sozialer Akteure andererseits. / In the context of rapid urbanisation and transport development in Sub-Saharan-Africa motorcycle-taxis have become an important mobility option in recent years. They increase accessibility in peri-urban settlements and provide crucial functions in inner urban areas. Previous studies have contributed to a better understanding of road safety issues and have investigated quantitative service characteristics and user perceptions. However, in order to reduce negative effects and to evaluate the potentials for their consideration in urban transport planning, it is fundamental to also understand the governance of motorcycle-taxis. Against this background, this study investigates the organisation and mode of regulation of motorcycle-taxis in the Tanzanian metropolis of Dar es Salaam. The study is based on a qualitative research design and follows a Grounded Theory approach and the arguments of Southern Urbanism. The analysis of the empirical results is informed by different governance perspectives and concepts from the field of sociological practice theory. The study shows how the emergence of motorcycle-taxis in Dar es Salaam is shaped by the local context and how particular governance mechanisms continuously enable their integration into the local market of mobility services. In that regard the study unveils how self-regulation, state regulation as well as conflicts and cooperation between stakeholders interrelate and what role they play. In that way the study contributes to overcoming the often-assumed dichotomy between ‘informal’ and ‘formal’ social relations. Moreover, based on a social-theoretical analysis the study contributes to current urban theory debates on the relation between the constraints of social structures in the cities in Sub-Saharan Africa on the one hand and the agency of social actors on the other hand.

Actualmente la tecnología propicia el desarrollo de diversos tipos de negocio en distintas áreas, los cuales permiten facilitar la obtención de un bien o servicio esto se da mediante plataformas tecnológicas las cuales permiten este proceso de intercambio creando una nueva experiencia para los usuarios. La presente investigación analiza que factores determinan el desarrollo de una de estas de plataformas tecnológicas el cual es Easy Taxi ya que viene revolucionando el sector de taxi tradicional, Dentro de este grupo el perfil estudiado se basa en conductores ya que son una parte primordial porque sin ellos no podría existir Easy Taxi, de esta forma siendo necesario saber la aceptación de los conductores frente a este medio tecnológico permitiendo conocer sus opiniones y criterios de este aplicativo de taxi. para este fin se realizó entrevistas y encuestas a manera de evaluar el impacto que presenta el aplicativo en los conductores de taxi. Para llegar a obtener los factores que determinan la afiliación de los conductores al aplicativo Easy Taxi, se utilizó los factores interno y externo del comportamiento del consumidor, así como también la aceptación de tecnología para determinar el nivel de aceptación que presentan los conductores. Como resultado se obtuvo que para el conductor de taxi de esta plataforma tecnológica no se encuentra explotada en su totalidad porque no conocen del todo la forma de operar de esta plataforma, ellos aprecian más referencias que sus compañeros conductores les puedan brindar y si esta experiencia llega a ser buena propicia el interés por afiliarse y si es mala desmotiva a los futuros afiliados, sin embargo la información no va ser tan relevante para impulsar a que sus compañeros conductores accedan a afiliarse. El nivel de aceptación determinada mediante un análisis descriptivo resultó ser media de tal forma indicando que los conductores no rechazan el uso del aplicativo en la ciudad de Chiclayo.

