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The construction industry is associated with problems such as low productivity and high costs. This has been highlighted in several government-funded reports in both Sweden and in the UK during the course of over two decades. The construction industry is a large industry sector employing hundreds of thousands and a large contributor to a country’s GDP. The problems therefore have a large impact on society. Some of the problems are rooted in the organizational structure of the construction industry. Compared to other manufacturing industries, the construction industry is organized in temporary organizations. The temporary organizations cause temporary supply chains, fragmentation among construction industry actors and adversarial relationships between those actors. Partnering has been but forward as a solution to overcome the temporariness and the adversarial relationships in the construction. Another solution to mitigate the problems suggested in the reports is supply chain management (SCM). Both concepts have been taken from the manufacturing industries and partnering has been more successful compared to SCM in the construction industry. In the construction industry the progress towards SCM has focused on logistics. In recent years dedicated third-party logistics (TPL) solutions have emerged in the Swedish construction industry, where a company is hired to manage the logistics in a construction project. The purpose with the research presented in this licentiate thesis is to explore how client initiated TPL solutions and partnering can be facilitators for SCM in the construction industry. Being a new phenomenon in the construction industry TPL solutions provide a logistical competence not necessarily included in a traditional construction project. Therefore, TPL solutions are of particular interest when studying the realization of SCM in the construction industry. In the process of realizing SCM in the construction industry, the construction clients have been put forward as having a crucial and important role. The clients are the initiator and funder of construction projects and as such the client can influence the course of a construction project. Therefore, it is of interest to study how the client can take an active role in this process. Initiating a TPL solution in a construction project is one way for a client to take an active part in the realization of SCM in construction. However, in order to study how clients can take an active role towards the realization of SCM in the construction industry, there have to be an understanding of how SCM is to be adopted to the construction industry context. SCM that derives from the manufacturing industry is designed to be used in long-term relationships with permanent organizational structures. The construction industry on the other hand is associated with short-term relationships and a temporary organizational structure. Partnering that is designed to mitigate the temporariness and establish long-term relationships have been quite successful in the construction industry, and could therefore be used as a facilitator for SCM in construction. To study the use of client initiated TPL-solutions in construction and the realization of SCM in the construction industry the following research questions have been addressed: RQ1: To what extent can a third-party logistics solution be a facilitator for client driven SCM in the construction industry? RQ2: How will upstream and downstream tiers be affected when a thirdparty logistics provider is used in a construction project? RQ3: How can partnering be used a mean to facilitate the realization of SCM in the construction industry? To answer the research questions two main methodologies have been used; case study for the empirically grounded research and conceptual studies for the analysis of the case studies as well as for comparing the two concepts of partnering and SCM. All questions have been grounded in literature and previous research. The findings of this research is therefore grounded in both theory and in practice. The main findings of this research is that TPL solutions are not a quick fix for realizing SCM in the construction industry. However, if used right a TPL solution can be an effective tool to address logistical issues in a construction project and to establish an interface between the supply chain and the construction site. By initiating a TPL solution the client addresses the importance of logistical competence in a construction project. A TPL solution does not have a purpose of its own; a TPL solution is a service function to the construction project, providing expertise on logistics management. There are also a number of driving forces and concerns that have been identified, if they are addressed prior to a TPL solution is implemented, the likelihood of its success will increase. Furthermore, both partnering and SCM rely on high trust and share several key components and issues that have to be addressed. Partnering on strategic level with several suppliers included can even be hard to distinguish from SCM. Wherefore, partnering is considered a facilitator for the realization of SCM in construction. By addressing the necessary issues in both concepts a good foundation for SCM is established. / <p>QC 20181004</p>

