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La recherche a montré que les enseignants se réfèrent à un sous-ensemble délèves, le steering group, pour piloter leur enseignement (planification y comprise). Alors que les résultats de certains auteurs montrent que lenseignement est calibré sur les faibles, dautres études indiquent que ce sont les forts qui sont pris en compte. Cette thèse de doctorat rassemble sept articles qui se penchent sur le phénomène de steering group. Les sept articles sont organisés en trois parties. La première combine deux articles de revue de littérature portant sur les processus de pensée des enseignants lors de la planification et de linteraction en classe. La problématique du steering group y est située dans les processus de gestion de dilemmes de la part des enseignants. Après une partie plus méthodologique, une partie empirique rassemble quatre articles portant sur ce même phénomène. La pertinence de lhypothèse de la mise en dilemmes est quantitativement vérifiée (150 enseignants primaires) : les enseignants se posent-ils la question des élèves sur qui centrer lenseignement dans le cadre de la gestion des programmes officiels : les forts ou les faibles ? Ensuite, la manière dont les enseignants utilisent leur(s) steering group(s) est analysée dans des études qualitatives (10 enseignants primaires). Les résultats des différentes études montrent, dune part, que lhypothèse de la mise en dilemme peut être conservée et, dautre part, que la gestion de la classe va au-delà dune affaire de forts ou de faibles. Les enseignants centrent leurs interventions sur les forts en appliquant des stratégies de compensation réservées aux faibles et inversement. Enfin, les sept articles sont mis en perspectives dans une discussion qui propose diverses ouvertures de recherches portant sur lanalyse des processus décisionnels des enseignants ainsi que sur le développement et lévolution de leurs croyances et connaissances psychopédagogiques. / Research has shown that teachers refer to a subgroup of pupils, named steering group, to pace their teaching (planning thought processes included). While some researchers have shown that teachers refer to the low performance pupils, some other have shown that the high performers are taken into account. Seven articles focussed on the steering group phenomenon are regrouped in this doctoral dissertation. These seven articles avec organised in three main areas. The first area is theoretical and presents two literature reviews concerning the teacher thought processes during planning and teaching interaction in the classroom. The steering group phenomenon is situated in the thought processes teachers are engaged when they manage teaching dilemmas. After an article dealing with methodological issues, an empirical area is presenting four articles focussed on the steering group phenomenon. The relevance of the dilemma management by teachers is quantitatively analysed (150 elementary teachers): are teachers concerned with the question on which pupils to focus instruction regarding to progression in the official curriculum: low or high performers? The manner teacher use their steering group(s) is then analysed in some qualitative studies (10 elementary teachers). Results show, on the one hand, that the dilemma management hypothesis could be maintained and, on the other hand, that classroom management goes beyond focussing on the high or low performers. Teachers pace their instruction for the high performers, while implementing compensation strategies for the low performers, and inversely. Finally, the seven articles are discussed to suggest different research perspectives concerning teachers decision making processes and the development and evolution of their knowledge and beliefs.

No description available.

Detta examensarbete utgörs av två delar. Huvuddelen är en kurspresentation av Spanska steg 4 på gymnasiet som jag har utformat med utgångspunkt i aktuella styrdokument och med anpassningar till mina elevgrupper. Hänsyn har tagits till forskning om synligt lärande (John Hattie) och constructive alignment (John B. Biggs), varav den sistnämndes SOLO-taxonomi har används som modell för att visa hur långsiktiga mål kan brytas ned i delmål och hur förståelse kan ske i flera steg. Syftet med kurspresentationen är att förenkla och förtydliga ämnesplanen för moderna språk i allmänhet och kursplanen för spanska 4 i synnerhet, så att eleverna ska kunna ta till sig dess innehåll. Förhoppningen är att om de förstår kravbilden kommer de prestera jämnare över läsåret och bli mer delaktiga i kursen. Ytterligare en förhoppning är att en god förståelse för ämnesplanen kommer främja elevinflytandet. Examensarbetets andra del är föreliggande text som förklarar min tankegång och motiverar mina val vid utformandet av kurspresentationen. Här diskuterar jag bland annat vikten av att eleverna förstår ämnesplanerna på samma vis som de lärare som undervisar dem, och detta ställer jag i relation till en färsk svensk studie om skolungdomars syn på läroplanen. Jag redogör också för mina överväganden när jag i kurspresentationen försökt förtydliga kursens progression, relationen mellan kursplanens olika delar, samt hur lektionerna alltid planeras med ämnets syfte i åtanke.

