Esta dissertação de mestrado se propõe a apresentar um estudo sobre o texto conhecido como Carta de Rafael -Castiglione a Leão X e suas implicações. Durante três anos tivemos a oportunidade e o prazer de recolher, junto ao Professor Dr. Luciano Migliaccio, uma série preciosa de textos que tinham por objeto de estudo a chamada Carta a Leão X. Segundo Christof Thoenes, a Carta constitui o prefácio em forma de dedicatória de uma Planta de Roma elaborada por Rafael, isto é, um corpus de levantamentos e de reconstruções gráficas dos edifícios da Roma antiga. A sua autoria nos leva aos maiores nomes do Renascimento italiano, uma vez que o documento é de grande interesse para muitos campos diferentes como os da história da arquitetura e da urbanística, da história das teorias e da didática da arquitetura, da história do desenho arquitetônico, seja no sentido técnico-prático (por exemplo, o emprego da bússola no levantamento dos edifícios) seja no teórico (o problema da representação sobre o plano dos objetos tridimensionais), mas também da história dos estudos antiquários e da arqueologia. Além disso, trata-se de um documento fundamental dentro do programa político do Papado de Leão X no inicio do Cinqüecento. Este texto, encontrado em três versões, foi exaustivamente estudado, permitindo várias leituras, e depois da publicação de Francesco Di Teodoro, teve a questão da datação e autoria praticamente esclarecidas. Quanto à autoria, trata -se de um produto coletivo, pois a carta foi escrita em nome de Rafael mas o rascunho é da mão de Baldassare Castiglione, assim como o estilo e também grande parte dos pensamentos expressos no texto sobre a antiguidade, sobre os monumentos, sua tutela e sua história. A nós foi de grande interesse compreender que a Carta seria o prefácio de um projeto ainda maior do papa Leão X que pretendia, através do trabalho de Rafael e do desenvolvimento das técnicas de ilustração e da gravura, apresentar a Roma antiga em um livro ilustrado, isto é , um Atlas da cidade. Essa propaganda ao mundo da imagem da Roma Imperial como sede legítima da Igreja estaria, portanto, associada à valorização do papel de Leão X na tutela dos monumentos antigos; no entanto , isto não deve ser interpretado como uma reconstrução material dos edifícios, mas uma proposta de conservá -los na memória por meio de uma reconstrução gráfica, antes do seu total desaparecimento. / The purpose of this dissertation is to present a study about the text kn own as Letter of Rafael - Castiglione to Pope Leo X and its implications. During three years, we have had the pleasure and opportunity to obtain from Professor Luciano Migliaccio a series of precious texts which had the objective of studying the so calle d Letter of Leo X. According to Christof Thoenes, the letter establishes a preface, in the form of a dedication of a Blueprint of Rome , elaborated by Rafael. That is, a corpus of settings and graphic reconstruction of the buildings of ancient Rome. His authorship takes us to the greatest names of the Italian Renaissance, once the document is of great interest to various fields, such as, history of architecture, urbanism, the history of the theories and didactics of architecture and the history of architectural design, whether in a technical -practical manner (the use of the compass, for instance, in constructing buildings), or in theory (the significance of three dimensional objects in the plan), as well as the history of antiquary and archeological stud ies. In addition to this, the document is fundamental inside the political program of the papacy of Pope Leo X, in the beginning of the XVI th century. This text, which can be found in three versions, was studied exhaustively, enabling various readings and, after the publication of Francesco Di Teodoro, it had its dating and paternity practically clarified. As for the paternity, the letter was signed in name of Rafael, however it is the result of a collective job the draft, the style, along with a great deal of the thoughts expressed about antiquity, the monuments, their custody and history, were the work of Baldassare Castiglione. It was of great interest to us to comprehend that this letter was the preface of an even greater project of Pope Leo X who inten ded, through the work of Rafael and the development of illustration and engraving techniques, to present ancient Rome in an illustrated book, that is, a map of the city. This advertisement to the world of the image of Imperial Rome as the legitimate headquarters of the church would therefore be associated to the valorization of the role of Pope Leo X as tutor of ancient monuments. However, this should not be interpreted as a material reconstruction of the buildings, but as a proposal to maintain their memor y by means of graphic reconstruction, before their complete disappearance.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / La presente investigación abordará el tratamiento de uno de los pilares fundamentales sobre los cuales se sustenta la Corte Penal Internacional, el Principio de Complementariedad, el que determina la manera en que se han de relacionar las jurisdicciones nacionales con este tribunal.