The logistics industry causes various harms to the environment. The literature assigns the main responsibility for alleviating such harms to two supply chain actors: shippers (logistics buyers) and logistics service providers (LSPs), which motivated studying them in this thesis. Specifically, this thesis explores and identifies how green logistics practices can be facilitated through aligning both actors throughout the different phases of their relationships. Two studies are compiled. The first study is based on five distinct cases -- three shippers and five LSPs, providing the basis for two papers: (i) one that analyses the institutional pressures (regulatory, market, competitive) on shippers to purchase green logistics services, and on LSPs to provide these services, and (ii) one that investigates the two actors’ stances on environmental concerns in the four key logistics purchasing phases (request for proposal, negotiations, contracting, execution), while proposing ways to align their efforts along such phases. The second study covers a single case of a dyadic relationship between a shipper and its LSP, handling enhancing logistics performance (cost efficiency, on-time delivery) in the early stages of their relationship. The findings indicate a general lack of regulatory pressure in driving shippers and LSPs to engage in green logistics, contrasted by a long-term influence of competitive pressure and a prevalent influence of market pressure. It was also found that both actors must put substantial efforts in the beginning of their relationships to reach a mutual business understanding, allowing performance and green enhancements. In the execution, it was found that both partners should regularly communicate performance metrics while modifying working standards, which would also support their green practices. For practitioners, insights are offered to align shippers’ and LSPs’ efforts within their relationships to attain positive performance and green outcomes. / <p>QC 20180223</p>

Postnord TPL är en ledande aktör inom 3PL-branschen i Norden. På önskemål av företaget har en studie genomförts av returprocessen för Postnord TPLs största kund inom elektronikbranschen. En effektiv hantering av returprocessen är en viktig del för tredjepartslogistikföretag för att behålla konkurrenskraft på marknaden. Den effektiva hanteringen är grunden för att skapa en returprocess med låga kostnader, hög grad av resursutnyttjande och tillfredsställande av kundens önskemål.  Syftet med studien är att identifiera avvikelser i returprocessen och de bakomliggande orsakerna samt att föreslå förbättringsåtgärder för att reducera avvikelser och effektivisera returprocessen vid Postnord TPL. För att uppnå syftet har författarna genomfört en fallstudie av returprocessen för Postnord TPL. Genom deltagande observationer, processpromenad och semistrukturerade intervjuer med anställda har empiri samlats in för att skapa en förståelse av processen. Empirin har analyserats för att identifiera avvikelser och möjliga förbättringsåtgärder. Analysen i studien identifierade ett antal avvikelser i returprocessen och de bakomliggande orsakerna till att de uppstår. Avvikelserna berörde onödiga förflyttningar, överarbetning, mänskliga fel samt kompetens och kunskap hos nuvarande personal. Författarna har via observationerna och intervjuerna identifierat var avvikelserna uppstår. Ett orsak-verkan diagram har tagits fram för att definiera de bakomliggande orsakerna till avvikelserna. Vidare har författarna genom en analys av avvikelserna och orsakerna formulerat konkreta förbättringsförslag för att reducera eller eliminera avvikelserna. Förbättringsåtgärderna som presenteras är; flytt av processen till samma våning, eliminera dubbelhantering av returer från företag, använda samma system, skapa rörlighetsklassificering av produkter, skapa nya standarder och rutiner, arbeta med förebyggande analyser, implementera PDCA-cykeln och Lean-verktyg för arbete med ständig förbättring samt att skapa tydliga mål för processen. Målet med en implementering av förbättringsförslagen är att reducera avvikelser och därigenom bidra till ökad effektivitet och konkurrenskraft för Postnord TPL. Samarbetet med företaget har varit avgörande för att säkerställa relevansen och genomförbarheten av förslagen. / Postnord TPL is a leading company in the 3PL-industry in the Nordics. At the company's request, a study was conducted on the return process for Postnord TPL's largest customer in the electronics industry. Efficient handling of the return process is a crucial aspect for third-party logistics companies to maintain competitiveness in the market. Efficient management forms the foundation for creating a return process with low costs, high resource utilization and customer satisfaction. The purpose of the study is to identify deviations in the return process and the underlying causes, as well as to propose improvement measures to reduce deviations and create a more efficient return process at Postnord TPL. To achieve this goal, the authors conducted a case study of Postnord TPL's return process. Through participatory observations, process walkthroughs, and semi-structured interviews with employees, empirical data was collected to understand the process. The empirical data was analyzed to identify deviations and possible improvement measures. The study's analysis identified several deviations in the return process and the underlying causes of their occurrence. The deviations involved unnecessary movements, overprocessing, human errors, as well as the competence and knowledge of current staff. Through observations and interviews, the authors identified where the deviations occur. A cause-and-effect diagram was created to define the underlying causes of the deviations. Furthermore, through an analysis of the deviations and their causes, the authors formulated concrete improvement suggestions to reduce or eliminate the deviations. The improvement measures presented include; relocating the process to the same floor, eliminating double handling of returns from companies, using the same system, creating a mobility classification of products, establishing new standards and routines, working with preventive analyses, implementing the PDCA cycle and Lean tools for continuous improvement, and setting clear goals for the process. The goal of implementing these improvement suggestions is to reduce deviations and thereby contribute to increased efficiency and competitiveness for Postnord TPL. Collaboration with the company has been crucial to ensure the relevance and feasibility of the proposals.