Submitted by Andrea Silva Vilas Boas (asvilasboas@gmail.com) on 2016-06-21T14:30:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Andrea_Vilas_Boas FINAL.pdf: 2245517 bytes, checksum: 2320457b8596efc735be6b1403ae065a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Luiza Holme (ana.holme@fgv.br) on 2016-06-21T14:32:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Andrea_Vilas_Boas FINAL.pdf: 2245517 bytes, checksum: 2320457b8596efc735be6b1403ae065a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-21T14:35:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_Andrea_Vilas_Boas FINAL.pdf: 2245517 bytes, checksum: 2320457b8596efc735be6b1403ae065a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-05 / This work intends to identify the relevant changes in the market and what the value realized by customers and cabbies, considering the insertion of the companies providing taxi service in the virtual world by using apps. In order to reach out this goal, we explain the value chain concept, including the virtual value chain and value network, aiming to get the best knowledge of the structure in which the companies of this new environment are based on, as well as we explain the business model concepts and Business Model Canvas. Based on this theoretical foundation, we propose a framework that will allow extract information and, after analyzing them, we identify, through a case study, the relevant changes that have occurred in this market and the value realized by both customers and cabbies. The topic is relevant because this is a significant change in how the companies make relationship with their customers and providers. And because it allows to observe what added value this model has been providing and why, due to this, about 30 thousands cabbies in the existing 35 thousands in São Paulo have opted for using apps, making that one of the companies studied in this work have get to more than 2.5 million of downloads in the whole Brazil. It is expected, through this study, to identify the relevant changes that the apps integration has brought to the users and taxi drivers and provide a framework that can be used as an assistant in the analysis of the value chain and virtual value chain of the market for taxi services and show that this model is not just fading to which we can assign a number of benefits, but also a trend that is redefining the format of the companies in this market. / Este estudo pretende identificar as mudanças relevantes no mercado e qual o valor percebido pelos clientes e taxistas, considerando-se a inserção das empresas prestadoras de serviços de táxis da cidade de São Paulo no mundo virtual, através do uso de aplicativos. Para tanto, explanamos o conceito de cadeia de valor, incluindo cadeia de valor virtual e rede de valor, a fim de um melhor entendimento da estrutura em que se embasam as empresas desse novo ambiente, bem como explicamos os conceitos de modelo de negócio e Business Model Canvas. Com esse embasamento teórico propomos um framework com a finalidade de auxiliar o processo de extração e análise das informações que permitiram identificar as mudanças relevantes que ocorreram nesse mercado e o valor percebido pelos clientes e taxistas, fazendo uso de um estudo de caso. O tema é relevante, por se tratar de uma mudança significativa na forma como as empresas se relacionam com seus clientes e prestadores; e por permitir observar que valor agregado esse modelo tem propiciado, que fez com que cerca de 30 mil taxistas, dos 35 mil da cidade de São Paulo, optassem pelo uso de aplicativos, fazendo com que uma das empresas estudadas nessa dissertação atingisse mais de 2.5 milhões de downloads em todo o Brasil. Espera-se, com este estudo, identificar as mudanças relevantes que a inserção dos aplicativos trouxeram aos usuários e taxistas e apresentar um framework que pode ser utilizado como um facilitador na análise da cadeia de valor e cadeia de valor virtual do mercado de prestação de serviços de taxis, esclarecendo que esse modelo não é apenas um modismo ao qual se pode atribuir uma série de benefícios, mas, sim, uma tendência que está redefinindo o formato das empresas desse mercado.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The dispersal of herbivorous insects in large plantations must be modelled by taking into account many behavioral aspects of the individual movement. The insect ability to search for (and find) better plant quality are of fundamental importance to the development of a mathematical model. Also, many insects present an aggregation tendency which seems to be a population strategy to optimize harvesting and survival. In the present work, in order to analyze the spatio-temporal dynamics of an insect population, both kinds of behaviour are microscopically described by a Coupled Map Lattice model which includes a short range taxis for plant quality to a long range taxis with respect to their own population density. We observed, in the macroscopic scale, stable and dynamical heterogeneous spatial pattern formation when the difference between the scales is significant. / A dispersão de insetos herbívoros em uma plantação deve ser descrita levando em conta o complexo movimento individual do inseto na procura do alimento. Este movimento é influenciado pela textura da plantação e, fundamentalmente, pela qualidade da vegetação definida pela atratividade que as plantas exercem sobre o inseto. Além disso, muitos herbívoros apresentam um comportamento de agregação como uma estratégia para melhorar sua eficiência na alimentação ou simplesmente porque o agrupamento favorece a sobrevivência da espécie. Neste trabalho, desenvolvemos um modelo do tipo Rede de Mapas Acoplados para analisar a dinâmica espaço-temporal de uma população de insetos (crescimento e dispersão) em grandes plantações texturizadas sob a hipótese de movimento orientado dos herbívoros com relação à qualidade do seu alimento e um comportamento de agregação não local em relação aos co-específicos. Observamos, na escala macroscópica, a formação de padrões espaciais heterogêneos estáveis e dinâmicos quando a diferença entre as escalas de movimentação é significativa.

