A pesquisa analisa a construção do êthos do general cartaginês Aníbal nas obras de Cornélio Nepos e Tito Lívio, tendo em vista procedimentos retóricos. A primeira parte da pesquisa consiste no estudo do gênero historiográfico antigo, e sua relação com a Retórica, e ainda o estudo dos conceitos de êthos, écfrase e enárgeia. Analisamos então as estratégias discursivas de Tito Lívio para compor um caráter do inimigo adequado ao seu projeto historiográfico. Na segunda parte, discutimos os limites entre a bíos e história, e analisamos o êthos de Aníbal construído por Cornélio Nepos, o que permite discutir também as diferenças entre os gêneros, e outras questões gerais da obra do biógrafo. / The research analyzes the construction of Hannibal\'s êthos in the works of Cornelius Nepos and Livy, considering rhetorical strategies. The first part is a study of ancient historiographical genre, and its relation to Rhetoric, and also of the concepts of êthos, ékphrasis and enárgeia. Then, we reflect about the discursive strategies used by Livy to compose a character convenient to his historiographical project. In the second part, we discuss the boundaries between bíos and history and analyze the êthos of Hannibal built by Cornelius Nepos, what also allows us to discuss the differences between these genres and other general issues of Nepos\' lives.

Orientador: Paulo José dos Reis Pereira / Resumo: A apatridia se define pela ausência de nacionalidade juridicamente reconhecida por um Estado e, nesse sentido, tem relação direta com a noção de soberania, um conceito importante e amplamente discutido no campo da Ciência Política e com distinta ênfase nos estudos de Relações Internacionais. Nosso objetivo nesta dissertação é observar a apatridia a partir de uma abordagem que a entende enquanto fenômeno que conforma, ao mesmo tempo, aspectos de controle, negociação e resistência, tomando por objeto de análise o caso do povo Roma na Itália e, mais especificamente, a questão dos chamados “campos nômades” existentes no país. Embasaremos o trabalho em um debate teórico sobre como a apatridia está intimamente relacionada ao conceito de soberania e como este, a partir de uma abordagem sobre segurança e biopolítica ancorada nos trabalhos de Foucault, Agamben e Arendt, é fundamental para a compreensão da materialização da apatridia e da dinâmica dos campos enquanto fenômenos que se projetam como despolitizadores e excludentes, mas que abrem fendas para uma ressignificação da ideia de pertencimento e participação política. / Abstract: Statelessness is defined by the absence of the nationality legally recognized by an State and, in this sense, is directly related with the notion of sovereignty, an important concept widely discussed in Political Science field and with distinct emphasis in the studies of International Relations. Our goal in this dissertation is to observe statelessness from an approach that understands it as a phenomenon that conforms, at the same time, aspects of control, negotiation and resistance, taking as object of analysis the case of the Roma people in Italy and, more specifically, the question of the so-called “nomad camps” in the country. The work will be based on a theoretical debate about how statelessness is intimately related to the concept of sovereignty and how this, from an approach of security and biopolitics anchored in the work of Foucault, Agamben and Arendt, is fundamental to the comprehension of the materialization of statelessness and the dynamic of the camps as phenomena that project itself as depolarizing and excluding, but that open slits for a re-signification of the idea of belonging and political participation. / Resumen: La apatridia es definida por la ausencia de nacionalidad jurídicamente reconocida por un Estado e, en esto sentido, tiene relación directa con la noción de soberanía, un concepto importante y ampliamente discutido en el campo de la Ciencia Política y con distinta énfasis en los estudios de Relaciones Internacionales. Nuestro objectivo en esta disertación es observar la apatridia a partir de un enfoque que la entiende como fenómeno que conforma, al mismo tiempo, aspectos de controle, negociación y resistencia, tomando por objeto de análisis el caso del pueblo Roma en Italia y, más específicamente, la cuestión de los llamados “campos nómades” existentes en el país. Embasaremos el trabajo en un debate teórico sobre cómo la apatridia está íntimamente relacionada al concepto de soberanía e como este, a partir de un enfoque sobre seguridad y biopolítica ancorada en los trabajos de Foucault, Agamben y Arendt, es fundamental para la comprensión de la materialización de la apatridia y de la dinámica de los campos como fenómenos que si proyectan como despolitizadores y excluyentes, pero que abren ranuras para una ressignificación de la idea de pertenencia y participación política. / Mestre