This Master thesis deals with teaching of history of the Roma people in history lessons. The incorporation of Roma history to the curriculum is supported in the national Framework Program for Elementary Education, primarily through the cross-curricular theme of "Multicultural education". The theoretical part of this thesis consists of a brief summary of Roma history to the extent of what should be part of Elementary Education; history textbooks analysis from the perspective of Roma history; and list of other supportive educational materials. The practical part of this thesis presents a survey that was carried out within a small scale sample of secondary schools. Through the survey the current level of the 9th graders' knowledge about Roma history had been detected and subsequently a demonstrative lesson was delivered and evaluated.

Entre le 15 Juillet 1921 et le 30 Novembre 1923, Emilio Cecchi publie sur le quotidien «La Tribuna» 111 articles signés d’un pseudonyme: “Il tarlo”. Ces pièces sont incluses dans une rubrique de critique littéraire qui apparaît sous le titre d’ensemble de Libri nuovi e usati. Cecchi présente au lecteur les œuvres les plus variées de nombreux auteurs italiens et étrangers: beaucoup sont entrés fermement dans le canon. Le 2 Mars 1923, c’est “Il Tarlo” à parler pour la première fois en Italie de l’Ulysses de James Joyce. Les courts articles de critique littéraire, démontrent toute l’acuité de l’interprétation de Cecchi: avec un style toujours équilibré et soutenu par une maîtrise critique très consciente, il réalise un fresque très vif de la vie littéraire au lendemain de la Première Guerre Mondiale. Cette thèse est la publication intégrale des Libri nuovi e usati de Cecchi, avec une introduction, des notes explicatives détaillées et un index des noms. / Between 15th July 1921 and 30th November 1923, Emilio Cecchi published in the newspaper «La Tribuna» 111 articles signed with the pseudonym “Il tarlo”: they are the literary review entitled Libri nuovi e usati. Cecchi wrote about a lot of Italian and foreign books, many of whom are now firmly in the canon. Sometimes he recommended, for the first time in Italy, fondamental masterpieces: for example, on 2nd March 1923, he is the first italian critic who wrote about Ulysses by James Joyce. These short critical texts show Cecchi's interpretive acuity: with an always measured tone, he created a vivid survey of the Italian and foreign literary life after the end of the First World War. This thesis is the complete edition of the literary review, preceded by an introduction and accompanied by critical notes and a detailed index of names.

