Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between workplace violence and sleep disturbances in the Swedish working population, and to estimate potential dose-response relationships. Methods: Data were derived from two waves (2014 and 2016) of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (n=9364). Sleep disturbances were measured with four items of the Karolinska Sleep Questionnaire and one question asked whether the participants were exposed to violence or threats of at the workplace in the past six months. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Exposure to workplace violence was associated with higher odds of concurrent sleep disturbances (cross-sectional approach). Workplace violence was also associated with higher odds of subsequent sleep disturbances, but only when covariates were not adjusted for (prospective approach). Sleep disturbances were associated with higher odds of subsequent workplace violence (reverse approach). A dose-response relationship was found in the cross-sectional approach but not in the prospective and reverse approach. Conclusion: The findings suggested that there was a cross-sectional association between workplace violence and sleep disturbances, and that sleep disturbances were prospectively associated with exposure to workplace violence, but the results did not support a statistically significant prospective association between workplace violence and sleep disturbances.

Nous explorons le lien entre partage d'information (PI) et gestion collective de ressources naturelles (GRN). Pour déterminer ce lien, nous nous sommes interessé aux ostréiculteurs, acteurs sensibles à la qualité de l'eau et touchés par un virulent virus. Ces acteurs ont développé et utilisent divers artéfacts de PI. Ces artifacts sont destinés à faire face à des menaces potentielles. L'identification de ce point fondamental a mené à développer le concept de menaces. Elles sont définies par le modèle <A,C,I,D,E> (Acteurs, Caractéristiques, Infrastructure, Décisions, Environnement). Elles sont organisées le long de deux axes: l'internalité et l'exclusivité. Formuler la situation des ostréiculteurs en utilisant ce concept permet une caractérisation des enjeux pour les artéfacts de PI pour la lutte contre les menaces. Nous avons utilisé le cadre ENCORE pour une analyse qualitative et la SMA pour une quantitative de l’impact des artéfacts. La recherche montre qu'ils peuvent avoir des buts, media et contenus variés, améliorer la réflexivité, ou mener à peu, voire aucun changement. Ces améliorations sont liées au processus de création de l'artéfact. / I explore how information sharing (IS) and natural resources management (NRM) are linked.To determine this link, I focused on oyster farmers, actors sensitive to water quality and impacted by a virulent virus. Those actors implemented and use diverse IS artifacts. Those artifacts are meant to face potential threats. Realizing this focal point led to develop the threat concept. They are defined by the <A,C,I,D,E> (Actors, Characteristics, Infrastructure, Decisions, Environnement) model. They are organized along two axes: internality and excludability. Framing oyster farmers’ situation with this concept allow a characterization of stakes for IS artifacts to tackle threats.I used the ENCORE framework for qualitative assessment of IS artifacts impacts and a MAS for a quantitative one. The research shows that they have various goals, media and contents; can increase reflexivity or have little to no impact. Those changes are linked to artifact creation process.

This diploma thesis focuses on comparison of ANO 2011 and Fidesz based on their origin, development, organizational structure, program and ideology, and role of the party leader. Beside the introduction of various organizational party types and concept of "genetical code" by Angelo Panebianco, the parties are examined also by concept of populism defined on the basis of the book by Cas Mudde and C.R. Kaltwasser. Based on two case studies of ANO 2011 and Fidesz the goal of this paper was to find out similar and different features and explore their impact on democratic system. As long as these two parties have different organizational structure, one of the important features is dominant role of their founder not only in the foundation of the party but also in the following development towards centralized organization and personalization. The other common feature is populism which appears to be an important variable affecting the party's influence on the democratic system. However, the character of populism is different in these cases. Particular political system and electoral system also play important role in the potential decline of democracy.

