Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T14:52:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_ADILSON santos.pdf: 8026419 bytes, checksum: d59ad1a2514d62fabb78f8c2501b3bfc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-29 / Recombination is one of the most important factors in the evolution of genome organization. It provides the links between homologous chromosomes that ensure their proper segregation during the first meiotic division. It is responsible for the creation of novel allele combinations and yields genetic diversity on which evolutionary selection can act. Double-strand DNA breaks (DSB) initiate meiotic recombination and when the 3 terminus of one of the broken strands invades the unbroken DNA molecule and primes DNA synthesis a double Holliday junction must be resolved through some alternative pathways. When homologous chromosomes exchange genetic material with each other, an event of recombination or a crossover takes place, which may be seen through chiasma. Citological, genetics, and molecular studies in many organisms have demonstrated that crossovers have a non homogeneous distribution across chromosomes, and rather concentrated in relative small DNA fragments usually called recombination hotspots. In searching for genomic features associated with recombination hotspots a model fitted to human genome data explained 42% of recombination rate variation in a 5 mega base pairs scale. Despite the fact that genomes of some plant species have been already sequenced, up to this moment, no research has been published concerning a high resolution characterization of recombination rate variation across a plant s genome. This study used OH- radical cleavage intensity estimates and sequence data of chromosome 4 of A. thaliana and population genetic data from a public set of 250 thousand SNP genotypes obtained for 362 A. thaliana accessions to: i) characterize the recombination rate and linkage disequilibrium (LD) distributions across the chromosome 4 in different scales; ii) search for recombination hotspots; iii) evaluate probable associations between sequence motifs and genomic features with recombination hotspots. The results have shown that the distribution of recombination events across chromosome 4 of A. thaliana is very concentrated: 50% to 60% of all recombination events spans in only 13% to 20% of the total length of the chromosome. Genomic features as G+C percent (G+C%) and OHradical cleavage intensity showed important associations with LD estimates in several scales. The mean OH- radical cleavage intensity and G+C% showed redundancy in correlation analysis with LD and recombination rates. Artificial strong and statistically significant correlations arose from the usage of sliding windows. DNA fragments considered as hotspots lay preferentially in the middle third of the chromosome, while those characterized for having long range LD decay are most localized in the two distal thirds of the chromosome. / A recombinação é um processo chave na evolução da organização dos genomas das espécies, importante para garantir a segregação adequada dos cromossomos homólogos durante a meiose I e criar novas combinações de alelos, gerando variabilidade genética para a ação da seleção natural. Do ponto de vista molecular, a recombinação é iniciada por uma lesão na fita dupla de DNA, denominada Double-Strand Break (DSB), seguida da formação de uma junção dupla de Holliday (dHJ), a qual é resolvida por vias alternativas. Quando há troca de material genético entre os cromossomos homólogos caracteriza-se a ocorrência de um evento de recombinação, crossover, visualizado citogeneticamente por meio de um quiasma. Estudos citológicos, genéticos e moleculares realizados em vários organismos demonstraram que a distribuição de crossover ao longo dos cromossomos não é regular, mas concentrada em fragmentos relativamente pequenos de DNA, denominados hotspots de recombinação. Na busca por correlações entre a distribuição de elementos genômicos e a de ocorrência de hotspots um modelo ajustado com dados do genoma humano se mostrou capaz de explicar até 42% da variação na taxa de recombinação, numa escala de 5 mega pares de bases. Em plantas, apesar da existência de vários genomas já sequenciados nenhum trabalho nesse sentido ainda foi realizado, pelo menos na ordem de resolução proporcionada pela recente disponibilidade de dados genéticos obtidos com o uso de chips de alta densidade de marcas SNP. Usando dados genéticos de populações, obtidos por genotipagem de 362 acessos de A. thaliana com 250 mil marcas SNP, estimativas da intensidade de clivagem por radical OH- e dados da sequência de nucleotídeos do cromossomo 4 de A. thaliana o presente trabalho propõe-se a: i) caracterizar a distribuição de taxas de recombinação e de desequilíbrio de ligação ao longo do cromossomo 4, em várias escalas; ii) identificar fragmentos hotspots de recombinação; e iii) identificar elementos genômicos com provável associação à ocorrência desses hotspots. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que a distribuição das taxas de recombinação ao longo do cromossomo 4 de A. thaliana é bastante concentrada, pois proporções entre 50% e 60% dos eventos de recombinação ocorrem em apenas 13% a 20% da sequência de DNA. Variáveis genômicas como a porcentagem da soma das bases G e C (G+C%) e a intensidade de clivagem por radical OH- apresentam correlações significativas com as estimativas do desequilíbrio de ligação em várias escalas. A média da intensidade de clivagem por radical OH- proporciona informação redundante com a variável G+C%. O uso de janelas deslizantes sobrepostas gera distroções que provocam o surgimento artificial de correlações fortes e significativas. Os fragmentos hotspots de recombinação têm uma distribuição concentrada no terço médio do cromossomo, enquanto os fragmentos caracterizados por longo alcance do desequilíbrio de ligação estão localizados, predominantemente, nos terços distais.

