In late-eighteenth-century Dublin, options were limited for an expanding reading public who wished to consult quality printed works. During this period of the Anglican Ascendancy, membership to institutional libraries or participation in associational activities was largely limited to elites and those from the Established Church. The Dublin Library Society provided a public reference library service without restrictions of confession, connection, elections, or status—with admission based only on ability to pay the initial two-guinea charge (and one thereafter). Using hitherto neglected primary sources, particularly contemporary newspapers, this thesis will examine the origins of the Dublin Library, public reaction towards it, and its position promoting cultural patriotism and inclusivity in public library service provision in late-eighteenth-century Dublin. Also, a detailed prosopographical analysis of the library’s founding subscribers, specifically for their occupational backgrounds and associational activities, will show that the library represented a cross-section of Dublin’s reading public and help identify the social and cultural milieu in the capital. Through a combination of historical and prosopographical research on the library and its members, this study aims to contribute to both library history and the wider fields of social, cultural, and urban history of Dublin. The library was founded amidst a backdrop of Irish patriotism evidenced by the achievement of legislative independence from Britain. Dubliners expressed their patriotism through participation in clubs and societies that promoted Irish cultural, commercial, political, and social improvement and self-sufficiency. Further Enlightenment ideals of toleration and intellectual cultivation were embodied in these associations. By the end of this examination, the Dublin Library Society will be regarded not only as significant in the expansion of Dublin’s literary public sphere, but also a noteworthy location of the Irish Enlightenment in the capital.

In the latter half of the eighteenth century the British presence in India meant that East India Company servants were at the forefront of European researches into the region's history, culture and religion. This thesis offers an analysis of the work of four such Company writers, all of whom produced accounts of what they perceived to be India's native and original religion: J.Z. Holwell (1711-1798), Alexander Dow, (1735-1779), N.B. Halhed (1751-1830), and Charles Wilkins (1749-1836). It argues that their particular interpretation of what they termed the 'Hindoo' or 'Gentoo' religion was based on their own preoccupations with European religious debates, from a perspective that can loosely be described as deist. At the centre of this thesis is the claim that these British interpretations of Hinduism instigated an important shift in the way that Indian theology and philosophy was understood in eighteenth-century Europe. This new paradigm moved away from characterisations of the religion according to eye-witness accounts, towards a construction of Indian religion based on the claim of British researchers that they were penetrating the original philosophical origins of a much maligned and ancient system of thought. This new interpretation of a philosophic Hinduism was both based in and shaped Enlightenment intellectual culture, to the extent that by the turn of the century it had firmly cemented its place in not only the thought of prominent figures such as Voltaire and Raynal, but also constituted a significant topic in the emergent discourses of German idealism. The notion of a British interpretation of Hinduism has previously been discussed as both a marker in what some have termed the invention of Hinduism, and by those researching the history of Orientalism as an academic discipline. In the first instance, these authors are characterised as moments in a process, with some suggesting that the real invention occurred as part of the nineteenth-century imperialist project. In the second place, these authors are most often seen as unscholarly precursors to the work of the first true British Indologist, Sir William Orientalist Jones (1746-1794). This thesis will challenge these positions by positing these four authors as the architects of the shift towards a European conception of Hinduism as a rational and philosophical religion.