I denna essä som vi tillsammans har skrivit har vi först och främst utgått från kränkningar och hot i förskolan, kränkningar och hot som kommer från vårdnadshavare. Även hur vi i förskolan arbetar med likabehandling, och vad det kan få för konsekvenser av att utsätta någon för kränkningar och hot, genom exempelvis de lagar vi har att förhålla oss till i den svenska förskolan. Vi har varsin egenupplevd händelse som vi gestaltat och återberättat i text, där den första texten som är skriven av Tonnie Nilsson handlar om hur han blir utsatt för anklagelser som kunde ha varit förödande för honom, vilket är pedofili. Ett svårt och tufft ämne att skriva om, men som har resulterat i en större fördjupning av hur en kan gå tillväga. Den andra berättelsen, som Jenny Pierson har skrivit, handlar om hur vårdnadshavare, utan att blinka, trycker ner andra sexuella läggningar som de anser inte är naturligt, men även kränker pedagogen ifråga kring dennes sätt att undervisa i förskolan. Olika teoretiska begrepp har tagits upp som exempelvis närhetsetik, fenomenologi samt relations begreppet som kantas av anknytningsteorin. Genom dessa olika begrepp så har vi kunnat delvis förankra det viktiga arbetet vi gör i förskolan till det som skedde i våra egenupplevda berättelser, vilket är kränkningar och hot i förskolan. Vi har i de olika avsnitten lagt till hur vi genom föräldraperspektiv kan vrida och vända på situationen så att läsaren kan se den självkritiska delen av vårt reflekterande. Tanken är då att läsaren ska kunna sätta sig in i vårdnadshavarnas situation, utan att de blir dömda utifrån ett rätt eller ett fel. Alla människor kan begå misstag, vi kan missuppfatta eller missuppfattas. Det är en aspekt som är viktig att bära med sig. Det finns trots allt två sidor av myntet.Till sist vill vi tacka våra fantastiska familjer, men även nära vänner och bekanta för all stöttning och peppning under tiden vi har skrivit vår undersökning och uppsats. Utan er hade det inte gått och vi är mycket tacksamma för allt ni gjort. Vi tackar även varandra, för alla skratt, en del tårar och för den vänskap som ännu starkare växt fram under tiden vi har skrivit. / In this essay that we have written together, our starting point is from violations and threats occurring in preschool, mainly violations and threats that come from guardians. Also how we in the preschool environment work with equality treatment and the consequences of exposing someone to violations and threats in relation to the laws and regulations that we have to relate to in the Swedish preschool. We each have our own experiences in the events that we have portrayed and retold in text. The first text written by Tonnie Nilsson is about how he is exposed to accusations that could have been devastating for him, which is pedophilia. A difficult and tough topic to write about, but which has resulted in a greater in-depth study of how to proceed. The second story, which Jenny Pierson has written, is about how guardians, without blinking suppress other sexual orientations that they consider not natural, but also offend the educator in question about her way of teaching in preschool.Various theoretical concepts have been raised, such as proximity ethics, phenomenology and the concept of relations, which is bordered by the connection theory. Through these different concepts we have been able to partially anchor the important work we do in preschool to what happened in our own perceived stories, which are violations and threats in preschool.In the various sections, we have added how we can turn the situation around from a parent's perspective so that the reader can see the self-critical part of our reflection. The idea is then that the reader should be able to understand the guardians' situation, without them being judged on the basis of right or wrong. All people can make a mistake, we can misunderstand or be misunderstood. This is an aspect that is important to carry with you. After all, there are two sides to the coin.Finally, we would like to thank our fantastic families, but also close friends and acquaintances for all the support and encouragement during the time we have written our survey and essay. Without you it would not be able to do this and we are very grateful for everything you have done. We also thank each other, for all the laughter, some tears and for the friendship that has grown even stronger during the time we have written and done the study