Effective teacher questioning during whole group instruction remains an important pedagogy in science education, especially the importance of helping novice teachers to guide student thinking using effective questions. This study examined how novice secondary science teachers’ understand the relationship between student thinking and teacher questioning. The sample was seven novice secondary science teachers’ enrolled in the University of Central Florida’s job embedded Resident Teacher Professional Preparation Program (RTP3 ). All participants received instruction and guided practice with the use of questions to elicit, probe, and challenge student ideas in the secondary science pedagogy class. Participants completed a questionnaire describing their teaching experience and science content knowledge. The primary data were think aloud interviews describing their thinking while observing two science instruction videos. Protocols, critical incident interviews, and field notes were transcribed and coded for analysis. Descriptive codes identified properly classified question types and the purpose or value of questions, student thinking, and student reaction to teacher questions. Pattern codes identified student engagement, feedback, wait time, and communication patterns. The think aloud used in this study provided insight into what the participants were thinking about the purposes of questions to elicit, probe, and challenge student ideas and gave insight into the decision process. Evidence from the protocol analysis provided insight about what the participants were thinking about the decisions made when attending to teacher questions and student thinking. All seven participants identified question types using language suggesting they understood the differences, but at a naïve level. Although participants used the iii correct language to show understanding of the question types, they had a fairly naïve understanding of the pedagogical purpose of the questions. This was especially true of the questions to elicit student ideas, but perhaps less true of the probing and challenging questions. The participants had more of a ritualistic understanding of the questions to elicit student ideas; they noticed them but perhaps did not have a deep understanding of this question type. Analyses of this study also revealed novice teachers learning is framed by the priorities of the public school system. All participants attended to teacher instruction, especially wait time and student engagement, while a few participants focused on feedback, praise, and higher- and lower-order questions. This study suggested school culture and the way teachers are now assessed may scaffold and support these teachers to have a more nuanced and sophisticated understanding of questioning and student thinking than has previously been reported for novice/beginning teachers. While some aspects of school culture and assessment may be problematic- i.e. wait time, feedback, praise, higher-order questions, etc.-on the whole it seems to be leading them in the right direction.

This thesis seeks to contribute knowledge to how professional teachers in social studies express their subject conception, and its relation to the subject manifested in teaching. The data consists of 48 hours of observed teaching and interviews. A first sub-study shows that the teachers prioritise a content dominated by political science, which reveals a strong content tradition and nuances the picture of an unclear identity seen in the review of previous research. It is also found that the use of news is prominent. The second sub-study confirms the theoretical assumption that the teachers’ conceptions are complex, seeking to harmonise both the internal academic goals and the external civil goals found in social studies. This complements previous research based on the written curriculum where the internal and external goals have been regarded as dichotomous. The results of the third sub-study reveal how news is used in two ways, news coverage and news integration, where the teachers express knowledge aligned with their individual subject conception. However, the external goals tend to be less emphasised in the subject manifested in teaching in favour for the internal interim goals. Differences between news coverage and news integration are also found as news coverage seems to be more focused on civil goals. A contribution with this study is that we now in Swedish research can talk about social studies teachers’ subject conception as a complex phenomenon. It also encourages a more precise conversation about social studies. A more precise vocabulary can enable teachers to develop their understanding of the relation between goals, content and teaching methods. Furthermore, the revelation of news and its relation to the teachers’ subject conception and teaching hopefully can inspire future explorations on news as a teaching tool. / I avhandlingen beskrivs hur samhällskunskapsläraren förstår sitt ämne och vad det är för ämne som framträder genom undervisningen. Vilken kombination av målsättningar kommer till uttryck i lärarens ämnesförståelse respektive undervisning? Hur förhåller sig synen på innehåll och metoder till synen på målsättningarna? Betonas politiska och moraliska fostransmål respektive samhällsvetenskapliga akademiska kunskapsmål olika mycket hos olika lärare? Vilken funktion har nyheter i undervisningen och hur ser kopplingen ut mellan nyhetsanvändning och lärarens ämnesförståelse? Dessa frågor har studerats via intervjuer och klassrumsobservationer. Studien visar att kunskaps- och fostransmål kombineras av läraren, vilket kompletterar läroplansgrundade beskrivningar av ämnet där kunskap respektive fostran tenderar att ses som konkurrerande mål. Nyheter har en framskjuten plats och används för att uttrycka olika typer av kunskapsmål. Studien kan bidra till att det ämnesdidaktiska samtalet om samhällskunskap, och i synnerhet nyhetsanvändning i samhällskunskap, blir mer preciserat. Relationen mellan lärares tänkande och undervisning gör studien relevant också för en bredare publik som intresserar sig för undervisning i allmänhet. / <p>Avhandlingen är ett samarbete med Örebro universitet och forskarskola Utbildningsvetenskap med inrikning mot didaktik arrangerad av Örebro universitet.   </p>