Cette recherche analyse les processus d’identifications collectives inhérents à unnationalisme ethnoculturel ainsi que les usages sociaux et politiques de la culture et de la"tradition". Elle porte sur les Roms en Roumanie post-communiste à l'heure de l'intégrationeuropéenne. Privilégiant une étude du nationalisme en deux champs, politique et quotidien,elle procède d'un terrain multi-situé basé sur l'ethnographie de la mobilisation ethnoculturelledes Roms de Roumanie et de familles roms en Roumanie et en France.Cette thèse postule l’émergence de la nation rom sur la scène nationale roumainecomme une construction récente, intrinsèque à la modernité et au nationalisme ethnoculturelrom roumain. En cela, ce dernier est exploré autour de trois axes qui sont les trois parties dethèse. Le premier, politico-historique, interroge la cristallisation du rapport à la culture enmiroir avec l'émergence du nationalisme ethnoculturel et du contexte de changement socialpropice à son avènement (post-communisme, démocratisation et multiculturalisme). Mêlanttrajectoires sociales de militants et analyses discursives, historiques et politiques, il revient surla genèse de l'opposition entre "Roms traditionnels" et "Roms roumanisés". Le second traitedes usages politiques de la "tradition" et de la "modernité" au travers des pratiques militanteset de l’analyse du discours sur la communauté de culture : la nation rom. Il illustre le rapportmoderne à la culture. Le dernier propose une description ethnographique du fonctionnementde l'ethnicité au travers de deux lignes d'analyse. La première appréhende la réception auprèsdes Roms militants et non militants de ce processus d'identification collective à la catégorierom. La seconde rend compte des logiques de l’appartenance ethnique et sociale au quotidien.Ces trois axes visent à interroger le lien entre construction d'une identification collective et etthnogenèse. / This research analyses the collective identification process resulting from anethnocultural nationalism as well as the social and political uses of culture and tradition. Itdeals with the Roma in post-communist Romania in the context of the European integration.Favoring a study of the nationalism in two fields, political and every day life, it proceeds by amulti-sited fieldwork based on the ethnography of the ethnocultural mobilization of Roma inRomania and focuses on roma families in Romania and France.This thesis postulates the emergence of Roma nation on the Romanian national sceneas a recent construction, intrinsic to modernity and to the roma Romanian ethnoculturalnationalism. Three themes make up the three parts of the thesis. The first, political-historical,questions the crystallization of the relation to culture in mirror with the emergence of theethnocultural nationalism and the context of social change favorable to it’s advent(postcomunism, democratization and multiculturalism). Reflecting upon the social trajectoriesof activists and bringing in discursive analysis, historical and political, it retraces the genesesof the opposition between “traditionnal roma” and “romanized roma”. The second deals withpolitical uses of tradition and modernity through militant practices and the analysis of thespeech on “community of culture” : the roma nation. It shows the modern relation to culture.The last suggests an ethnographic description of how ethnicity works through two lines ofanalysis. The first apprehends the reception from the roma militant and non-militant of thiscollective identification process to the roma category. The second reports the logics of socialand ethnic belonging in everyday life. This three themes aim at questioning the link betweenthe construction of collective identification and ethnogenesis.

The thesis deals with the government's policy towards national minorities in Slovakia after 1993. It focuses on policies towards the two most populous minorities in Slovakia (Hungarian and Roma minority) mainly in two key spheres -- culture and education. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the development of the minority policy towards Hungarians and Roma people and to asses individual factors that causes its changes. The goal is also to compare the approach of government coalitions towards these two minorities. The continuity of these policies is mainly observed. Policies can be influenced by internal and external factors. International organizations -- Council of Europe, European Union and OSCE -- and Hungarians are set as external factors and different government coalition in Slovakia as internal. Last question that thesis deals with is if the triadic nexus (as characterized by Rogers Brubaker) between nationalism of Slovak government, Hungary and Hungarian minority in Slovakia can influence also minority policy towards Roma. Despite all these factors that have an influence on government's minority policy after 1993 in Slovakia, it is continual.

The aim of this diploma thesis was to describe the attitudes of Roma towards the majority ethnic group and towards people with various differences. I tried to map the attitudes of Roma towards the majority ethnic group, their social distance to them, whether and to what extent they experience conflicts with persons of other ethnic groups and different social groups and how they view otherness. I created the work in collaboration with researchers from the National Institute of Mental Health (NUDZ) on the project The Stranger as a Symbol of Otherness - How Personality Affects Our Attitudes. The experimental group of Roma people had 15 respondents, the control group 55 respondents. I conducted the research using a Bogardus scale and a conflict-oriented questionnaire, and I obtained average values for individual items from the answers. Due to the different size of the experimental and control groups, I also used the analysis of the Mann Whitney test to determine the significance of the difference between the observed groups. The results led me to the conclusion that the degree of social distance of the Roma towards the majority in comparison with the degree of social distance of the majority towards the Roma is statistically insignificant. Another finding was the overall higher degree of social...

