Η εργασία αυτή περιλαμβάνει στην συνέχεια τέσσερα κεφάλαια τα οποία έχουν ως εξής. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 περιγράφονται τα σύγχρονα εργαλεία ανάλυσης κειμένου αλλά και οι βάσεις δεδομένων (Corpus) που είναι διαθέσιμα. Περιγράφεται επίσης η βάση δεδομένων που χρησιμοποιούμε για να εξάγουμε πειραματικά αποτελέσματα. Στο κεφάλαιο 3, γίνεται εισαγωγή στα n-grams και αναπτύσσονται τα βασικότερα μέτρα ομοιότητας τα οποία είναι απαραίτητα για τον διαχωρισμό του ύφους γραφής από ηλεκτρονικό κείμενο. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 παρουσιάζονται τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα που έχουν ληφθεί με τα n-grams. Σε αυτά περιλαμβάνονται και τα δίκτυα νευρωνίων. Τέλος στο κεφάλαιο 5 δίνονται τα συμπεράσματα και προτάσεις για περαιτέρω έρευνα στον τομέα αυτόν. / This work includes then four chapters which are as follows. Chapter 2 describes the modern text analysis tools and databases (Corpus) that are available. Also describes the database used to derive test results. In Chapter 3, are inserted into n-grams and developed the basic similarity measures which are necessary to separate the writing style of electronic text. Chapter 4 presents the experimental results obtained with n-grams. These include neural networks. Finally in Chapter 5 are given conclusions and suggestions for further research in this area

Electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM) has increasingly become an important topic in marketing and consumer research. However, theory construction and methodology development in this area are still in their infancy. This leaves some basic and important questions unanswered including whether eWOM communication is effective, what roles are played by different communication cues, and how valuable information from text reviews can be generated. This study intends to answer these fundamental questions.Based on the Brunswik's Len Model, this study developed the Process Model of eWOM Communication. It extends the Brunswik's Lens Model in several important ways and provides a systematic tool to examine the effectiveness of eWOM communication processes. Furthermore, a simplified model of eWOM communication was developed to test the validity of automatic text analysis as a promising tool in studying eWOM communication.Two focus group interviews and a throughout literature review were conducted first to identify the communication cues employed by eWOM partners. Then, two web-based self-administered surveys were carried out to collect data from both eWOM senders and readers. Last, the data from both eWOM senders and readers were matched, forming a final dataset with 90 reviews. Correlations, regressions, and path analyses were employed to evaluate the models and test the hypotheses.Results showed that eWOM communication is effective, and the relative strength of information flow varies in different eWOM communication links when communicating different types of information.This study identified a list of eWOM communication cues and found that consumers employ different cues in communicating different types of information. EWOM readers' inference structure in decoding may not exactly mirror eWOM senders' encoding structure. Moreover, communication cues especially verbal cues play an important role in eWOM communication and explain additional variance in eWOM partners' intentions and perceptions beyond and above the star ratings. In general, negative emotion words are the most important cues across various situations.In addition, this study provides initial evidence for the validity of automatic text analysis in studying eWOM. Linguistic indicators such as Negations, Negative Emotions, and Money can explain additional variance in eWOM partners' attitudes and emotions beyond and above the star ratings.

The Swedish Upper Secondary English Curriculum consists of lists describing required core content and attainment levels necessary for assessing students on English courses 5, 6 and 7. These lists display relevant instructional information for individual English courses in different places, complicating efforts in course planning. This study performs a text analysis on the curriculum’s core content and attainment level information, with the aim of making the information more accessible and useful in course planning and assessment. The text analysis synthesises attainment levels into concretised goals and then further analyzes the concretised goals to evaluate how they evolve over the English courses. A text analysis is performed on the curriculum’s description of core content to evaluate how they evolve over the English courses. The results, showing the evolution of both core content and concretised goals over the English courses, are displayed in a tabular format for ease of comparison. In addition, the results comprise a list of concretised goals in each course. The concretised goals evolve to a relatively small degree over the English courses, whereas the core contents evolve to a relatively larger degree over the English courses. This study may be of use in helping teachers in their course planning and assessment first, by providing a checklist of concretised goals that can be used in planning instruction aimed towards student fulfilment of curriculum attainment levels; second, by providing user-friendly information on concretised goals and core contents and their evolution over the English courses.