Esta dissertação de mestrado se propõe a apresentar um estudo sobre o texto conhecido como Carta de Rafael -Castiglione a Leão X e suas implicações. Durante três anos tivemos a oportunidade e o prazer de recolher, junto ao Professor Dr. Luciano Migliaccio, uma série preciosa de textos que tinham por objeto de estudo a chamada Carta a Leão X. Segundo Christof Thoenes, a Carta constitui o prefácio em forma de dedicatória de uma Planta de Roma elaborada por Rafael, isto é, um corpus de levantamentos e de reconstruções gráficas dos edifícios da Roma antiga. A sua autoria nos leva aos maiores nomes do Renascimento italiano, uma vez que o documento é de grande interesse para muitos campos diferentes como os da história da arquitetura e da urbanística, da história das teorias e da didática da arquitetura, da história do desenho arquitetônico, seja no sentido técnico-prático (por exemplo, o emprego da bússola no levantamento dos edifícios) seja no teórico (o problema da representação sobre o plano dos objetos tridimensionais), mas também da história dos estudos antiquários e da arqueologia. Além disso, trata-se de um documento fundamental dentro do programa político do Papado de Leão X no inicio do Cinqüecento. Este texto, encontrado em três versões, foi exaustivamente estudado, permitindo várias leituras, e depois da publicação de Francesco Di Teodoro, teve a questão da datação e autoria praticamente esclarecidas. Quanto à autoria, trata -se de um produto coletivo, pois a carta foi escrita em nome de Rafael mas o rascunho é da mão de Baldassare Castiglione, assim como o estilo e também grande parte dos pensamentos expressos no texto sobre a antiguidade, sobre os monumentos, sua tutela e sua história. A nós foi de grande interesse compreender que a Carta seria o prefácio de um projeto ainda maior do papa Leão X que pretendia, através do trabalho de Rafael e do desenvolvimento das técnicas de ilustração e da gravura, apresentar a Roma antiga em um livro ilustrado, isto é , um Atlas da cidade. Essa propaganda ao mundo da imagem da Roma Imperial como sede legítima da Igreja estaria, portanto, associada à valorização do papel de Leão X na tutela dos monumentos antigos; no entanto , isto não deve ser interpretado como uma reconstrução material dos edifícios, mas uma proposta de conservá -los na memória por meio de uma reconstrução gráfica, antes do seu total desaparecimento. / The purpose of this dissertation is to present a study about the text kn own as Letter of Rafael - Castiglione to Pope Leo X and its implications. During three years, we have had the pleasure and opportunity to obtain from Professor Luciano Migliaccio a series of precious texts which had the objective of studying the so calle d Letter of Leo X. According to Christof Thoenes, the letter establishes a preface, in the form of a dedication of a Blueprint of Rome , elaborated by Rafael. That is, a corpus of settings and graphic reconstruction of the buildings of ancient Rome. His authorship takes us to the greatest names of the Italian Renaissance, once the document is of great interest to various fields, such as, history of architecture, urbanism, the history of the theories and didactics of architecture and the history of architectural design, whether in a technical -practical manner (the use of the compass, for instance, in constructing buildings), or in theory (the significance of three dimensional objects in the plan), as well as the history of antiquary and archeological stud ies. In addition to this, the document is fundamental inside the political program of the papacy of Pope Leo X, in the beginning of the XVI th century. This text, which can be found in three versions, was studied exhaustively, enabling various readings and, after the publication of Francesco Di Teodoro, it had its dating and paternity practically clarified. As for the paternity, the letter was signed in name of Rafael, however it is the result of a collective job the draft, the style, along with a great deal of the thoughts expressed about antiquity, the monuments, their custody and history, were the work of Baldassare Castiglione. It was of great interest to us to comprehend that this letter was the preface of an even greater project of Pope Leo X who inten ded, through the work of Rafael and the development of illustration and engraving techniques, to present ancient Rome in an illustrated book, that is, a map of the city. This advertisement to the world of the image of Imperial Rome as the legitimate headquarters of the church would therefore be associated to the valorization of the role of Pope Leo X as tutor of ancient monuments. However, this should not be interpreted as a material reconstruction of the buildings, but as a proposal to maintain their memor y by means of graphic reconstruction, before their complete disappearance.

La ricerca si focalizza sulle espressioni artistiche a Crema durante il Cinquecento, prendendo in considerazione artisti, episodi particolari, commissioni pubbliche e private. Partendo dall’intervento di Benedetto Diana in Santa Maria della Croce, passando per la bottega di Vincenzo Civerchio, si giunge ad analizzare le figure di Aurelio Buso e Carlo Urbino, fino alla fine del secolo. Il lavoro presenta alcuni documenti inediti, quali uno che attesta la presenza di Aurelio Buso a Genova e altri che mostrano l’origine di Carlo Urbino . / This study is focused on the artistic expressions in Crema along the XVI century, considering artists, happenings, public and private commissions. Starting from the work of Benedetto Diana in Santa Maria della Croce, through the workshop of Vincenzo Civerchio, we arrive studying Aurelio Buso and Carlo Urbino, at the end of the century. This study presents come new documents, as one that certificate the journey of Aurelio Buso to Genua and others that show the origin of Carlo Urbino.