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / In this work we propose a discrete predator-prey model with the purpose of analyzing the spatio-temporal dynamics of herbivorous and their predators. For that, we explicitly consider the dispersion of both species through Coupled Map Lattice models, that is, systems of difference equations coupled by dispersal. We suppose that the prey population presents density-dependent growth and predators, Holling type II functional response. In order to analyze the effects of prey-taxis showed by predators, which means, that predators direct their movement to regions of high prey densities, we computationally implemented our model for different movement schemes: difusion for both species, immobile prey and taxis for predators and, difusion for prey and taxis for predators. We conclude that the dispersal behavior of predators and preys plays a crucial role on their spatio-temporal dynamics and hence cannot be omitted when modeling predator-prey interactions. / Neste trabalho construímos um modelo presa-predador discreto com objetivo de analisar a dinâmica espaço-temporal de insetos herbívoros e seus predadores. Para tal, consideramos explicitamente a dispersão de ambas as espécies através de modelos de Rede de Mapas Acoplados, isto é, sistemas de equações a diferenças acopladas pela dispersão. Consideramos que as presas apresentam crescimento dependente da densidade e os predadores, resposta funcional Holling do tipo II. Para analisar os efeitos da movimentação de taxia dos predadores, isto é, o movimento direcionado às regiões de maiores densidades de presas, implementamos computacionalmente o modelo para diferentes esquemas de movimentação: difusão para ambas as espécies, presas imóveis e taxia para predadores e difusão para presas e taxia para predadores. Concluímos que o comportamento de movimentação de presas e predadores tem um papel relevante na sua dinâmica espaço-temporal e não pode ser ignorado na modelagem destes sistemas.

El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo realizar un plan de negocios innovador, por ello se creó una página web y/o aplicativo (APP) llamada UDRIVER, la cual brindará facilidades a los estudiantes con auto y sin auto de los PROGRAMAS PARA ADULTOS UNIVERSITARIOS QUE TRABAJAN de diversas universidades particulares de Lima Metropolitana. La finalidad es brindar un buen servicio de transporte a los usuarios transmitiendo seguridad, comodidad, confianza, rapidez y ahorro de dinero y tiempo. Por ello, los conductores estarán previamente registrados con su carnet universitario, dándole la facilidad al usuario registrado de solicitar que lo lleven de su trabajo a la universidad o de la universidad a casa, dicha aplicación tendrá geo referencia, además contará con una calificación por parte de los usuarios con el fin de fortalecer el perfil del conductor y que los usuarios se sientan en confianza y satisfechos con el servicio ofrecido. Se realizará una inversión de S/.30, 000.00 con un préstamo bancario del 50%, el cual será financiado por el Banco de Crédito de Perú y el 50% de capital de los accionistas. La deuda será cancelada en un plazo de dos años. Se estima que a partir del tercer año se trabajará con capital propio y se obtendrá un ratio de liquidez de 106.88% en el primer año y un índice de rentabilidad de 24.03%. Finalmente, UDRIVER se proyecta a lograr una venta de S/.830, 000 el primer año, con ello lograr una participación de mercado del 7% en las provincias de Lima y Callao. / This project aims to be an innovative business plan, so created a page web or application (APP) called UDRIVER, which will provide facilities to students with auto and auto sin of university programs for adults Several private universities of Metropolitan Lima NINIS. The purpose is to provide good transport service users transmitting safety, comfort, confidence, speed and savings of time and money. Therefore, drivers will be registered with your University card, giving ease to the registered user's request to bring it your work to the University or college a House, such application if geo reference, will also with a score by the users in order to strengthen the profile of the driver and users should feel confidence and dissatisfied with the Birkbeck service. An investment of S/.30, 000 will be made with a bank loan of 50%, of which will be financed by the Banco de Crédito of Peru and 50% of capital from shareholders. The debt will be cancelled within a period of two years. Estimated from the third year will work with equity and 106.88 liquidity ratio is obtained in the first year and a rate of return on 24.03%. Finally, UDRIVER is projected to a get a sale of S/.830, 000 the first year, thus achieving a market share of 7% in the provinces of Lima and Callao. / Trabajo de investigación