This paper is about cyber-bullying, the youth’s experience and how the papers image of cyber- bullying looks. The relevance of this essay be to be found in the aim of the research of the cyber bullying today. By examining how the youth’s usage and experience’s - and the papers image of cyber-bullying in the social media, it will be possible to create an understanding for how the social media is represented today. And in the next stage having the ability to work against the cyber bullying. Two methods is used in the studie, a text analysis and a survey. The text analysis is based on a total of 257 articles from two of the biggest tabloids in Sweden, Aftonbladet and Expressen, and the biggest daily news papers Dagens Nyheter and Svenska Dagbladet. All the articles has been publicized between 2010-01-01 to 2013-12-31. The aim of the text analysis was to collect the papers picture of cyber bullying. A survey was created to corral information about the youth’s experience. The survey was sent to two schools in Stockholm, the junior high school Rålambshovsskolan and the high school Thorildsplans gymnasium. The survey resulted in 68 answers where the experience of the youth summarized. The result of the text analysis showed that cyber bullying in the news papers makes up a picture of that the woman is the victim of the bullying, Facebook and Instagram is the most popular social medias, and that Facebook is the most common to be bullied on. But it also showed that the writer of the articles is using metaphors to tone up an feeling. The writer can decide what credibility different statements will have depending on with which words the writer describe the statements. The result of the survey showed that Kik, Facebook, Instagram and Snapchat was the most used social media. And that a majority of 54 of 68, had read something mean about someone they know on social media. 42 persons had not been exposed to cyber bullying, but 13 said that they had been, and the same number said that they didn’t know if they hade been cyber bullied. Facebook was mentioned as the most common social media to be exposed to cyber bullying on. 
 The author of the articles has the power to influence the persons that have pronounced in the articles credibility. This factors will in the end influence on the public, which will create their opinions based on what they read. This showed that the concept cyber bullying is obscure, the youth has to know if they are cyber bullied or not, and they have to know if they are cyber bullying someone or not.

The purpose of this study is to describe and understand how children’s participation and influence is described in the curriculum of preschool. The purpose includes how educators perceive, working with and what opportunities and challenges they believe that there is in the process of participation and influence. The methods I used were qualitative text analysis and e-mail interviews. I studied text in the curriculum and interviewed four educators to find out their views on children's participation and influence. The results show that the curriculum states that it is important that children engage in cooperation, decision making and taking responsibility for their rights and obligations. Educators believe that it is important to take care of children's ideas, thoughts, and they will be listened to. Based on what emerges from the children, they want to continue working to increase participation and influence. They believe that a permissive environment creates a feeling of importance among children. As problems, they mention that younger children's perspectives are not taken in to consideration, large groups of children, different views among educators about participation and influence, and that it’s difficult to meet all the children's interests and needs. / Syftet med examensarbetet är att beskriva och förstå hur barnens delaktighet och inflytande beskrivs i läroplanen för förskolan. Syftet inkluderar hur pedagoger uppfattar, arbetar och vilka svårigheter och möjligheter det finns med barnens delaktighet och inflytande. Metoderna jag använde mig av var kvalitativ textanalys och e-mejl intervju. Jag tolkade olika texter i delen om barnens inflytande i läroplanen och intervjuade fyra pedagoger för att få veta deras åsikter kring barnens delaktighet och inflytande. Resultatet visar att läroplanen uttrycker att det är viktigt att barn ska delta i samarbete, beslutsfattande och ta ansvar för sina rättigheter och skyldigheter. Pedagogerna anser att det är viktigt att ta vara på barnens idéer, tankar och att de blir lyssnad på. Baserat på vad som kommer fram från barnen vill de arbeta vidare för att öka delkatigheten och inflytandet. De tror att en tillåtande miljö skapar känslan att barnen får känna sig betydelsefulla. Som problem tar de upp att yngre barnens perspektiv inte tas tillvara på, stora barngrupper, olika syn bland pedagoger om delaktighet och inflytande, och att det är svårt att tillgodose alla barns intresse och behov.