Submitted by Taina Veloso Justo (vtaina@gmail.com) on 2018-07-27T16:42:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JUSTO,Taina V. Reflexões em Voz Alta.docx: 224632 bytes, checksum: 5cf6cd29f11cd0ed5ed2fe0ba05efd83 (MD5) / Rejected by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br), reason: Solicitamos que realize uma nova submissão seguindo as orientações abaixo: 1) O arquivo submetido deve ser em PDF. 2) Epígrafe: a epígrafe invadiu a página do resumo. 3) Numeração das páginas: as páginas pré-textuais devem ser contadas, com exceção da capa e ficha catalográfica, porém a numeração deve aparecer somente a partir da primeira página textual, a Introdução. Sendo assim sua Introdução começa na página 10. 3) Sumário: após renumerar o trabalho será preciso refazer o sumário para que ele reflita fielmente o trabalho. Agradecemos a compreensão. on 2018-07-27T17:42:49Z (GMT) / Submitted by Taina Veloso Justo (vtaina@gmail.com) on 2018-07-30T11:56:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JUSTO,Taina V. Reflexões em Voz Alta.pdf: 811894 bytes, checksum: b232f6d64a1775c5ffa0bc5742398625 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Aparecida Matias null (alinematias@fclar.unesp.br) on 2018-07-30T13:22:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 justo_tv_me_arafcl.pdf: 811894 bytes, checksum: b232f6d64a1775c5ffa0bc5742398625 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-30T13:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 justo_tv_me_arafcl.pdf: 811894 bytes, checksum: b232f6d64a1775c5ffa0bc5742398625 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-05-29 / Investiga-se o meio em que se dá o desenvolvimento das ideias dos pensadores escoceses do século XVIII por meio da identificação de linguagens políticas comuns, reconstituição histórica, estudo do pensamento político e sociabilidade, sobretudo, em relação os clubes intelectuais nos quais participavam. Trabalhamos os conceitos de “intelectual” e de “sociabilidade”. Utilizamos técnica de pesquisa histórica conhecida como ‘contextualismo linguístico de Cambridge’, cujos grandes expoentes são Quentin Skinner e John G. A. Pocock; também está contida a “história dos conceitos” trabalhada por Reinhart Koselleck. Por meio de pesquisa qualitativa e estudo bibliográfico, analisamos textos que abordam a temática “Iluminismo Escocês” tais como coletâneas de artigos, diários de observações, revistas da época, correspondências dos membros do clube, bem como algumas obras de relevo sobre o pensamento político escocês do século XVIII. / We investigate the development of the ideas of Scottish thinkers of the eighteenth century through the identification of common political languages, historical reconstitution, study of political thought and sociability, especially in relation to the intellectual clubs in which they participated. We work on the concepts of "intellectual" and "sociability". We use historical research technique known as 'Cambridge linguistic contextualism', whose great exponents are Quentin Skinner and John G. A. Pocock; is also contained the "history of concepts" worked by Reinhart Koselleck .Through qualitative research and bibliographical study, we analyze texts that deal with the theme of "Scottish Enlightenment" such as collections of articles, journals of remarks, periodicals, correspondence of the members of the club, as well as some important works on Scottish political thought of the eighteenth century

This thesis offers the first reading of the letters of Catherine the Great as a unified epistolary corpus with literary merit as well as historical value. It explores how the empress employed a key eighteenth-century literary form - the letter - not only to make tactical interventions in political and cultural life, but also to shape her persona. The often contrastive style of her letters balances a charming epistolary voice, suited to the letter as a practice of sociability, with exhibitions of the empress's power and stature as a great individual on the historical stage. The interplay between these two facets, sociability and grandeur, defines her unique approach to the letter form as well as the image of the enlightened monarch as she created it. She displayed her mastery, both literary and political, by creatively manipulating all aspects of the letter, from language choice through etiquette and materiality. Both her lively and seductive personal style and her regal character as an Enlightenment great man derived from and reappropriated available literary models. Seeking to ensure that this image reached receptive audiences, Catherine also carefully controlled the circulation of her letters: in keeping with the semi-privacy of the eighteenth-century letter, she wrote first and foremost to win a reputation with cultural and social elites who exchanged letters out of print. At the same time, she manipulated indirectly through her correspondents the image received by a broader public of her contemporaries and of future generations. The French Revolution challenged all her values, troubling also her elite mode of sociable correspondence and her eighteenth-century version of glory. Yet, to the end of her days Catherine employed her dual style as the best means of writing herself into history.

This thesis examines the influence of the proto-feminist ideas of the Enlightenment on Jane Austen’s Northanger Abbey, specifically their presence in the coming-of-age journey of the novel’s heroine Catherine Morland. In this thesis, the proto-feminist ideas of the Enlightenment discussed are based on the ideas of Mary Wollstonecraft as presented in A Vindication of the Rights of Woman. I focus on Wollstonecraft’s emphasis on the importance of reason for the emancipation of women as well as the role of virtue and modesty, but also on the existence of an ambivalent relationship between sense and sentiment. The aim of the thesis is to show that Catherine Morland’s coming-of-age journey in Northanger Abbey can be understood as a representation of the emancipation of women that Wollstonecraft hopes for, and that the obstacles standing in the way of Catherine’s maturation are parallel to the obstacles which, during the Enlightenment, prevented women from claiming reason for themselves. First, I draw upon Wollstonecraft’s criticism of sentimental fiction and its hampering effect on women’s minds and show that the same idea is present in the narrative of Northanger Abbey, in the shape of gothic fiction. Then, I show how Catherine’s ability to discern between virtuous and immodest behaviour improves drastically as she starts to exercise her reason, in concurrence with Wollstonecraft’s claim that all virtuous thought must stem from reason. I analyse the importance of Catherine’s choice of partner and its relationship to the proto-feminist critique of women’s inability to express ideas contrary to those of a man. Finally, I dissect the proto-feminist ambivalent relationship between sense and sentiment and connect it to the finale of Northanger Abbey. These elements put together all point toward Wollstonecraft and Austen being coextensive, and demonstrate how Austen makes use of Wollstonecraft’s ideas to promote the emergence of female bildung.