Forward genetic screen was performed in Arabidopsis thaliana to isolate novel genes involved in leaf development. The tarani (tni) mutant was selected for further study based on its unique cup-shaped lamina with +ve Gaussian curvature. We show that the larger size of tni leaves is due to rapid growth rate due to excess and prolonged cell division. We monitored the front of the receding cell division zone as a function of time and showed that the shape of the front is more concave compared to wild type, leading to positive curvature. Application of gibberellic acids (GA) synthesis inhibitor rescued the positive curvature of tni suggesting a role for GA in maintaining leaf flatness. Overexpression of cell cycle inhibitor KRP2 also flattened the leaf, confirming a role of cell division. The floral organs and seed are also larger in the tni mutant. Besides growth, tni trichomes are hyper-branched which usually happens when there is more endoreduplication. We found that the nuclei of tni trichomes are larger than wild type nuclei, suggesting increased DNA content. Genetic interaction studies showed that TNI works independent of other trichome branching genes such as with TRYPTICHON and FURCA1. Map-based cloning showed that tni is positioned on left arm of the 3rd chromosome. Using molecular markers, we narrowed down to interval to a 65 kb region, which codes for 19 genes. Sequencing several of them revealed a G→A transition at the 3rd intron - 4th exon junction of At3g20630 gene. RT-PCR analysis showed the presence of an additional full-length transcript with extra un-spliced 3rd intron. Overexpression of this un-spliced variant in wild type plants produced phenotypes like hyperbranched trichomes and cup-shaped leaves; plus additional phenotypes like organ fusion and organ polarity defects. Complementation and allelic tests confirmed that TNI codes for AtUBP14, an ubiquitin protease. The tni plants have longer stem and roots which grow at faster rate compared to wild type. Confocal microscopic analysis of mature embryos showed that both shoot (SAM) and root apical meristems (RAM) of tni plants are larger in size. In RAM, the numbers of quiescent center (QC) cells and stem cells have increased in tni plants. The tni inflorescence and flowers are bigger than wild type in size. Also the degree of axillary shoots has increased in the tni plants. Overexpression of the splice variant of TNI produced undifferentiated callus-like structures in the shoot apex and in hypocotyl. All these phenotypes show that TNI is involved in meristem proliferation. The tni siliques produced many un-fertilized ovules and shrunken and malformed seeds suggesting gametic and/or embryo lethality. We observed that tni embryos were mis-patterned at various stages of development. Following the cell division pattern shows that cells arising from the ‘basal cell’ of the embryo take apical cell fate in tni embryos. The topmost cell of the suspensor, which is also the precursor cell of RAM, is not specified as hypophysial cell in several tni embryos. In the forward genetic screen, we isolated another mutant called tooth (tth), which has deeper serrations at the leaf margin and narrower leaves compared to wild type. It has been mapped to the longer arm of the 2nd chromosome. Genetic interaction studies show that tth is not allelic to other serration mutants such as serrate and mir164a.