Sammandrag Alla tiders historia? är en studie av vad läroplanen i historia 1a1 (Gymnasieskola 2011) de facto innebär för ämnet vad gäller innehåll och historiesyn. Uppsatsen inleds med en kort presentation av ämnet för att sedan redogöra för olika lingvistiska och semantiska tolkningsmodeller hämtade hos filosofer som Saussure, Russell och Wittgenstein vilka kommer att användas i själva analysen av läroplanerna och Skolverkets kommentarer till dessa. I syfte att visa på hur historiesyn hör ihop med kunskapssyn ges även en presentation av olika epistemologiska skolor.  Själva textanalysen visar att det råder en stor begreppsförvirring i läroplanen då många begrepp inte definieras, eller ges olika innehåll vid olika tillfällen.  Analysen visar även att läroplanen förordar en dialektisk historiesyn med inslag av historicism utan att visa på alternativa perspektiv på historien. / Abstract The history of all time? is a study of what the curriculum in history 1a1 (Gymnasieskola 2011) de facto means for the subject in terms of content and historical views. The essay begins with a brief presentation of the topic and then explains various linguistic and semantic interpretation models retrieved by philosophers like Saussure, Russell and Wittgenstein which will be used in the actual analysis of the curricula and the National Agency for Education comments on them. In order to show how historical views is associated with the concept of knowledge is also given a display of various epistemological schools. The actual text analysis shows that there is great confusion in the curriculum since many concepts are not defined, or given different content at different times. The analysis also shows that the curriculum advocates a dialectical view of history with elements of historicism but fails to show alternative perspectives on history. Keywords: history, curriculum, view of history, semantics, text analysis, historicism, chronology

Šiame darbe pateikiama teksto analizės bei daiktvardinių ir veiksmažodinių frazių radimo ir paieškos analizė. Analizuojami algoritmai kurių pagalba būtų galima atpažinti frazes. Algoritmai kurie sugebėtų surasti veiksmažodines bei daiktvardines frazes lietuviškame tekste. Taipogi analizuojami sprendimai bei algoritmai kurių pagalba galima būtų sudaryti šablonus, kurių dėka būtų įmanoma ieškoti frazių. Atlikus išsamią algoritmų bei esminių sprendimų analizę buvo nustatyta, jog nėra algoritmo kuri lietuviškame tekste, naudodamas vartotojo sudarytus šablonus, galėtu aptikti veiksmažodines ir daiktvardines frazes. Darbo tikslas - ištirti daiktavardinių bei veiksmažodinių frazių atpažinimą lietuviškame tekste. Siekiamas rezultatas – daiktavardinių bei veiksmažodinių frazių šablonų sudarymo programos prototipas bei algoritmo, kuris galėtu ieškoti frazių lietuviškame tekste naudojant sudarytus šablonus prototipas. Suprojektuotas algoritmas leidžia aptikti įvairios struktūros daiktvardines ir veiksmažodines frazes. Leidžia surasti tam tikro norimo ilgio frazes. Suprojektuota frazių paieškos sistema leidžia laisvai sudaryti šablonus su norimomis detalėmis (kalbos dalis, linksnis, giminė, skaičius ir t.t.). Eksperimento metu buvo pasirinkti atsitiktiniai tekstai kuriose algoritmas, pagal tam tikrus sistemos sudarytus šablonus, aptiko frazes. Algoritmo surastų frazių algoritmo pagrindžiamumui, buvo atliktas eksperimentas su asmenimis, kurie patys rankiniu būdu atliko frazių paiešką... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / This paper provides an analysis of the text , and nouns and verbal expressions of detection and analysis of the search . Analyzing algorithms which make it possible to identify phrases. The algorithms are able to find the verb and noun Lithuanian phrases in the text. We also analyzed solutions and algorithms which permit to create templates that make it possible to search for phrases . After a detailed algorithms , and key decision- analysis it was found that there is no algorithm that Lithuanian text using user -defined templates to detect noun and verb phrases. The aim - to explore the noun and verbal phrases recognition Lithuanian text. To achieve the desired result - noun and verbal phrases in the template of the program of the prototype and the algorithm is to search for phrases in Lithuanian text using templates consisting of a prototype . Designed by the algorithm allows to detect different types of noun and verb phrases. Let’s find some desired length phrases. Allows you to easily create templates with the desired parts ( parts of speech, case, gender, number , etc.) . The experiment was randomly chosen texts with the algorithm in a system- defined templates found phrases. Algorithm find phrases algorithm experiment was carried out with individuals who have to manually search for phrases by those texts. During the experiment, the algorithm has been successfully implemented and applied to the analysis of the text.

