Trots principen om avtalets subjektiva begränsning kan det finnas skäl till att utöka ett aktieägaravtals verkningar mot förvärvande tredje man för att skydda beaktansvärda intressen. Då rättsläget är oklart är det av intresse att undersöka huruvida en tolkning med laganalogins hjälp mot sakrättens samt skiljerättens område kan klargöra rättsläget. För att ge läsaren tillräcklig bakgrund för analysen beskrivs rättsläget vad gäller aktieägaravtal och de bakomliggande teorierna rörande den analogiska tillämpningen. Därefter analyseras undantag till avtalets subjektiva begränsning, varefter en diskussion följer där frågan huruvida analogier kan dras besvaras. Resultatet av denna framställning är att en analogisk tillämpning kan göras mot de två undersökta rättsområdena, dock endast i begränsad utsträckning vad gäller skiljerättens område. En kombinerad applicering av möjliga analogier från sakrättens och skiljerättens områden på aktieägaravtal leder till ett resultat där aktieägaravtalets bundenhet mot både förvärvande tredje man samt kvarstående parter klargörs. / Despite the doctrine about privity of contract, there can be reasons to recognise effects of a shareholder’s agreement against acquiring third party to protect legitimate interests. Since the legal position is uncertain, it is of interest to examine whether an analogy of law towards indefeasible rights and arbitration agreements can clarify this uncertainty. To give the reader enough background information for the analysis, the legal position regarding shareholder’s agreement and the basic theories about the application of analogies are described. Thereafter exceptions to the privity of contracts are analysed, after which a discussion where the question whether analogies can be made is answered.          The result of this thesis is that an application by analogy can be made towards the two examined areas, but only to a limited extent regarding arbitration agreements. A combined application of analogies possible from indefeasible rights and arbitration agreements creates a result where the validity of a shareholder’s agreement towards both acquiring third party and remaining parties is clarified.

Magistro baigiamasis darbas skirtas išnagrinėti tarptautinės sutarčių teisės principo pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt ir Tarptautinio Baudžiamojo Teismo Romos Statuto nuostatų santykį. Pagrindine tiriamojo darbo užduotimi autorė laiko Romos Statuto normų dėl jurisdikcijos turinio atskleidimą tiek istoriniu, tiek įtvirtinimo aspektu, o taip pat šių normų įvertinimą pacta tertiis principo kontekste. Tyrimą sudaro trys dalys. Pirmojoje dalyje aptariama Tarptautinio Baudžiamojo Teismo Statute įtvirtintos jurisdikcijos įtvirtinimo istorinės aplinkybės kaip travaux preparatoires, pateikiamas detalus Statute įtvirtintų jurisdikcinių normų aptarimas bei autorės samprotavimai dėl šių normų aiškinimo. Nagrinėjamos ratione materiae, ratione temporis, ratione personae bei ratione loci jurisdikcijos, aptariamas iniciatyvinis mechanizmas. Atskirai aptariama Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo Tarybos įtaka Romos Statuto normų įgyvendinimui. Antrojoje dalyje autorė pateikia nagrinėjamo pacta tertiis principo susiformavimo prielaidas, jo įtvirtinimą tarptautinėje sutarčių teisėje bei nagrinėja paties principo ir su juo susijusių sąvokų turinį. Pateikiama tarptautinė teisminė praktika dėl pacta tertiis principo aiškinimo. Išnagrinėjama pacta tertiis principo išimtis. Atskleidžiamas „trečiųjų šalių“ sąvokos turinys. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje autorė aptaria Tarptautinio Baudžiamojo Teismo subsidiarumo principo, betarpiškai susijusio su pacta tertiis, egzistavimą ir universalumo „elementus“... [to full text] / This work of master theses is intended to survey the relation between the principle of international treaty law: pacta tertiis nec nocent nec prosunt and provisions of Statute of International Criminal Court. The author considers as the main assignment of this work – the relevance of provisions of International Criminal Court Statute in historical and formalization aspects and also in context of pacta tertiis principle. The research encompasses three parts. In the first part the author discusses the settlement of jurisdiction of International Criminal Court, while analysing the travaux preparatories. Further, the detailed analysis and comments on jurisdictional provisions are given. The jurisdictional grounds such as ratione materiae, ratione temporis, ratione personae and ratione loci, the trigger mechanisms are being analysed further. Moreover, the role of United Nations‘ Security Council towards implementation of Statute provisions is discussed. The second part is assigned to revealing the historical settlement of pacta tertiis principle, it‘s formalization in international law of treaties and analysing the substance of pacta tertiis principle and other relative concepts. Judicial practice for interpreting pacta tertiis is also introduced. The exception to pacta tertiis rule is also scrutinized as well as the concept of the „third states“. The third part encompasses the elements of universality in the Statute and the principle of subsidiarity, which is closely related to... [to full text]