No se posee.

With a history of racial discrimination, which inevitably led to illegal occupations of private and public land and subsequent violent evictions, South Africans have enjoyed constitutional protection against illegal and forcible evictions since the mid-1990s. Sweden, a country considerably less accustomed to illegal occupations, does not guarantee the same protection against forcible evictions. However, the recent influx of Roma from Romania and Bulgaria to Sweden without the means to support themselves has resulted in an increase of illegal occupations and led to evictions from publicly owned land. This paper examines: (i) how the case of South Africa relates to the situation in Sweden, (ii) the extent of legal protection offered by Sweden relating to the right to housing and (iii), whether when carrying out such evictions, Sweden respects European legislation and precedent. The results show that South African and European courts have interpreted the right to housing as a right to alternative accommodation for illegal occupants. With no constitutional right to housing in Sweden, legislation only guarantees the right to housing for holders of a permanent right of residence. For EEA citizens, such as Romanians or Bulgarians, the right of residence is conditional. In the absence of a legal obligation to consider the situation of illegal occupiers or to provide alternative accommodation, there seems to be a gap in Swedish legislation; leading to a failure on the behalf of the state to adhere to European commitments and to protect those most vulnerable in society.

The aim of this thesis is to argue about a Gypsy/Roma community&amp / #8217 / s identity construction from the point of view of classical literature on ethnicity, class and gender dimensions in the symbolic identity construction in the case of Turkey. In this regard, it is important to examine whether this community benefits from citizenship rights. For this purpose, Edirne is chosen as a sample of Turkey because majority of Gypsy/Roma population lives in and this border city into which migrations took place from Bulgaria and Greece. Also for practical reasons of building a communication network, Edirne is selected as a case. A qualitative study, using in-depth interviews with a total of 36 married persons of Gypsy/Roma community referring 18 household in-depth-interviews have been conducted from 2003 winter to summer. Besides, in-depth-interviews with 13 non-Gypsies have been conducted. All interviews were recorded, transcribed and the transcribed texts were used for discourse analysis. During the interviews socio-economic profile, marriage, practices of cultural habits, neighbourhood partnership, political identity, religious rituals and perceiving own identity were inquired. There are three major conclusions of this thesis. The first finding is related to Gypsy/Roma community&amp / #8217 / s socio-economic status. Gypsy/Roma community has problems accessing social benefits of education, health and the labour market in addition to having negative living conditions. The arguments of &amp / #8216 / &amp / #8216 / underclass&amp / #8217 / &amp / #8217 / and &amp / #8216 / &amp / #8216 / urban marginalization&amp / #8217 / &amp / #8217 / coincide with these results. Not only occupation, but also race, ethnicity and gender are linked together with Gypsy/Roma status as &amp / #8216 / inferior&amp / #8217 / citizens. Secondly, Gypsy/Roma community is a closed community in their relations with non-Gypsies with regard to marriage and social network. The third finding is associated with Gypsy/Roma community&amp / #8217 / s perceptions of their identity, which shows variations within community. In this regard, Roma is taken to be the &amp / #8216 / &amp / #8216 / other&amp / #8217 / &amp / #8217 / of not only the non-Gypsies but also Gypsy identity is accepted as the &amp / #8216 / &amp / #8216 / other&amp / #8217 / &amp / #8217 / even of Roma.

Thesis (M.A.)--Victoria University of Wellington, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references.

Zugl.: Halle (Saale), Univ., Diss., 2007

Scholars researching Britain from the 1880s to the First World War have often failed to portray a diverse range of British attitudes towards the period’s state-sanctioned efforts to assimilate the Romani people. In most academic works, British voices that called for the elimination of Romani culture drown out those that were opposed to their assimilation into sedentary industrial wage-labour and formal education. They also mostly engage in only a surface analysis of the relationships between perspectives on the Romani and the great shifts occurring in British society. This thesis reveals a greater complexity of viewpoints within British society over issues of Romani assimilation that were increasingly fueled by the age’s rapid social and technological change. Poets, journalists, evangelical reformers, romantic gypsiologists and progressive politicians were some of the groups in Britain whose projections of fears and desires upon the Romani created an unintended referendum on the quickening forces of modernity. / Graduate