Cytosolic LPA acyltransferase in yeast An isooctane tolerant strain of S. cerevisiae KK-12 was reported to have increased saturated fatty acid content (Miura et. al., 2000). Amongst the various genes upregulated on isooctane treatment, ICT1 (Increased Copper Tolerance 1) was found to have maximal expression (Miura et. al., 2000; Matsui et. al., 2006). This gene in S. cerevisiae is encoded by YLR099C annotated as Ict1p. However, the physiological significance of Ict1p was not understood. Here we showed that an increase in the synthesis of phosphatidic acid (PA) is responsible for enhanced phospholipid synthesis, which confers organic solvent tolerance to S. cerevisiae. This increase in the PA formation is due to the upregulation of Ict1p, a soluble oleoyl-CoA dependent lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) specific acyltransferase. Analysis of Δict1 strain by in vivo [32P]orthophosphate labeling showed a drastic reduction in PA, suggesting the role of Ict1p in phospholipid biosynthesis. Overexpression of Ict1p in S. cerevisiae showed an increase in PA and the overall phospholipid content on organic solvent exposure. The purified recombinant enzyme was found to specifically acylate LPA. Specific activity of Ict1p was found to be higher for oleoyl-CoA as compared to palmitoyl-CoA and stearoyl-CoA. The study therefore, provides a mechanistic basis of solvent tolerance in S. cerevisiae.It is well known that phosphatidic acid (PA) is formed by the acylation of LPA by LPA acyltransferase. However, all the LPA acyltransferases characterized till date have distinct transmembrane domains and form a member of membrane bound biosynthetic machinery of phospholipid biosynthesis. They have a conserved signature motif, H(X)4D. Phosphatidic acid is an important precursor for the synthesis of glycerophospholipids and triacylglycerols. PA enters the biosynthetic pathway of phospholipids through a CTP-dependent activation catalyzed by CDPdiacylglycerol synthase. This enzyme forms CDP-diacylglycerol, which serves as a direct precursor for phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. PA can also be dephosphorylated by phosphatidic acid phosphatase yielding diacylglycerol, which serves as a precursor for the formation of PE and PC through the CDP-ethanolamine and CDP-choline pathway or for the triacylglycerol synthesis through a dephosphorylation step followed by an acylation establishing it as a supreme molecule for the acylglycerol biosynthesis. Since, PA is an important intermediate and that there are mechanisms to synthesize PA, other than the conventional membrane bound pathways, we wanted to understand whether such a mechanism of PA biosynthesis is conserved across the plant and animal kingdom. Therefore, we resorted to analyze Ict1p like proteins in Arabidopsis and human whose complete genome sequence is available. Cytosolic LPA acyltransferase in Arabidopsis Homology search with ICT1 in Arabidopsis thaliana genome, led to the identification of At4g24160 as a close relative. In order to gain an insight into the significance of such proteins in plants we performed a genome wide survey of At4g24160 like proteins in Arabidopsis. We identified that A. thaliana genome encodes twenty four At4g24160 like proteins, most of which belong to the α/β- hydrolase family of proteins and possess a distinct lipase motif (GXS/NXG). Interestingly, amongst these twenty four, only At4g24160 has a conserved HX4D motif. Domain analysis of these proteins suggests a wide functional diversification during evolution. Gene expression studies revealed their importance during various abiotic stress. Bacterial expression of At4g24160 followed by its purification using Ni2+-NTA column chromatography and characterization revealed it to be a LPA acyltransferase. Expression analysis showed that it is highly expressed in the pollen grains followed by the root cap. In addition, the gene was found to be upregulated under salt stress conditions. Direct correlation between salt stress and phospholipid biosynthesis is well known in the literature. We envisage that At4g24160 might be one of the gene products involved in membrane repair when exposed to such a stressCytosolic LPA acyltransferase in human Homology search with Ict1p revealed another interesting candidate protein in Homo sapiens known as Comparative Gene Identification–58 (cgi-58). Mutations in CGI- 58 are known to be the causative reason for a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder known as Chanarin-Dorfman syndrome characterized by the excessive TG accumulation and defective membrane phospholipid regulation in several tissues. It is known to be a coactivator of adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), promoting lipolysis of TG (Lass et. al., 2006). However, the exact biochemical role remains unknown. To understand the biochemical function of cgi-58, the gene was overexpressed in E. coli and the purified, recombinant protein was found to specifically acylate lysophosphatidic acid in an acyl-CoA dependent manner. Overexpression of CGI-58 in Δict1 rescued the metabolic defect of the strain. Heterologous overexpression of CGI-58 in S. cerevisiae followed by metabolic labeling with [32P]orthophosphate showed an increased biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids. Analysis of neutral lipid biosynthesis by [14C]acetate labeling showed an increase in DG and free fatty acids. However, marked decrease in the TG biosynthesis was seen. Decrease in TG was confirmed by ESI-MS. In addition, physiological significance of cgi-58 in the mice white adipose tissue is reported in this thesis. We found soluble lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase activity in the mice white adipose tissue. Immunoblot with anti-Ict1p antibodies followed by MALDI-TOF analysis of the cross reacting protein in lipid droplets revealed its identity as cgi-58. These observations suggest the existence of an alternate cytosolic phosphatidic acid biosynthetic pathway in the white adipose tissue. Collectively, our observations suggest a possible involvement of cgi-58 in the phospholipid biosynthesis of adipocytes and its probable role in maintaining the TG homeostasis. In conclusion, the study reveals the significance of cytosolic lipid metabolic enzymes having conserved biochemical function, in maintaining homeostasis in living organisms across phylogeny.

Uncontrolled spreading of genetically modified (GM) plants is one of the main concerns about their cultivation. Inducible RNA interference against an essential gene could be a tool for control of GM plants. After spraying with a chemical inducer, the essential gene will be silenced so the treated GM plant will die. For testing this strategy we chose two key enzymes of nitrogen metabolism, glutamate synthase (GOGAT) and glutamine synthetase (GS). GS processes ammonium ions into glutamine, then GOGAT transfers the amide group from glutamine to 2-oxoglutarate to form two glutamates. GS/GOGAT cycle is the main pathway for assimilation of ammonium ions, which could be toxic to plants in a higher concentration. Disruption of ammonium assimilation during photorespiration causes a strong inhibition of photosynthesis. The aim of this work was to describe the effects of silencing GOGAT and GS genes in Arabidopsis thaliana. To induce silencing, RNAi hairpin constructs under a control of constitutive or estradiol-inducible promoter were prepared. In selected independent transformants with the inducible hairpin against GOGAT, chlorosis and reduced growth were observed after the estradiol treatment in in vitro conditions. However, the spraying with estradiol was tricky, at the whole plant level, the induction of...

LFY of Arabidopsis is a member of a unique plant specific transcription factor family. It is involved in giving meristem a determinate floral fate by the activation of floral organ identity genes and preventing inflorescence meristem identity. RFL is a homolog of FLO/LFY in rice. Studies from our lab on rice RFL, based on the effects of knockdown or overexpression, showed its major functions are in timing the conversion of SAM to IM and to prevent the premature conversion of branch meristem to spikelets. Additionally roles in vegetative axillary meristem specification have been also been identified in laboratory. Here, we attempt to delineate molecular pathways directly regulated by RFL as a transcription factor controlling inflorescence and floral development in rice. Part I: Identification of global target genes bound by RFL in developing rice inflorescences We carried out ChIP sequencing of the DNA bound by RFL in panicles (01.