År 2009 införde Justitiedepartementet Klarspråk i Jönköping. Klarspråk är ett projekt med ett självkontrollstest och riktlinjer för hur myndigheter ska kommunicera till allmänheten med ett enkelt och tydligt språk.  Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra om Länsstyrelsen i Jönköpings skriftliga ex-ternkommunikation har förändrats sedan Klarspråksprojektet infördes år 2009 i Jönkö-ping. Genom en kvalitativ textanalys och ett strategiskt urval kommer sex handlingar från Länsstyrelsen i Jönköping analyseras. Tre handlingar före och tre handlingar efter år 2009. Handlingarna är reella dokument som avser beslut om djurhållning i Jönköpings län.  Texterna analyseras och jämförs med hjälp av Klarspråksprojektets självkontrollstest och riktlinjer samt genom en stilistisk analys tillsammans med den linjära kommunika-tionsmodellen. Resultatet kommer därefter förklaras med hjälp av teorin organisationskul-tur och Jacobsen och Thorsviks organisationsmodell i kapitlet resultatdiskussion.  Resultatet visar att det inte har skett någon märkbar förändring i Länsstyrelsens ex-ternkommunikation. Det som går att utläsa är att det har gjorts försök men att det ännu inte följer Klarspråksprojektets riktlinjer för ett mer mottagaranpassat språk. Ur ett stilis-tiskt perspektiv går det att se en förändring i hur mottagaren tilltalas samt hur sändaren benämner sig själv i handlingarna. Analysen bekräftar även att Länsstyrelsen i Jönköping har haft mottagaren i åtanke när de har förmedlat sitt beslut vilket är en bra utgångspunkt för en konstruktiv kommunikation. / In 2009 the Swedish Justice Department introduced project "Klarspråk", in translation “easy lan-guage”, consisting of a set of informative tools and guidelines meant to improve communication between government agencies and the public. Its core message was to use clear and simple lan-guage that all recipients comprehend.  Purpose of study is to compare if a government entity in the county of Jönköping called Länsstyrelsen, changed written external communication since Klarspråk was implemented. Through a qualitative text analysis and strategic selection, six documents originating from Länsstyrelsen in Jönköping's agricultural division, is analyzed. Three documents before the turn of the year 2009, and three after.  The documents used for this study are correspondence relating to decisions made in regards to animal treatment in the county boundaries of Jönköping. By comparison analysis the documents are evaluated against Klarspråk guidelines, and through a stylistic examination, assessed against the linear communication model. In conclusion, the result is explained through the theory of organiza-tional culture and Jacobsen and Thorsvik's (2008) pertaining model.  Results show there has not been any significant change in the format of Länsstyrelsen's external communication. Documents show attempts were made to simplify language, yet Klarspråk's pro-consumer guidelines were not consistently followed. From a stylistic aspect there was improvement to how the recipient is titled in documents and originator promotes itself. In conclusion, Länsstyrelsen in Jönköping county indeed makes effort in their attempts to improve its external communication, and even with its flaws it is the beginning of constructive communication.

This multi-disciplinary study examines the linguistic characteristics which influence communication and social interaction in computer-mediated communication (CMC). We begin by conducting a qualitative data analysis on a group of graduate students taking online courses. Through this, we look more closely at their perception of social interaction in their online learning environment (Knowledge eCommons). We then take individual student notes and analyze their linguistic characteristics. We look at the emotional cues in notes, the use of factual, objective language and other linguistic features. We study these notes through the use of sentiment analysis methodologies – which will be explained in detail in the first and second chapter. We have proposed a method for deducing note objectivity and have computed reliability testing of this method. Our analyses show that there is a high correlation between the use of objective language in a note and the value that students place on that note.

This multi-disciplinary study examines the linguistic characteristics which influence communication and social interaction in computer-mediated communication (CMC). We begin by conducting a qualitative data analysis on a group of graduate students taking online courses. Through this, we look more closely at their perception of social interaction in their online learning environment (Knowledge eCommons). We then take individual student notes and analyze their linguistic characteristics. We look at the emotional cues in notes, the use of factual, objective language and other linguistic features. We study these notes through the use of sentiment analysis methodologies – which will be explained in detail in the first and second chapter. We have proposed a method for deducing note objectivity and have computed reliability testing of this method. Our analyses show that there is a high correlation between the use of objective language in a note and the value that students place on that note.