新型態的網路交易模式已漸漸地改變平民大眾的消費習慣，而隨之起步的支付模式更是日新月異。發展至今，有別於傳統的現金交易，或者是金融專戶轉帳等支付服務，因應電子商務交易習慣的第三方支付逐漸受到消費者的喜愛。 所謂的第三方支付服務，主要透過第三方支付業者的資金能力提供給使用者相當程度的交易擔保，並且與銀行進行合作進而承作類似儲蓄的預付儲值業務，讓使用者得以安心地進行網路交易，有效地推動電子商務的蓬勃發展。 然而，綜觀第三方支付服務在台灣的發展，可以發現相關的法律規範卻直到今年(2015年)才完成建置，在此之前，許多業務的經營多遇到法規適用的問題，導致第三方支付業者多在法規模糊地帶遊走，十分地不明確。時至今年，針對第三方支付服務所設立的專法-電子支付機構管理條例與相關的子法正式施行，相關的業者得以明確地受到法規管束，而對於使用者而言，亦可以受到明文的法律保障。本文除了探究第三方支付服務之法規發展，同時欲以國際上重要的第三方支付立法例進行國際法的比較，參酌中國美國歐盟之相關立法，分析我國相關法規與國際立法潮流之異同，並對於現今專法提出評析。 / The advanced development of E-Commerce have gradually changed the habit of people and it leads to the innovative payment system as well. Instead of traditional payment service, the third-party payment service becomes more and more popular. The operators of third-party payment guaranteed users a safe payment system with its own financial fund and run the money storage business though contracting with banks. The development of third-party payment and E-commerce is mutually progressing. However, there are still many issues about applying laws for the operators and users before establishment of third-party payment law and it also makes the third party payment operator in the grey area. Up to this year(2015), the exclusive law for third-party payment finally finished and it provides the operators and users a full set of regulations to follow. In addition to analysis the development of third-party payment, the thesis will go a step further to discuss about the comparative study on the legal system of third party payment service in China, USA, and EU. On the whole, the author makes a comprehensive discussion on third-party payment legal development in Taiwan with relevant law trends in focus countries, and puts forward the suggestions for the legal system in Taiwan in the end.

This thesis makes significant contributions to improving the use of Airport Safety Areas (ASAs) as aviation accident risk mitigation measures by developing improved accident frequency models and risk assessment methodologies. In recent years, the adequacy of ASAs such as the Runway End Safety Area and Runway Safety Area has come under increasing scrutiny. The current research found flaws in the existing ASA regulations and airport risk assessment techniques that lead to the provision of inconsistent safety margins at airports and runways. The research was based on a comprehensive database of ASA-related accidents, which was matched by a representative sample of normal operations data, such that the exposure to a range of operational and meteorological risk factors between accident and normal flights could be compared. On this basis, the criticality of individual risk factors was quantified and accident frequency models were developed using logistic regression. These models have considerably better predictive power compared to models used by previous airport risk assessments. An improved risk assessment technique was developed coupling the accident frequency models with accident location data, yielding distributions that describe the frequency of accidents that reach specific distances beyond the runway end or centreline given the risk exposure profile of the particular runway. The application of the proposed methodology was demonstrated in two case studies. Specific recommendations on ASA dimensions were made for achieving consistent levels of safety on each side of the runway. Advances made in this study have implications on the overall assessment and management of risks at airports.

In this thesis, quantitative risk assessment study of several oil field transportation lines that belong to a private oil production company located in S. East Turkey has been conducted. In order to achieve this goal, first primary risk drivers were identified. Then relative ranking of all pipeline segments were conducted. Quantitative risk assessment was based on Monte Carlo simulations and a relative scoring index approach. In these simulations frequency of occurrence of pipeline failures for different oil field pipeline systems was used. Consequences of failures were also based on historical data gathered from the same oil fields. Results of corrosion rate calculations in oil and water pipeline systems were also reported. iv Most significant failures are identified as corrosion, third party damage, mechanical failure, operational failure, weather effect and sabotage. It was suggested that in order to reduce corrosion rate, thin metal sheets must be inserted in pipelines. Aluminum sheets (anodes) must be used to reduce corrosion rate in water pipeline system. The required number of anodes was calculated as 266 for BE field water pipeline (the life of anode is 1.28 years), 959 for KA water pipelines system (the life of anode is 3.2 years.) and 992 for KW water pipelines (the life of anode is approximately 2 years). Furthermore high risk pipeline segments for further assessment were identified. As a result of Monte Carlo simulations, the highest risk was observed in return lines followed by flow lines, water lines and trunk lines. The most risky field was field BE for which the risk value in trunk lines were the highest followed by flow lines. Field SA was the second risky region for flow lines and it was followed by KU region. Field KA was forth-risky. Prioritization of maintenance activities was suggested and areas of missing or incomplete data were identified.