-0.3cm stage) using anti-RFL antibody. DNA sequences in one library pool were analyses by the MACS algorithm (FDR<0.01), to find 8000 binding sites while the SPP algorithm identified 5000 enriched peaks. These mapped to 2500 or 2800 gene-associated loci respectively, 617 of which were common loci to both pipelines. Several RFL bound gene loci were homologs of Arabidopsis thaliana LFY gene targets. Such gene targets underscore conserved downstream targets for LFY-proteins in evolutionarily very distinct species. AtLFY is known to bind variants of CCANT/G cis element classified as primary, inflorescence or seedling type. We scanned for these three types of cis elements at 123 RFL bound genes with likely functions in flowering. For a few of these 123 rice loci we find one of these cis motifs (p-value<0.001) in RFL bound ChIP-seq data. To validate these targets of RFL, we adopted in vitro DNA-protein binding assays with bacterially purified RFL protein. We confirm RFL target interactions with some genes implicated in flowering time, others in photoperiod triggered flowering, circadian rhythm, gibberellin hormone pathway, inflorescence development and branching. The in vitro experiments hint different RFL-DNA binding properties as compared to Arabidopsis LFY. We report binding to sequences at rice gene loci that are unique targets. Part II: Pathways regulated by RFL for reproductive transition and panicle development To co-relate DNA binding of RFL to target loci with changes in their gene expression, expression studies were taken up for selected set of genes implicated in rice flowering transition and panicle architecture. To study in planta and tissue specific gene regulation by RFL we raised RFL dsRNAi transgenics. Comparative transcript analysis in these RFL partial knockdown lines and matched wild type tissues reveal that RFL is an activator for some genes and repressor for other gene targets. We also examined if the gene expression effects of RFL knockdown can be reversed by induced complementation with an RFL-GR protein. We raised transgenics plants with a T-DNA ubi:RFL-GR, 35S CaMV:amiR RFL for these experiments. In planta target gene transcript levels were assessed in various conditions conditions. These studies validate rice RFL as an activator of some panicle architecture genes. Part III: Analysis of endogenous RFL protein in WT rice tissues Studies in Arabidopsis and in petunia with LFY and AFL, respectively, implicate these some abnormal mobility as compared to their predicted molecular weight when overexpressed. We studied endogenous RFL protein abundance in planta, adopting western analysis with anti-RFL antibody. We consistently identify two prominent cross reacting bands in different tissues which can be also be pulled-down from whole nuclear extracts of panicle and axillary meristem tissues. We speculate on likely modifications and possible functions for the same.

"Origen y función de las espermidina aminopropil transferasas en Arabidopsis thaliana " Las poliaminas son pequeñas moléculas con carga positiva a pH fisiológico. Las más abundantes y más ampliamente distribuidas entre todos los seres vivos son la putrescina y la espermidina con dos y tres grupos amino, respectivamente. La espermidina se forma a partir de la putrescina por adición de un grupo aminopropilo. La espermina, con cuatro grupos amino y presente sólo en eucariotas, se forma a partir de la espermidina por adición de un segundo grupo aminopropilo. Las poliaminas han sido relacionadas con procesos fundamentales para la vida, como son la división, el crecimiento, la diferenciación y la muerte celular, habiéndose demostrado en todos los organismos en los que se han conseguido mutantes deficientes en su síntesis que las poliaminas son esenciales. En plantas se han encontrado múltiples correlaciones entre la variación en la concentración de las poliaminas y procesos tales como la germinación, la embriogénesis, la formación de raíces, la iniciación floral o el desarrollo de flores y frutos. Al inicio de esta tesis se publicó la identificación de la primera putativa espermina sintasa en plantas (ACL5), cuya pérdida de función da lugar a un defecto en la elongación del tallo y alteración del patrón normal de los haces vasculares; sin embargo, nuestro análisis del mutante acl5 nos ha revelado que no había perdido la capacidad de sintetizar espermina. Nuestro rastreo del genoma de Arabidopsis thaliana nos permitió identificar y caracterizar el gen SPM, otra putativa espermina sintasa regulada por ácido abscísico. Los mutantes nulos para este gen no muestran diferencias fenotípicas respecto del silvestre pero el doble mutante spm/acl5 nos ha permitido confirmar que no hay más genes responsables de la síntesis de espermina. No obstante, la sobreexpresión de SPM en el mutante acl5 no ha sido capaz de aliviar su fenotipo. / Gómez Minguet, E. (2008). Origen y función de las espermidina aminopropil transferasas en Arabidopsis thaliana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/8311 / Palancia