Våld mot kvinnor är ett centralt område i arbetet med mänskliga rättigheter och global hälsa. En grupp som är underrepresenterad i hjälpapparaten för våld mot kvinnor är Rumäniens romska kvinnor, vars socio-ekonomiska förutsättningar ofta skiljer sig från majoritetsbefolkningen. Studien grundar sig på kvalitativ metod och syftar till att undersöka hjälpsökandeprocessen hos romska kvinnor i Rumänien som sökt formell hjälp till följd av våldsutsatthet. Sex semi-strukturerade intervjuer genomfördes med kvinnor som erfarit våld och sökt formell hjälp för sin våldsutsatthet. En abduktiv tematisk analys användes för att analysera intervjumaterialet. Resultatet visade att kvinnornas problemdefinition influerades av våldets ansvarsfördelning, ekonomiska och juridiska förutsättningar, social acceptans av våld mot kvinnor, normer kring kön och cykler av uppbrott. Kvinnornas beslut att söka hjälp påverkades av isolering, tidigare erfarenheter av våld, barn och oförmåga att lösa problemet själv. Kvinnornas val av hjälpkällor korresponderade med deras psykologiska och fysiska behov, kunskap och erfarenheter av informella och formella hjälpkällor. Avslutningsvis visade resultatet att hjälpsökandeprocesserna till stor del överensstämmer med evidens från andra grupper men att större hänsyn behöver tas till kvinnornas handlingsutrymme ifråga om tillgänglighet till hjälpkälla, ekonomiska förutsättningar, ålder och graden av kollektivism. / Violence against women is a key area in the work on human rights and global health. One group that is underrepresented in the help apparatus for women who experienced violence is Romania's Roma women, whose socio-economic conditions often differ from the majority population. The study is based on a qualitative method and aims to examine the help-seeking process among Roma women in Romania who have sought formal help as a result of violence. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with women who had experienced violence and sought formal help for their exposure to violence. An abductive thematic analysis was used to analyze the interview material. The results showed that women's problem definition was influenced by their interpretations of violence, economic and legal conditions, social acceptance of violence against women, gender norms, and cycles of separations. The women's decision to seek help was influenced by isolation, previous experiences of violence, children, and inability to autonomous problem- solving. The women's choice of sources of help corresponded to their psychological and physical needs, knowledge, and experience of informal and formal sources of help. In conclusion, the results showed that the help-seeking processes of Roma women in Romania are largely in line with evidence from other groups, but that greater consideration needs to be given to the women’s access to resources, economic conditions, age, and the degree of collectivism.

This thesis evaluates economy management of non-profit organization IQ Roma Servis, o.s. It analyses incomes and expenditures, assesses the management and proposes recommendations for improvement.

The aim of this thesis is to examine why the Czech Republic has shortcomings with the practical implementation of the European Union Directive 2000/43/EC: the “directive on equal treatment irrespective of racial or ethnic origin”, in the field of education. Although the Czech Republic by 2007 did correctly incorporate the directive into domestic law, the lack of practical compliance is striking. A disproportionate high number of Roma pupils is placed in practical schools. The thesis investigates which effects the “misfit” between Czech domestic arrangements and the Race-Equality Directive along with the mediating factors within Rational Choice and Sociological Institutionalism have on the level of Europeanization. The thesis formulate hypothesis regarding the presence or absence of mediating factors, that facilitate or prevent compliance. Mediating factors that will be investigated are: structural veto-points, regulating structures, consensus-oriented political culture, dominating belief-system, problem-solving method and differential empowerment of actors. The analyse based on scientific articles and reports finds that numerous veto-points are blocking compliance.