The problem of Third Party Interference (TPI) on Oil and Gas Pipelines is on the rise across the world. TPI is not only common in developing countries but is now occasionally experienced in developed countries including Germany and the UK. The risks posed by these third-party activities on Oil and Gas pipelines are enormous and could be measured in terms of financial costs, environmental damages as well as health and safety implications. The quest for an end to these malicious activities has triggered a lot of studies into the root causes of pipeline TPI, other causes of pipeline failure, risks associated with pipeline failure and their mitigation measures. However, despite the significance of the effects of TPI, very little has been done to proffer an enduring solution through research. This research therefore aims at developing a framework for integrated oil and gas pipeline monitoring and incident mitigation system through integration of various wireless sensors for effective monitoring of oil and gas pipelines. Having identified the existing gaps in literature as lack of reliable, accurate and standard method for oil and gas pipeline risk assessment model, the study undertook a quantitative approach to develop an effective Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) model for pipelines. The QRA model developed benchmarks pipeline risk assessment and gives the parameters with which standard QRA could be measured. The research findings indicate that risk associated with Nigerian Pipeline system is in the intolerable region whereas TPI is an increasing menace across the globe. Further findings show that Support Vector Machine (SVM) gave the best performance with 91.2% accuracy while Neural Networks (NN) and Decision Tree (DT) gave 63% and 57% accuracies respectively in terms of pipeline failure mode prediction accuracies. It was recommended that operators should draw out Pipeline Integrity Management (PIM) programs and store pipeline data in a format that captures number of fatalities, property damages and costs as well as volume of oil or gas spilled to ensure that accurate data is obtainable for improved PIM. In conclusion, having achieved its aim and objectives evidenced by the framework, model developed, and the recommendations presented, the research has contributed in no small measure to providing a solution to pipeline incidences.

At every moment, persons are in contact withg oods that serve to satisfy the different needsencountered in daily life. Since the relations between persons and goods are an importantmatter, it is basic to understand the area of Civil Law that regulates them: the Rights inRem. However, we find that, from the relations that a person may establish with goods, notall of them are considered to be part of sucharea, but only a limited number.In this article, the author proposes to abandon the idea that the only Rights in Rem are the ones expressly set as them by the law, reminding that the persons themselves are the ones that can make the best decision about which relation is more  convenient for them to establish with a good, since the interest that wants to be satisfied depends on each person. / A cada momento, las personas están en contacto con bienes que sirven para satisfacerlas tantas necesidades que surgen en la vidadiaria. Siendo una materia importante la relación entre las personas y los bienes, es fundamental entender la rama del DerechoCivil que la regula: los Derechos Reales. Sin embargo, encontramos que, de las relaciones que una persona pueda establecer  con  unbien, no todas están consideradas dentro dee sta rama, sino solo un número cerrado.En el presente artículo, el autor propone abandonar la idea de que los Derechos Reales sólo son aquellos expresamente establecidos como tales por la ley, haciendo recordar que son las propias personas quienes mejor podrán decidir qué relación les conviene establecer con un bien, en vista de que el interés a satisfacer depende de cada uno.

In South Africa Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) have to contend with the typical adversarial relations with a host government. In addition, MNEs operate in an environment regulated by a government policy of Redress, aimed at changing the wealth profile of the country to reflect the ethnic demographics. Policies such as Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment, Affirmative Action and Preferential Procurement are interventionist and place additional burden on the MNEs. Implementations of these regulations are often the source of conflict between MNEs and the local government. Ethno-cultural distance aggravates the strained relations between the MNE and host government. The policy of Redress effectively legislates the incorporation of local third parties that are ethno-culturally related to government into the competitive strategies of MNEs. Joint ventures with locals are an acknowledged strategy to enter foreign markets, providing for legitimisation and access to networks. The choice in strategy when dealing with the home government of either a relational or transactional approach is transferable to the MNE host government environment. Political levels have proven to be inaccessible but successful business transactions with government are abundant. The transactional approach dominates as a result of the failure to establish any relations with the host government, negating the pursuit of the relational approach. Third parties play an enabling role in successful transactions, ranging from providing access to government employees up to securing the deal and transacting with the MNE at arms-length. The absence of any social capital in successful transactions requires re-evaluation of the role of social capital in bridging barriers in business relations. Possible explanations are in the linking that the social capital of the third party with the government and MNE employees respectively has, an extremely low threshold for social capital in successful transactions, the force exerted by the need for the products or services, or, most probable, the profit motive. The distance between the government and MNE is extreme as a result of the historical strife between the ethnic groups in the country and the policy of Redress. The connotation with the social environment deters the active pursuit of social capital to gain competitive advantage. / D.B.L.

Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-21T15:46:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL LUENGO FELIPE.pdf: 766313 bytes, checksum: 56b68759b5efe5bdfd2bf23f04ba71de (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2018-08-21T15:47:11Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL LUENGO FELIPE.pdf: 766313 bytes, checksum: 56b68759b5efe5bdfd2bf23f04ba71de (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-21T15:47:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RAFAEL LUENGO FELIPE.pdf: 766313 bytes, checksum: 56b68759b5efe5bdfd2bf23f04ba71de (MD5) / A presente dissertação, de cunho jurídico-­compreensivo e analítico, tem como objetivo analisar criticamente construções da dogmática penal que realçam o papel da vítima no Direito Penal, no âmbito da teoria do delito. Detém-­se especificamente sobre a caracterização da Vitimodogmática, da heterocolocação em perigo e do consentimento do titular do bem jurídico. Para tal desiderato, contextualiza-­se, historicamente, a figura da vítima, estudando-­a a partir das múltiplas perspectivas do crime como fenômeno social e jurídico. Em seguida, analisa-­se o valor autonomia e suas múltiplas facetas para o Direito, com destaque às perspectivas pública e privada, o que conduz à discussão a respeito da sua valência penal, uma vez que a disponibilidade de bens jurídicos gera pontos de tensão com a organização social. Aprofundando a temática, expõe-­se a dicotomia doutrinária no campo do consentimento em Direito Penal, a partir dos monistas e dos dualistas. Estes últimos defendem que existem duas formas diversas de anuência: o acordo e o consentimento, embora, no plano fático, tenham o mesmo fundamento, qual seja, a concordância do lesado com a conduta de terceiro que o afeta. No acordo, a anuência do titular do bem jurídico exclui a tipicidade do fato e, no consentimento, atua como justificante da conduta típica. Discorre-­se, por outro lado, sobre a heterocolocação em perigo, na qual a ação perigosa não é realizada pelo sujeito, mas por um terceiro, de forma que aquele a ela adere consciente dos perigos da conduta executada pelo outro. A celeuma doutrinária em torno da questão também é abordada, especialmente quanto à necessidade de não reduzir a heterocolocação em perigo a um grupo de casos de consentimento, posição esta rechaçada, uma vez que este último é um ato volitivo da pessoa, relativamente a um bem jurídico-­penal disponível, situação que decorre da autonomia. Nessa senda, explana-­se que a heterocolocação é solucionada por critérios normativos de heteronomia, e o juízo normativo não recai sobre a manifestação da vontade em si, mas sobre o estado de coisas objetivo criado pelo fato de o lesado ter inserido seus bens em espaços de risco. Destaca-­se, ainda no último capítulo, que a relevância da distinção entre consentimento e heterocolocação em perigo reside, portanto, além do plano teórico, também nas consequências avindas da aplicação dos institutos, porquanto o primeiro põe a claro o respeito pela personalidade autônoma, em razão da possibilidade do titular do bem, ao aquiescer com a conduta do terceiro, inibir a pena, apesar da existência de norma proibitiva da ação realizada, enquanto que o segundo representa uma resposta heterônoma, cujo sentido é dado pelo ambiente social, resultando, em regra, em imputação de responsabilidade para aquele que criou o risco de lesão ao bem jurídico alheio. / The purpose of this thesis, which is juridical understanding and analytical, is to critically analyze doctrinal constructions that highlight the victim role at Criminal Law, in the crime theory. It is stopped at the Viktimodogmatik’s description, at a danger situation caused by others and at the consent of legal right holder. Therefore, the victim is historically contextualized, studying it from the multiple perspectives of crime as a social and legal phenomenon. Then, the autonomy value and its multiple facets for the Law are analyzed, with emphasis on the public and private perspectives, which leads to the discussion about its criminal validity, since the availability of legal assets generates points of tension with the social organization. Deepening the thematic, the doctrinal dichotomy in the field of consent in Criminal Law is exposed, starting from the monists and the dualists. The latter argue that there are two different forms of consent: agreement and consent, although on the factual plane, have the same basis, that is the agreement of the injured party with the conduct of a third party that affects him. In the agreement, the consent of the holder of the legal asset excludes the typicality of the fact and, in the consent, acts as justification of the typical conduct. On the other hand, there is a discussion of a danger situation of risk caused by other, in which dangerous action is not performed by the subject, but by a third, so that he adheres to it, aware of the dangers of the conduct. The doctrinal debate surrounding the issue is also