La comprensión de los mecanismos moleculares que controlan la resistencia de la planta frente a patógenos biotrofos es un campo de investigación complejo y en expansión donde se impone la identificación de nuevos reguladores. Previamente se había descrito en nuestro laboratorio el gen P69C que codifica una proteasa con homología a subtilisinas y cuya expresión se induce en el transcurso de la interacción planta-patógeno. Con el fin de estudiar nuevos componentes de la planta implicados en la señalización de la respuesta defensiva, se procedió al escrutinio de mutantes de Arabidopsis thaliana que de forma constitutiva y sin la existencia de ningún estímulo externo se encontrara activada la expresión del gen GUS dirigida por el promotor P69C. En la presente memoria de tesis se describe ampliamente la identificación y caracterización del mutante, csb3 (constitutive subtilisin3). Las plantas csb3 poseen elevados niveles de ácido salicílico (SA) y además expresan genes dependientes de la ruta de SA tales como PR-1, PR-2 y GST6. Por otra parte, el mutante csb3 exhibe una elevada resistencia al oomiceto patógeno Hyaloperonospora parasitica de naturaleza biotrofa y a la bacteria patógena también biotrofa Pseudomonas syringae pv.tomato DC3000 (Pst) DC3000. Sin embargo, la resistencia a patógenos necrotrofos tales como Botrytis cinerea y Plectosphaerella cucumerina permanece inalterada en las plantas csb3. Para analizar la participación de los distintos componentes de la ruta de señalización dependiente de SA en la manifestación del fenotipo de resistencia de csb3, se procedió al análisis epistático entre csb3 y pad4, sid2, eds5, nahG, npr1, dth9 y cpr1. Estos estudios indican que la elevada resistencia frente a patógenos biotrofos de las plantas csb3 requiere de todos y cada uno de los componentes de la ruta de señalización dependiente del SA estudiados. El gen CSB3 identificado por clonaje posicional codifica la 1-hidroxi-2-metil-2-butenil 4-difosfato (HDS) sin / Gil Morrió, MJ. (2005). Disección genética del mecanismo de resistencia frente a patógenos biotrofos mediado por el gen CSB3 en Arabidopsis thaliana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1870 / Palancia

En Arabidopsis, el momento en que se produce la transición a la floración viene determinado por la interacción entre la competencia de la planta para su desarrollo interno y las señales medioambientales que determinan las condiciones favorables para el suceso reproductivo. Sin embargo, plantas expuestas a condiciones de estrés medioambiental pueden activar el programa de floración prematuramente. Algunos factores de estrés capaces de alterar el tiempo de floración, como la infección por patógenos, temperaturas extremas o altas irradiaciones, conllevan un incremento en los niveles de algunos metabolitos como etileno, ácido abcísico y ácido salicílico (SA) (Blee, 2002; Dempsey et al., 1999; Ni et al., 1996; Pastori y Foyer, 2002; Raskin, 1992). Estudios recientes sugieren que SA pueda ser un regulador de la transición a la floración en plantas de Arabidopsis thaliana sometidas a estrés (Martínez et al., 2004). Para que se produzca un adelanto en el tiempo de floración en plantas sometidas a irradiación con luz UV-C es necesaria tanto la síntesis como la acumulación de SA, ya que no se produce en plantas transgénicas nahG, que no acumulan SA ya que lo degradan rápidamente a catecol. Sin embargo, se desconoce en gran medida el mecanismo mediante el cual el SA regula el tiempo de floración. Mediante el uso de plantas transgénicas en las que el promotor de BGL2, gen PR inducible por SA, está fusionado al gen reportador GUS, se determinó el espacio temporal en el que se correlacionan cambios en los niveles endógenos de SA con la activación de la expresión de genes que inducen la transición floral. Bajo nuestras condiciones de cultivo, el décimo día tras la siembra se da un aumento tanto de los niveles de tinción GUS, asociados al tejido vascular, como de la expresión del gen ICS1/SID2 que codifica la isocorismato sintasa 1 encargada de sintetizar SA en Arabidopsis (Wildermuth et al., 2001) y del gen activador de la floración FT, cuya proteína ha sido recientemente caract / Segarra Manzano, S. (2007). Función del ácido salicílico en la floración acelerada por estrés en Arabidopsis thaliana [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1965 / Palancia