Background: Recent trends indicates that attackers are shifting focus to more vulnerable targets; the software supply chain, which has consequently resulted in one of the top security challenges faced by organizations. One specific aspect of the software supply chain that has garnered significant attention is the use of third-party libraries and the high degree of impact exploited vulnerabilities have in relation to third-party libraries, such as Log4Shell. Objectives: The objective of this thesis is to determine the impact of removing unused Java third-party library classes in terms of security vulnerabilities and business value. Methods: A Gradle plugin was developed consisting of three coupled tasks to be used in the experiment where the primary objective is identifying and removing unused third-party classes. The experiment was conducted on 11 production-grade projects. For each of the 11 projects, approximately 12 versions were tested. The plugin was executed on each of the versions and a manual analysis of the result was conducted. The manual analysis consisted of finding the vulnerabilities connected to the respective vulnerable class. Subsequently, the result was analyzed and calculated. Results: The results from the tested projects showed a low overall impact on the number of vulnerabilities before and after the removal of unused classes. However, the vulnerability results differed greatly among the projects. A pattern between all projects was that the vulnerabilities increased in earlier versions. In the projects where there was an effect of removing unused classes, the average CVSS score increased which represents the severity of the vulnerabilities. This suggests that low severity vulnerabilities were more prevalent in the set of removed vulnerabilities. Over all projects, there was a 40-50% decrease in the total number of classes before and after removing classes which from a security perspective lowers the project’s overall attack surface. On average 85% of the vulnerabilities were found after the release of the project versions. Conclusions: Based on the results we can see that the removal of unused third-party library classes does not have a significant impact on the number of vulnerabilities in the analyzed Java applications. However, this may not reflect all Java projects as we could see a greater impact on certain projects. The removal of vulnerabilities post release date of a Java component was seen to have minimal to no business value for the analyzed projects. In contrast, a pilot study on a different project from another team within the same company demonstrated a higher level of business value. The reduction of the attack surface was assessed to 40-50% on all conducted projects, which would indicate a significant business value. Before incorporating such a solution, each project would need to be evaluated to determine the balance between security and complexity. / Bakgrund: De senaste trenderna tyder på att attackerare flyttar fokus till mer sårbara mål; mjukvaruförsörjningskedjan, vilket har blivit en av de största säkerhetsutmaningarna som organisationer står inför. En specifik aspekt av mjukvaruförsörjningskedjan som har fått stor uppmärksamhet är användningen av tredjepartsbibliotek och den höga graden av påverkan som exploaterade sårbarheter har i förhållande till tredjepartsbibliotek, såsom Log4Shell. Syfte: Syftet med denna studie är att fastställa effekten av att ta bort oanvända Java-klasser från tredjepartsbibliotek ur en sårbarhet och företagsvärde -perspektiv. Metod: Ett Gradle-plugin utvecklades bestående av tre beroende uppgifter som ska användas i experimentet där det primära målet är att identifiera och ta bort oanvända tredjepartsklasser. Experimentet genomfördes på 11 projekt av produktionskvalitet. För vart och ett av dessa 11 projekt testades cirka 12 versioner. Gradle-pluginet kördes på var och en av versionerna samt en manuell analys av resultatet utfördes. Den manuella analysen bestod i att hitta sårbarheterna kopplade till respektive sårbar klass. Därefter analyserades och beräknades resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet av de testade projekten visade en låg total inverkan på antalet sårbarheter före och efter borttagningen av oanvända klasser. Dessa resultat skilde sig dock mycket mellan projekten. Ett specifikt mönster mellan alla projekt var att sårbarheterna ökade i tidigare versioner. I de projekt där borttagning av klasser gjorde en inverkan, ökade genomsnittet av CVSS-poängen vilket representerar allvarlighetsgraden av sårbarheterna. Detta