The development of five individual pupils’ writing abilities, as reported by six of their teachers, is analysed. The thoughts and reflexions inspired by the everyday interaction between the teacher and the pupil suffering from some kind of reading and writing disability are presented. The purpose is to capture what was unique and characteristic in the measures that triggered a positive response in the pupils. Some of the questions answered in this study are: How does the phenomenon of reading and writing disabilities manifest itself in the classroom, and what are the consequences for the individual pupil of the various pedagogical measures available? One conclusion that may be drawn from this study is that there is no cut-and dried method for working with pupils suffering from reading and writing disabilities. Nor is there any such thing as a standard pupil with this disability. Instead, both the type and the extent of the problem vary greatly, and individual pupils develop their own personal strategies to cope with them and take in new knowledge. Also the skills of the individual pupils vary widely, and the possibility to use and develop them is dependent on the pedagogical context he/she is part of, on the actions of the individual teacher and several other interacting environmental factors. It also becomes clear that the ’capacity’ of the individual pupil, rather than being a fixed constant, is entirely dependent on the context. There is a strong correlation between the successful development of the pupil and the sensitivity, empathy, imagination, competence and ability of the teacher to capture opportunities as they arise. Some common features of the teachers involved in this study were that they helped their pupils to structure their thinking and involved them in their own acquisition of knowledge, and that their education was focused on the process rather than the goal. The methods they used were based on both theoretical knowledge and practical experience. They were well versed in many different theories and methods, and prepared to try different things till they found the best solution for the individual pupil. The communication between teacher and pupil was the cornerstone of their tuition. The classroom situation was characterised by a mixed group of pupils where individual measures constituted a natural component. The borderline between ‘ordinary’ and remedial teachers was deliberately blurred. Instead a spirit of constructive co-operation prevailed where all available resources were used in the work with the pupils. Events that promoted progress in the individual pupil were episodes where he experienced success and stood out in a positive sense among his class-mates. On these occasions the teacher had succeeded in identifying some specific skill possessed by the pupil, and made it visible also to the pupil himself and the people surrounding him. It was also a matter of identifying and challenging the individual weaknesses of the pupil, and of making him conscious of the progress he made. The social context surrounding the pupil did, of course, play a vital part in these positive events. This study demonstrates that a thorough linguistic diagnose followed by carefully tailored tuition is far superior to other kinds of remedial tuition in enhancing the reading-and writing abilities of the individual pupil. The common method of lumping together a group of pupils with widely varying types of reading and writing disabilities into a ’remedial class’ did, by contrast, appear to be an unfortunate strategy.

In light of the continual debate among researchers regarding new teachers’ concerns about classroom management and the need to insure that instruction results in positive student learning the focus of this qualitative case study has been to examine how five second and third year teachers planned for and thought about the management of student engagement during instruction. The main purpose of this study was to examine the professional thinking of five second and third year teachers while planning for a lesson in comparison to their actions during the lesson and later how they reflected on that plan. In addition, the teachers’ beliefs about how they learned to integrate management with instruction during planning were examined. The results of this study indicate these five teachers did intentionally think about and plan for the integration of management with instruction during their lessons. District aligned curricula were used in each of these teachers’ districts which caused them to alter the traditional planning model so they could plan for the integration of management with instruction in their lessons. In addition these teachers believed they learned to address management with instruction as a result of their first year(s) of teaching. / text

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of an instructional program designed to explicitly teach text structure awareness to fourth grade students to assist in their understanding of science content in a unit of study on weather. The changes that occurred in teacher thinking and practice were also examined throughout the process of developing and implementing the instructional program. A quantitative analysis was performed to reveal any differences in mean posttest scores between a control group and a treatment group. Results indicated that the treatment group students' science content knowledge was increased significantly more than the students in the control group. A qualitative analysis was also performed to reveal the changes that occurred while this program was implemented into science instruction. Results indicated that by using research and results to guide her instruction, the researcher became more refined as a teacher. Recommendations for further research are discussed.

This study explores the impact of "teacher thinking" exercises in the Composition Practicum as a means of instilling a clearer sense of professional development in graduate instructors. Teacher thinking is a teacher training method that asks the novice instructor to see from the perspective of learners within their writing classrooms. Scholarship on writing teacher preparation programs suggests that English educators regularly employ teacher thinking exercises in the training of secondary school teachers. Teacher thinking has allowed many English education majors to conceptualize and obtain teaching identities by helping them to envision the intricate layers of teaching earlier in their careers. But can teacher thinking exercises have the same effect on graduate instructors in the Composition Practicum? Using the two main writing teacher preparation courses at Brigham Young University (BYU) for graduate instructors and English education majors, English 610 and English 423, I analyze the evidence of teacher thinking in each program and address the possible implications these findings could hold for the Composition Practicum course. Through my comparison of these courses, I determine if conversations between English educators and the Composition Practicum could be beneficial in helping graduate instructors to grow professionally as teachers as they learn to think like teachers in the Composition Practicum. I examine, analyze, and compare syllabi, surveys, and interview response from graduate instructors, English education majors, and the teachers of both courses to identify the types of teaching thinking students are exposed to in each course. Structuring my discussion around the teacher thinking theories of teacher educators, Forrest Parkay and Beverly Stanford, George Hillocks, and Alicia Crowe and Amanda Berry, I identify three types of knowledge that graduate instructors and English education majors gained or lacked in each program. These three types of knowledge are knowledge of self, knowledge of students, and knowledge of educational theory. Through this discussion, I explore what it means to think like a composition teacher and how learning to "teacher think" may help graduate instructors, nationally, to understand what it means to "simply be a composition teacher".