La mancha bacteriana causada por el patógeno Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (P. s. tomato) es una de las enfermedades más devastadoras del cultivo del tomate. En este trabajo se demuestra que la sola inhibición de la expresión del gen Ep5C, que codifica una peroxidasa catiónica extracelular, es suficiente para conferir una marcada resistencia a P.s. tomato. Esta inhibición encontrada en las plantas de tomate produce una resistencia que no requiere la activación de las rutas de defensa descritas hasta ahora, controladas por el ácido salicílico y el ácido jasmónico. Así, la inhibición de este gen constituye una nueva herramienta genética para obtener plantas transgénicas resistentes a esta enfermedad. La temprana inducción del gen Ep5C está mediada por el H2O2, una especie reactiva de oxígeno generada durante el curso de u interacciones planta-patógeno. Los mecanismos que controlan la resistencia de las plantas a patógenos necrotrofos constituye uno de los aspectos menos estudiados en la actualidad. La búsqueda de nuevos componentes genéticos que participan en la cascada de señalización de las plantas frente a patógenos constituye uno de los retos de la biología molecular moderna. En este trabajo llevamos a cabo un escrutinio, utilizando plantas transgénicas de Arabidopsis thaliana portadoras del gen de la B-glucoronidasa (GUS) como gen marcador bajo el control del promotor del gen Ep5C, en busca de mutantes alterados en la expresión de dicho gen. En el presente trabajo presentamos la identificación y caracterización de uno de los mutantes, en concreto el mutante ocp3 (overexpressor of cationic peroxidase 3), el cual presenta expresión constitutiva del gen GUS. Las plantas ocp3 muestran una elevada acumulación de H2O2, y se caracterizan por presentar expresión constitutiva de GST1 y PDF1.2, dos genes marcadores de la respuesta defensiva, pero sin embargo no muestra expresión de PR-1, un gen marcador dependiente de la ruta del ácido salicílico (SA). La característic / Coego González, A. (2006). Análisis funcional del gen Ep5C y su implicación en los mecanismos de defensa en plantas [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/1972 / Palancia

La mayor parte de la pérdida de producción vegetal en el planeta es debida principalmente a la salinidad y a la sequía, junto con la aparición de temperaturas extremas (Epstein et al., 1980; Yancey et al., 1982). Este factor, entre otros, provoca que el estudio de los procesos de tolerancia a estos estreses sea de vital importancia, no sólo desde el punto de vista biológico, donde existen plantas capaces de tolerar concentraciones extremas de sales y periodos enormes de tiempo sin agua, sino que desde el punto de vista humano, el estudio de estos procesos beneficia sin duda el aspecto económico de la agricultura. Este beneficio humano obtenido, podría, siendo muy optimistas, resolver los problemas de hambruna de vastos territorios desertificados o salinizados, aunque siendo más realistas, podría permitir en un futuro no muy lejano utilizar agua de mar poco tratada para el riego de cultivos. Siguiendo este planteamiento y utilizando datos previos del "screening" funcional de genes de Arabidopsis thaliana en levadura (Forment et al., 2002), se inició esta Tesis doctoral tomando al gen RCY1 como protagonista. Este gen implicado presuntamente en procesamiento de mRNA fue sometido a estudio, siguiendo el dogma de su relación con la tolerancia a estrés salino en levadura. Así, se realizaron una serie de estudios en Arabidopsis thaliana, encaminados a comprobar si en esta planta, de donde procede el gen, también interviene en procesos de tolerancia a sal, así como encaminados a discernir parte del mecanismo de acción del gen con o sin sal. En primer lugar se comprobó que la expresión de dicho gen en esta planta se dispara en situaciones de estrés salino (NaCl y LiCl), hídrico (ausencia de riego) y osmótico (sorbitol). Es decir, a partir de una expresión basal muy baja y sometiendo a la planta a dichos estreses, los niveles de mRNA de RCY1 aumentan significativamente. También se ha comprobado que de forma silvestre y en ausencia de sal, este gen no tiene una expresión i / Amoros Seller, B. (2008). RCY1: proteína nuclear relacionada con el estrés salino [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/2501 / Palancia