tyder på att svagheter med låga poäng var vanligare i uppsättningen av borttagna sårbarheter. Över alla projekt så togs 40-50% av det totala antalet klasser bort, vilket ur ett säkerhetsperspektiv sänker projektets totala attackyta. I genomsnitt hittades 85% av sårbarheterna efter lanseringen av projektversionerna. Slutsatser: Baserat på resultaten kan vi se att borttagningen av oanvända klasser från tredjepartsbibliotek inte har någon betydande påverkan på antalet sårbarheter i de analyserade Java-applikationerna. Men detta kanske inte speglar alla Java-projekt då vi kunde se en större påverkan på vissa projekt. Borttagning av sårbarheter efter releasedatum för ett Java-projekt visade sig ha minimalt till noll företagsvärde för de analyserade projekten. En pilotstudie på ett projekt som hanteras av ett annat team i samma företag, resulterade i ett större företagsvärde. Reduceringen av attackytan uppskattas till 40-50% för alla genomförda projekt, vilket innebär ett större företagsvärde. Innan man integrerar en sådan lösning, bör varje projekt utvärderas för att fastställa balansen mellan säkerhet och komplexitet.

Bakgrund: Ett nytt EU-direktiv som reglerar kraven för hållbarhetsredovisning träder i kraft 2024. Med det nya direktivet blir revision av hållbarhetsredovisning obligatorisk, vilket innebär att denna redovisning måste inkluderas i företagens förvaltningsberättelse. Denna förändring förväntas påverka revisionsprocessen och ställa högre kunskapskrav på revisionsprofessionen. Det finns även förutsägelser om en ökning av revisionsuppdrag samt ett ökat behov av kompetensutveckling inom revisionsyrket, eftersom revisionen utvidgas till att granska kvalitativ information. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utforska hur kunskap skapar komfort inom revisionsprocessen när professionen utsätts för en förändring som innebär granskning av ett nytt område. Teoretisk referensram: Studien redogör hur nya områden kan bli revisionsbara och hur olika tillvägagångssätt kan tillämpas vid förändring inom revisionsprofessionen. Komfortteorin kommer likså att användas och kommer identifiera aspekter för hur revisorer kan behålla en känsla av trygghet i sin bedömning vid nya revisionsområden. Metod: Studien använder en innehållsanalys för att identifiera och analysera mönster. Tretton vetenskapliga artiklar har hittats och jämförts för att uppnå studiens syfte. Slutsats: Slutsatserna som framgår av studien identifierar att kunskap är grundläggande för att göra något revisionsbart. Det framgår även att avsaknaden av ett tydligt ramverk försvårar etableringen av hållbarhetsrevision. Studien identifierar likaså att ett samarbete mellan revisorer och hållbarhetspecialister hade kunnat förenkla bemötandet av de utmaningar som uppstår när revisionsområdet utvidgas. / Background: A new EU directive regulating the requirements for sustainability reporting will come into effect in 2024. With the new directive, the audit of sustainability reporting becomes mandatory, which means that this reporting must be included in companies' management reports. This change is expected to affect the audit process and impose higher knowledge requirements on the auditing profession. There are also predictions of an increase in audit assignments and a greater need for professional development within the auditing profession, as the audit expands to include qualitative information. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore how knowledge creates comfort within the audit process when the profession is subjected to a change that involves auditing a new area. Theoretical Framework: The study describes how new areas can become auditable and how different approaches can be applied during changes within the auditing profession. The comfort theory will also be used and will identify aspects of how auditors can maintain a sense of security in their assessment when auditing new areas. Method: The study uses a content analysis to identify and analyze patterns. Thirteen scientific articles have been found and compared to achieve the study's purpose. Conclusion: The conclusions drawn from the study identify that knowledge is fundamental to making something auditable. It also shows that the lack of a clear framework complicates the establishment of sustainability audits. The study likewise identifies that collaboration between auditors and sustainability specialists could facilitate addressing the challenges that arise when the audit area is expanded.in establishing frameworks may contribute to easing this adaptation process.