[pt] Discussões a respeito da comunicação entre os homens e da diversidade linguística perpassam a história. É possível afirmar que Platão (427 - 347 a.C) e Aristóteles (384 - 322 a.C) instigaram filósofos e linguistas a buscar incessantemente explicações para a variedade de línguas existentes no mundo, bem como a investigar suas origens e características em comum. A obsessão por encontrar a língua que teria dado origem a todas as outras línguas não cessou, como também não cessou o desejo de retorno a esta primeira língua. Este desejo faz com que filósofos e linguistas há muito venham sustentando a criação e utilização de uma língua única. Esta possibilitaria a comunicação universal entre os homens independentemente de onde estes tivessem nascido, da cultura a que pertencessem ou da língua materna que falassem. Em outras palavras, poderia haver uma comunicação livre e democrática. Consequentemente, o acesso aos saberes também seria livre, o que daria lugar à concretização de uma das ambições do projeto iluminista: o esclarecimento do homem a partir da sua própria capacidade de conhecer o real de forma autônoma. Tomando como ponto de partida essas questões, foi realizado um estudo histórico que teve como objetivo principal investigar os caminhos que a busca de uma língua única de comunicação vem seguindo desde o Iluminismo até a contemporaneidade, principalmente após o advento da Internet. Para tal, esta investigação tem início com a concepção de Kant sobre o Iluminismo, seguida das ideias de dois de seus contemporâneos, Condorcet e Condillac, escolhidos por sugerirem o uso de uma língua universal como alternativa para o esclarecimento humano. O estudo prossegue com uma breve descrição dos projetos de língua universal dos séculos XIX e início do século XX e apresenta as razões para os seus fracassos; passa posteriormente pela segunda metade do século XX e pela tentativa de se fazer da língua inglesa a língua única de comunicação no mundo; finalmente, chega à Revolução Digital. Nesta última fase, o debate concernente à comunicação livre, independentemente da língua, e ao acesso irrestrito ao conhecimento se veem reforçados com o aparecimento da terceira geração da Internet, a chamada Web Semântica, que tem reavivado os ideais dos projetos iluministas e mostrado ser um caminho possível para a comunicação universal e o esclarecimento humano. / [en] Since the beginning of times there have been discussions about linguistic diversity and the communication among men. One can easily say that Plato (427 - 347 b.c) and Aristotle (384 - 322 b.c) led both linguists and philosophers to constantly search for explanations concerning the origins and common characteristics of the many languages that exist in the world. It seems that the obsession to find the one language from which all others are supposed to derive still persists, as does the desire to return to it. This is the reason why philosophers and linguists fundamentally support the development and use of a single language. Such a language would make possible the communication among men on a universal level, irrespective of their birth place, culture or mother tongue. In other words, a free and democratic communication could take place and there would also be free access to knowledge. One of the Enlightenment`s ambitions could therefore be achieved: men would be able to perceive reality autonomously. Taking those issues as a starting point, a historical study was developed to investigate the search for a single language, from the Enlightenment until contemporary times, particularly after the advent of Internet. For this purpose, this study begins with Kant`s conception of Enlightenment, followed by the ideas of two of his contemporaries, Condorcet and Condillac, who suggested the use of a universal language as a means for man to reach Enlightenment. The study discusses universal language projects of the 19th and early 20th centuries and points out the reasons for their failures. It proceeds with a presentation of the attempt to make English the worldwide language of communication from the second half of the 20th century until the Digital Revolution. It argues that, at this stage, what matters is no longer the development of a single language, but of a free way of communicating, regardless of the language spoken and with unlimited access to knowledge. This is more clearly seen with the onset of the third generation of the Internet, known as the Semantic Web, which is recuperating the ideals of the Enlightenment and has been proving to be a possible way for communication on a universal level and for man`s Enlightenment.