El presente informe determina si la empresa Uber B.V. cometió actos de competencia desleal en la modalidad de violación de normas, toda vez que estaría incumpliendo con la normativa sectorial para el servicio de taxi. Para ello, se utiliza la Ley de Represión de la Competencia Desleal y la Ordenanza N° 1684 regula la prestación del Servicio de Taxi en Lima Metropolitana, además de la casuística nacional e internacional respecto a la naturaleza del servicio prestado por dicha empresa. También se considera el Código de Protección y Defensa del Consumidor para determinar naturaleza en función de las reglas de gobernanza usadas y si estas son un mecanismo alternativo de protección al consumidor. Con ello, el presente informe concluye que, por su intervención o injerencia en el servicio de transporte, si bien el servicio que brinda Uber B.V es el de un intermediario, con dicha actividad económica se comportaba adicionalmente como un proveedor del servicio de taxi. Asimismo, se establece que las reglas de gobernanza aplicadas en las plataformas de intermediación no constituyen por sí solas un mecanismo alternativo de protección al consumidor, debiéndose regular por la normativa en la materia. Por último, se concluye que, en concordancia con la aplicación de la primacía de la realidad, y al serle aplicable la normativa sectorial, su incumplimiento generó que cometa actos de competencia desleal en la modalidad de violación de normas, obteniendo una ventaja competitiva ilegal en el mercado. / This report determines whether the company Uber B.V. committed acts of unfair competition by the violation of rules, since it would be in breach of the sectorial regulations for the cab service. For this purpose, the Law for Repression of Unfair Competition and the Ordinance N° 1684 regulating the taxi service in Lima Metropolitana are used, as well as the national and international cases regarding the nature of the service provided by such company. The Code of Consumer Protection and Defense is also considered to determine the nature of the governance rules used and whether they are an alternative consumer protection mechanism. With this, it is conclude that, due to its intervention or interference in the transportation service, although the service provided by Uber B.V. is that of an intermediary, with its economic activity it additionally behaved as a cab service provider. Likewise, it is established that the governance rules applied in the intermediation platforms do not constitute by themselves an alternative mechanism of consumer protection, and must be regulated by the regulations on the matter. Finally, it is concluded that, in accordance with the application of the primacy of reality, and being applicable to the sectorial regulation, its noncompliance generated that it commits acts of unfair competition in the form of violation of rules, obtaining an illegal competitive advantage in the market.

La prestación personal de servicios a través de plataformas digitales es un tema vigente y controvertido en el Derecho Laboral. Si bien mucho se ha debatido sobre la naturaleza subordinada o autónoma de estos servicios, la precariedad manifestada en esta clase de labores exige una respuesta urgente del ordenamiento jurídico. Partiendo de la base de que tales formas de empleo son, en efecto, auténticas relaciones laborales, el presente ensayo tiene como propósito analizar la viabilidad y justificación de la creación de un régimen laboral especial; así como los principales puntos que el legislador eventualmente deberá considerar. Con ese objetivo, se analizan también, desde una perspectiva crítica, los proyectos de ley presentados a la fecha en el Perú, y se esbozan algunas oportunidades de mejora. PALABRAS / The personal provision of services through digital platforms is a current and controversial issue in Labor Law. Although much has been debated about the subordinate or autonomous nature of these services, the precariousness manifested in this kind of services requires an urgent response from the legal system. Based on the fact that such forms of employment are, indeed, authentic labor relations, the purpose of this essay is to analyze the feasibility and justification of the creation of a special labor regime; as well as the main points that the legislator should eventually consider. With this objective, the bills presented to date in Peru are also analyzed from a critical perspective, and some opportunities for improvement are outlined.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This study sought to examine independent clause Sesotho personal names as authentic social discourse using the Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) theory. It sought to analyze their structure and map them to social functions to demonstrate that they are enacted messages in socio-cultural context of Basotho. It used a form-meaning approach to interpret Sesotho names in socio-cultural contexts of use (cf. Halliday 1994, 2001, Eggins, 1996, 2004 and Martin & Rose 2007) as an alternative to the current formalist approach to onomastica interpretation. The SFL analysis was compared and contrasted mainly with the formalist syntactic specific and semantic specific analyses currently in use by Guma, Sesotho Academy and subsequent authors of Sesotho grammar and other linguists. The purpose of displaying these names as texts in social context enfolded the intent to reflect a systemic interface of lexico-grammar and social activity. The study used the clause-text-culture paradigm to explore Sesotho names as texts or semantic units. The idea was to access their ‘meanings beyond the clause’ (Martin & Rose 2007). Data was collected from national examinations pass lists, admission and employment roll lists from