Ett effektivt informationsflöde är väsentligt för att skapa möjligheter till väl fungerande transportkoordination. Utmaningen i byggbranschen är att det finns flera aktörer som behöver ta del av informationen. Systemen som används i dagsläget har sällan möjlighet att dela information med varandra. Den bristande informationsdelningen har lett till en fragmenterad försörjningskedja vilket påverkar projektens produktion negativt.   Tidigare studier har tydliggjort behovet av digitala verktyg för styrning av försörjningskedjan inom byggprojekt. Andra studier har identifierat problem vid implementation av nya rutiner och digitala verktyg i byggbranschen. Därmed finns det ett behov av att undersöka hur företag framgångsrikt kan implementera digitala verktyg för att underlätta informationsdelning och transportkoordination.  Målet med studien har varit att definiera transportkoordinationssystem, samt analysera och undersöka vilka strategier byggherrar kan tillämpa för en effektiv implementering i byggsektorn. Syftet är att identifiera de bakomliggande hinder som begränsar företagen att använda systemen. Utifrån begränsningar och lösningar görs rekommendation för vilka strategier som bör användas.   Studien har utförts som en flerfallsstudie på större husbyggnationsprojekt i Sverige och Norge. I fallstudien ingick sju projekt, där samtliga använt sig av ett transportkoordinationssystem under produktion. Transportkoordinationssystemet har använts i olika utsträckning i varje projekt, beroende på hur logistiklösningen var utformad. Datainsamling genomfördes med semi-strukturerad intervjustudie där minst en representant från vart projekt medverkade. Utöver respondenterna från byggprojekten inkluderades även intervjuer med två konkurrerande mjukvaruutvecklare.   En analys av effekten av logistiklösningen i de olika projekten, och framför allt transportkoordinationssystemets påverkan har genomförts. Det har varit av stor vikt att särskilja det digitala verktygets påverkan från den generella logistiklösningens påverkan. Från respondenterna har det framkommit tydligt att olika strategier vid implementation har haft varierande mottagande i produktionen.   Studien har identifierat tre nyckelfaktorer som ligger till grund för strategier vid implementationen av digitala verktyg:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="1" data-aria-level="1">Kravställning - Förutsättningarna för projektet måste framgå tydligt i ett tidigt skede. Om beställaren sätter krav på huvudentreprenören blir implementationen smidigare, då under-leverantörer och -entreprenörer måste anpassa sig för att vinna kontrakten.  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="2" data-aria-level="1">Integration - Då det förekommer många aktörer på projekten behöver man ha möjlighet att integrera systemet med redan befintliga.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="5" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="3" data-aria-level="1">Incitament - För att främja användningen kan man med fördel använda bonussystem, som gynnar aktörerna som använder systemet. Allt fler aktörer kommer därmed få positiva erfarenheter av systemet vilket kan underlätta en bredare implementation.   Tidigare studier har beskrivit att byggherrarna inte tidigare fokuserat på bygglogistik. Studien har bekräftat att det i viss mån fortfarande är så, då logistiklösningar främst utformas vid större projekt. Från respondenterna har det framkommit att mindre projekt inom samma byggkoncern inte har samma resurser eller fokus på bygglogistik. Samtidigt kan de större projekten fungera som pilotprojekt, och ligga till grund för en bredare implementation. / An effective flow of information is essential to create opportunities for well-functioning construction logistics. One of the challenges in the construction industry is the number of stakeholders who need access to the information. The systems currently in use often lack the ability to share information with each other. This lack of information sharing has led to a fragmented supply chain, which negatively impacts projects performance.   Previous studies have highlighted the need for digital tools to coordinate the construction logistics in projects. Other studies have identified problems with implementing new procedures and digital tools in the construction sector. Therefore, there is a need to investigate how companies can successfully implement digital tools to facilitate information sharing and transport coordination.   The aim of the study has been to define transport coordination systems. Furthermore, analyze and investigate the strategies that can be applied for effective implementation in the construction sector. The purpose is to identify the underlying obstacles that limit companies from using these systems and provide recommendations for strategies to overcome these limitations.   