Knowledge of origin and symptoms of common human diseases as well as aplication of finding how prevent and cure them is one of expected performances of biology lessons at 8th grade of czech elementary school. The aim of this thesis is to create a visual teaching tool in the form of an educational board game, which would assist teachers with handing the topic of diseases over to students in effective and relaxed way. Theoretical part of the thesis includes biological data physiology of human disease and description of youth enlightenment. There are also didactic data describing proactiv teaching methods and an analysis of some biology textbooks. In practical part of the thesis is a description of the educational board game and test inquiry which demonstrates, that the board game leeds to acquire important facts about human diseases.

After the bachelor thesis The Sonnenfels´ weekly moral women´s magazine Theresie und Eleonore, the diploma thesis Woman and women culture in moral magazine Theresie und Eleonore represents another result of the Sonnenfels?s weekly magazine analysis in a wider interpretative criterion. Theresie und Eleonore. The object of this thesis is not only the classification of this magazine into the European context, but mainly the construction of a model of Sonnenfels?s vision of a woman and her culture. In the first part, the development of European moral magazines together with the classification of Theresie und Eleonore among moral magazines for women are briefly described. Another part analyses particular editions and the features that determine the affiliation of Theresie und Eleonore with its genre. The central part focuses on Sonnenfels?s modeling of woman, therefore on the different types of women and moral models, which he created in his own weekly magazine. An important element of the central part is Sonnenfels?s creation of an artificial women culture.

[pt] Literatura e cultura popular no cristianismo primitivo são apresentadas como temas com o objetivo de analisar, a partir da literatura, cultura e práticas mágicas no Mundo Antigo, a inserção das comunidades cristãs nesse ambiente vital, no geral e, da comunidade de Gálatas, no particular. O objetivo é, através da transdisciplinaridade (teologia, história, antropologia e arqueologia) reconstruir o contexto mágico originário da comunidade gálata, entender as tensões em seu interior e perceber que implicações existem em vincular essa comunidade com o ambiente da magia. O elemento mágico observado é a crença e prática do mau-olhado (baskaíno) que, por conta de processos históricos, como o Iluminismo Europeu, foi obscurecido nas modernas traduções bíblicas e comentários exegéticos. Desvelar, pois, esse filtro de leitura construído pela Modernidade, consiste em redimensionar as frágeis fronteiras entre magia (primitivo) e religião (civilizado), de acordo com a leitura racionalista do século XIX em diante. / [en] Literature and popular culture on the early christianity are presented as subjects and aims to examine, from literature, culture and magical practices in the ancient world, the participation of Christian communities in this vital environment, in general, and the community of Galatians, in particular. The goal is, through transdisciplinarity (theology, history, anthropology and archaeology) to reconstruct the original magical context in Galatian’s community, understand the tensions among them and realize that there are many implications in this community link with the environment of magic. The magical element observed is the belief and practice of the evil eye (baskaíno) that, because of some historical processes, such as the European Enlightenment, was obscured in modern Bible translations and exegetical commentaries. Unveiling, therefore, this filter in built by modernity, is to resize the fragile boundaries between magic (primitive) and religion (civilized), according to the racionalist reading of the nineteenth century onwards.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar a monarcomaquia como um instituto jurídico criado no processo verbal de expulsão dos jesuítas em Portugal e França e diferenciá-la da lesa-majestade. Como metodologia utilizase o casuísmo e a contextualização pela metodologia da história dos conceitos através do método indutivo a partir da análise do processo verbal que ocorreu nestes países pois a monarcomaquia não havia sido utilizada antes como fonte do direito. Como resultado podemos caracteriza-la e diferenciá-la do lesamajestade. Concluímos a presente tese no sentido de que a monarcomaquia é criada como um instituto jurídico do absolutismo francês e do despotismo português por conta dos fatos envolvendo a Companhia de Jesus, no contexto de século XVIII, apresentando como sanção a expulsão e a tomada do patrimônio, diferenciando-se do lesa-majestade. / The objective of the present work is to present monarcomaquia as a legal institute created in the verbal process of expulsion of the Jesuits in Portugal and France and to differentiate it from the lese-majesty. As methodology is used casuism and the contextualization by the methodology of the history of the concepts through the inductive method from the analysis of the verbal process that occurred in these countries because monarcomaquia had not been used as a source of law. As a result, we can characterize it and differentiate it from lese-majesty. We conclude this thesis in the sense that monarcomaquia is created as a legal institute of French absolutism and Portuguese despotism on account of the facts involving the Society of Jesus, in the context of the eighteenth century, presenting as a sanction the expulsion and the taking of the patrimony, differentiating itself from lese-majesty.