Public, Private, Tertiary, Orphanage institutions. Other data was identified in Telephone directories and Media. The purely linguistic lexico-grammatic analysis of the structure of names was supplemented by interview data from real interpretations from families, owners and senior citizens who have social and cultural knowledge of the meanings of some names. The study has established that Sesotho personal names can present as an independent clause feature. Sesotho personal names can also be described as lexico-grammatical properties and are meaningful in social contexts. They are used to exchange information as statements, demands and commands, and as questions and as exclamations. This means that these names can be categorized according to Halliday’s Mood types which make them function as declaratives, imperatives, interrogatives and exclamatives depending on the awarder’s evaluation. The study also finds that in negotiating attitudes, modality is highly incorporated. The study concludes that Sesotho names conform to the logical structures of the nominal group and the verbal group and these groups reciprocate in use. The verbal group is the core constituent in these names and it serves as a foundation for the nominal and verbal groups particularly because they function as reciprocating propositions. This includes the names with the sub-modification features. This extends the formalist description of Sesotho independent clause in that the identified sub-modifications which are opague and taken for granted by formalist analysts of Sesotho, are explicated as essential elements embedded in the formmeaning relation in SFL. The main contribution is that this is the only study on SFL and onomastica. There is no study that has been conducted using SFL to describe African names. It presents that Sesotho personal names are texts that have been negotiated in socio-cultural contexts. It provides a major departure from most studies that have used the Chomskian formulations or other sociolinguistic theories to describe the naming systems. It displays the art and importance of language use based on experience and culture in the naming system. The study also contributes to fields such as education, history, and others. Lastly, the study has established a new relation of onomastica and SFL theory and onomastica can now be added to the areas “being recognized as providing a very useful descriptive and interpretive framework for viewing language as a strategic, meaning-making resource.” (Eggins 1996:1).

Transport is one of the basic needs of a functioning society. Unfortunately, transport also pollutes our cities and release greenhouses gases. Driverless technology is a technology predicted to disrupt the future transport system, and perhaps change how we travel from private cars to shared vehicles. This study focuses on the aspect of privately owned versus shared driverless vehicles, to create more knowledge of how the future transport system will look. A utility-based demand model is used to find the demand for private and shared transport when driverless vehicles are available. The utility of different transport options is estimated by looking at earlier studies about the performance of driverless cars, driverless buses and shared driverless taxis, which is used as input for the utility model. The results indicate that driverless technology will not be a catalyst that makes transport go from private to shared. While driverless buses can improve public transport, and shared driverless taxis outcompete current taxis, driverless technology will also improve private vehicles. The results in this study imply that the sustainability improvements earlier reports have predicted with a high use of shared driverless transportation might not materialise unless efforts are done to increase use of shared transportation. / Transport är ett av de grundläggande behoven för ett välfungerande samhälle. På samma gång släpper transporter ut både växthusgaser och skadliga partiklar. Självkörande teknik är något som förväntas revolutionera framtidens transportsystem, förhoppningen är att de ska förändra hur folk reser från privata bilar till delade transporter. Denna studie fokuserar på den förhoppningen. Kommer framtidens transporter ske i privata självkörande fordon eller delade självkörande fordon och vad i sin tur betyder det för framtidens transportsystem? Med en nyttobaserad efterfråge- och bilinnehavsmodell modelleras efterfrågan av självkörande delade taxis, självkörande bussar och självkörande privatbilar. Resultaten indikerar att självkörande teknik inte nödvändigtvis kommer vara en katalysator som får människor att sluta äga och använda privatbilar. Självkörande bussar kan göra kollektivtrafiken bättre, och självkörande delade taxibilar kommer troligtvis användas mer än dagens taxis. Men självkörande privatbilar kommer också ha många fördelar, och de som äger dem kommer dessutom troligtvis köra längre sträckor än dagens bilister. Resultatet av denna rapport indikerar därför att de stora förväntningarna som finns på självkörande teknik gällande delade transporter kan vara felaktiga, om inte andra åtgärder också görs för att öka delning. Att delningen inte ökar gör också att de hållbarhetsförbättringar som vissa tidigare rapporter förutspått inte nödvändigtvis kommer ske.