The study was conducted as a multiple case study on large construction projects in Sweden and Norway. Seven projects were included in the case study, all of which utilized a transport coordination system during production. The extent of use of the system varied in each project depending on the logistics solution. The data collection was done through semi-structured interviews with at least one representative from each project participating. In addition to the respondents from the construction projects, interviews were also conducted with two competing software developers.   An analysis of the impact of the logistics solution in different projects was conducted, which focused on the impact the transport coordination system had. It has been crucial to distinguish the impact of the digital system from the general logistics solution. Respondents have clearly indicated that different strategies have had varied acceptance in production.   The study has identified three key factors underlying strategies for implementing digital tools:  <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="4" data-aria-level="1">Requirement specification – The project’s requirements must be clearly stated at an early stage. If the client sets requirements for the main contractor, the implementation becomes smoother as subcontractors and suppliers must adapt to win the contracts.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="5" data-aria-level="1">Integration – Since there are many stakeholders involved in projects, there is a need to be able to integrate the system with existing ones.   <li data-leveltext="" data-font="Symbol" data-listid="4" data-list-defn-props="{&quot;335552541&quot;:1,&quot;335559685&quot;:720,&quot;335559991&quot;:360,&quot;469769226&quot;:&quot;Symbol&quot;,&quot;469769242&quot;:[8226],&quot;469777803&quot;:&quot;left&quot;,&quot;469777804&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;469777815&quot;:&quot;hybridMultilevel&quot;}" aria-setsize="-1" data-aria-posinset="6" data-aria-level="1">Incentives – To promote usage, a bonus system can be beneficial, favoring actors who use the system correctly. As more actors have a positive experience with the system, it can facilitate broader implementation.   Previous studies have described how developers have not previously focused on construction logistics. The study confirmed that to some extent this is still the case, as logistics solutions are primarily designed for larger projects. Respondents have indicated that smaller projects within the same company do not have the same resources or focus on construction logistics. Hopefully larger projects can serve as pilot projects and form the basis for broader implementation.

Denna kvalitativa studie undersöker den påverkan restriktioner av tredjepartscookies har på företagens marknadsföringsstrategier och förmåga att nå ut till sina kundsegment. Genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med respondenter med olika befattningar inom marknadsföring i olika branscher, bidrar studien till en ökad inblick i respondenternas egna uppfattning över hur dessa restriktioner påverkar affärsverksamheten.   Idag läggs det en stor vikt på användningen av data för att på ett mer effektivt sätt kunna nå ut till sina kundsegment, där dessa insikter är avgörande för att utveckla marknadsföringsstrategier och även uppnå konkurrensfördelar. Studien antyder att avvecklingen av tredjepartscookies har en påverkan på företagens marknadsföringsstrategier och deras förmåga att nå ut till respektive kundsegment. Detta då denna avveckling ger en minskad datainsikt där det blir allt svårare för företagen att förstå sina kundsegment och således rikta och forma sina marknadsföringskampanjer. Studien uppmärksammar även möjligheter som kommer till följd av restriktionerna såsom ökad integritet och kontinuerlig utveckling av nya strategier. Sammanfattningsvis belyser denna kvalitativa studie att restriktionerna av tredjepartscookies kommer att kräva nya arbetssätt för marknadsförare vilket kräver anpassningsförmåga och kreativitet. / This qualitative study examines the impact of third-party cookie restrictions on companies' marketing strategies and ability to reach their customer segments. Through semi-structured interviews with respondents in various marketing positions in different industries, the study provides insight into the respondents' own perceptions of how these restrictions affect their business operations.  Today, there is a strong emphasis on the use of data to more effectively reach out to customer segments, where these insights are crucial for developing marketing strategies and achieving competitive advantage. The study suggests that the elimination of third-party cookies has an impact on companies' marketing strategies and their ability to reach their customer segments. This is due to a reduction in data insight, making it increasingly difficult for companies to understand their customer segments and thus target and shape their marketing campaigns. The study also draws attention to opportunities arising from the restrictions such as increased privacy and continuous development of new strategies. In conclusion, this qualitative study highlights that the restrictions on third-party cookies will require new ways of working for marketers, which requires adaptability and creativity.