addressed, especially as regards the need not to reduce a danger risk caused by a third party to a group of consent cases, a position that is rejected because the latter is a volitional act of the person, in relation to a good criminal law available, a situation that arises from autonomy. In this way, it is explained that danger risk caused by other is solved by normative criteria of heteronomy, and the normative judgment does not fall on the manifestation of the will itself, but rather on the objective state of things created by the fact that the injured person has inserted his goods into spaces of risk. It should be pointed out in the last chapter that the relevance of the distinction between consent and danger situation created by other is therefore beyond the theoretical plane, also in the consequences of the application of the institutes, since the former makes clear the respect for the autonomous personality, due to the possibility that the owner of the property, in acquiescing to the conduct of the third party, inhibits the penalty, despite the existence of a prohibitive rule of action, while the second represents a heteronomous response, whose meaning is given by the social environment, resulting, as a rule, in imputation of responsibility to those who created the risk of injury to the legal right of others.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:10:36Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 asse_vm_me_fran.pdf: 561698 bytes, checksum: cacc0477e1cc0c8ca7f307727656c4db (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O trabalho visa investigar a admissibilidade da terceirização no setor público, suas peculiaridades e a responsabilização do ente público, haja vista a ausência de norma específica em relação à responsabilidade, em caso de terceirização, construída através de entendimentos jurisprudenciais, a qual encontra questionamentos acerca da responsabilização diante do que dispõe a Lei de Licitação, em seu art. 71, em confronto com as disposições contidas nos artigos 1º, 37, par. 6º, 170, 173 e 193 da Constituição Federal. O intérprete da norma jurídica não se deve ater apenas à interpretação gramatical, sobretudo no que diz respeito à responsabilização dispensada à Administração Pública na Lei de Licitação, devendo o intérprete utilizar-se da interpretação lógico-sistemática e teleológica da Lei de Licitação em confronto com o disposto constitucionalmente, permitindo a responsabilização do ente público, nos casos de terceirização. Esta no setor público sofre limitações, diante do comando legal insculpido no inciso II do art. 37 da Carta magna, que exige a prévia aprovação, em concurso público, para a investidura em cargo ou emprego público, à exceção dos cargos de livre provimento. A terceirização no setor público tem como traço diferencial, com o setor privado, a não formação de emprego com a Administração direta, indireta ou fundacional. A terceirização é uma tendência mundial irreversível, mas não podemos deixar que ela seja utilizada para fraudar os direitos dos trabalhadores, contribuindo, deste modo, para a perpetuação das injustiças, tornando-se cada vez mais perversa, o que, em última análise, acaba gerando o fim da própria terceirização. / This study aims to investigate the admissibility of the third party in the public sector, its peculiarities and the liability of the public entity, as there is an absence of a specific procedure in relation to the responsibility in the case of the third party, composed through jurisprudence agreements, finding questionings regarding the liability before what is determined to the Licitation Law in its article 71 in confrontation to the dispositions included in the articles 1st, 37, paragraph, 6th, 170, 173 and 193 of the Federal Constitution. The interpreter of the juridical procedure should not detain themselves only to the grammatical interpretation, above all in regards to the liability bestowed to the Public Administration in the Licitation Law, where the interpreter should use the logic-systematic and teleological interpretation of the Licitation Law in confront to the constitutional determination, allowing the liability of the public entity in the third party cases. The third party in the public sector suffers limitations, before the legal command inscribed in the proposition II of article 37 of the magna letter, which demands the previous approval in a public examination for the investiture in an office or public employment, in exception to the offices of the free administrative acts. The third party in the public sector has as a differential aspect with the private sector, the non-formation of employment with the direct, indirect or foundational Administration. The third party is a worldly and irreversible tendency, but we cannot allow that it is used to fraud the laborers’ rights, contributing to the perpetuation of the injustices, becoming more and more perverse, and that as a last analysis, this ends up by generating the termination of the third party itself.