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Napoleao Casado Filho.pdf: 1373756 bytes, checksum: f0e78d5ac08707eaf66fc8f347c57f68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Arbitration is sometimes seen a Justice system for rich people only. As a private system that needs to be paid, how does it deal with the principle of Acess to Justice? The aim of this thesis is to answer this question and to analyse how Brazilian law should approach the new phenomenon that the world of the International Law is now facing: third parties external to the conflict invest in International Arbitration in exchange for a share of the results of the arbitration proceedings. Throughout the thesis, we demonstrate how the phenomenon of Arbitration emerged in the contemporary world and the great challenges that Arbitration now faces, including the defy of assuring Access to a Jurisdictional Service to parties that do not have enough resources to meet the costs of the arbitration proceedings. We will use the Systems Theory to localize the Arbitration system as an autonomous legal subsystem. Then, we discuss how the world has seen the Third Party Funding phenomenom, concluding with our understanding on how Brazilian law must face this new reality, aligning it with our legal system / A arbitragem muitas vezes é vista como justiça dos ricos. Mecanismo privado e com custos, como ele se comporta em face do princípio do Acesso à Justiça? O objetivo desta tese é responder a essa indagação e analisar como o Direito brasileiro deve se comportar em face do novo fenômeno que acontece no mundo do Direito das Relações Econômicas Internacionais: terceiros, estranhos ao conflito, investem em Arbitragens Internacionais em troca de uma parcela do resultado do procedimento arbitral. Ao longo do trabalho, demonstramos como o fenômeno da Arbitragem surgiu no mundo contemporâneo e os grandes desafios que o instituto enfrenta, entre eles o do Acesso à Prestação Jurisdicional para partes que não têm recursos para sustentar os custos do procedimento arbitral. Recorreremos à Teoria dos Sistemas para posicionar a Arbitragem Comercial Internacional como subsistema jurídico autônomo. Em seguida, abordaremos como o mundo tem visto o fenômeno, concluindo com nosso entendimento sobre como o Direito brasileiro deve encarar essa nova realidade, compatibilizando-a com nosso ordenamento jurídico

This thesis examines the processes of the peace negotiations in Cambodia (1987-1993) and El Salvador (1989-1993) in order to address the following question: What does the interplay between the national factions and the external interveners in peace negotiations tell us about their chances of achieving their goals? By using the concept of ‘interplay,’ this study reinterprets the negotiation processes as the negotiating actors’ exchanges of strategic moves. In particular, it explores how the negotiating actors’ attitudes towards the core negotiation issues changed in the two cases and how the changes affected their counterparts’ negotiating strategies. There are two aspects to the findings of this thesis, one descriptive and the other explanatory. First, this study has investigated the characteristics of the negotiating actors’ strategies and the pattern of the interplay between them. As for the interveners’ strategies, this thesis finds that impartial third parties generally employ diplomatic intervention methods, while advocate states enjoy a wider range of options. In addition, national factions’ behaviour is generally affected by three factors: their fundamental goals, the domestic resources under their control, and the incentives or pressure from external interveners. It is also observed that the stronger the intervention becomes, the more that national factions’ provisional strategies are inclined to be receptive towards the intervention. Nevertheless, the national factions rarely fully accepted proposals that they deemed harmful to the achievement of their fundamental goals. Second, based on the descriptive findings, this thesis highlights the importance of mutual understanding between national factions and external interveners. The case studies of Cambodia and El Salvador show that the effectiveness of a particular intervention depends not so much on the type of method employed but on the context in which it is applied. An intervention is more likely to be effective when it is used in a way that national factions can understand and is supported by the consistently strong attention of external interveners. In addition, it is observed that actors’ ethnocentric perceptions on core concepts of conflict and negotiation as well as their lack of an effective communication capability are some of the common causes of the misunderstandings that arise during negotiation processes.