Molntjänster har funnits sedan en lång tid tillbaka. Med åren har allt fler börjat använda dessa tjänster, vilket har gjort att det är ett högaktuellt ämne. Cirka 75 procent av företag använder sig av molntjänster och det ses som nödvändigt för digitaliseringen i svensk offentlig sektor. Trots det råder en debatt om komplexiteten vid användandet av molntjänster för myndigheter. Denna forskningsstudie kommer studera organisationers tankar kring molntjänster och dess prioritering för molntjänsternas olika risker, för att kunna skapa en förståelse kring varför organisationer tar de beslut de tar. Hur kan det komma sig att företag och myndigheter ser olika på användningen av molntjänster? För att ta reda på detta har en litteraturstudie genomförts för att inhämta tidigare forskning kring området, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer med företag och myndigheter för att få en fördjupad förståelse kring dess användning av molntjänster. Undersökningen visar på att det skiljer sig mellan företag och myndigheter när det kommer till anskaffningen av molntjänster. För myndigheter finns det regler och riktlinjer för hur de ska gå till väga. För företag saknas det riktlinjer, de har dock egna individuella beslutsprocesser. Företagen har enbart dataskyddsförordningen att ta hänsyn till samtidigt som myndigheter även har flertalet andra lagstiftningar att följa. Det skilde sig även åt mellan företag och myndigheter gällande de problem och hot som de ser, samtliga myndigheter ser fler hot än vad företagen gör. En likhetsom resultatet visar är att organisationerna hade liknande policys, där man inte får använda otillåtna molntjänster. Myndigheter hade även åtgärder i avsikt att förhindra skugg-IT, detta genom att fånga upp de anställdas behov och på så sätt hindra dem från att nyttja otillåtna tjänster. / Cloud computing has been around for a long time. Over the years, more people have started using these services, which has made it highly topical. 75 percent of companies use cloud services and it is seen as necessary for digitalisation in the Swedish public sector. Nevertheless, there is a debate about the complexity of using cloud services for authorities. This scientific research report will analyze organizations thoughts on cloud computing and identify the different risks of cloud computing, in order to create an understanding of what organizations base their decisionson. How come that companies and authorities have different views on the use ofcloud computing? To find out this, a literature study has been conducted to gather previous research on the area, as well as semi-structured interviews with companies and authorities to gain an in-depth understanding of the organizations use of cloud computing. The results and the conclusions of this study show that there are differences between companies and authorities when it comes to the acquisition of cloud computing. For authorities, there are rules and guidelines for how to proceed. There is a lack of guidelines for companies, they have their own individual processes. Companies only have the GDPR to take into account, while authorities have the majority of other legislation to follow. There was a difference between companies and the authorities problems and threats that they see. All authorities see more threats than companies do. A similarity in the result is that organizations had similar policies, where they are not allowed to use unauthorized clouds. Authorities also had measures in place to counteract shadow IT, this by raising the needs of the employees and thus preventing them from using unauthorized clouds.

Hot och våld mot socialarbetare har i Sverige mellan åren 2018 och 2020 ökat från en tredjedel utsatta till hälften. Under 2021 rapporterades nästan häften av yrkesverksamma inom socialt arbete under senaste året ha utsatts för någon form av hot eller våld. Tre av tio känner sig missnöjda med stödet från arbetsgivare efter en hot- eller våldsincident. Syftet för denna uppsats blev att undersöka upplevelser hos socialarbetare av hot och våld från klienter. Frågeställningarna var: Hur ser socialarbetares erfarenhet ut av hot och våld från klienter? och Hur upplever socialarbetare att deras arbetsplatser arbetar med frågan om hot och våld från klienter? En kvalitativ metod användes och fem semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfördes, vilka analyserades med hjälp av dataanalys. Tematiseringen blev våldets former och förekomst, orsaker, påverkan och hantering av våldet. Resultatet analyserades och diskuterades utifrån tidigare forskning samt sociala konstruktioner och organisationsteori. Resultatet visar en upplevelse av hotfulla incidenter på arbetsplatsen. Våldet upplevs orsakas av olika uppfattningar hos klienter och socialtjänst, brist på anmälande av incidenter, samt samhällsförändringar. Våldet påverkar det sociala arbetet i form av att det bidrar till stress och att arbetets kvalitet kan försämras. Ett missnöje finns gällande arbetsplatsernas förebyggande arbete mot hot och våld från klienter. / In Sweden threats and violence against social workers have increased between 2018 and 2020 from one third of social workers being exposed to the half. In 2021 almost half of the social workers were reported to have been exposed to threat or violence. Three of ten feel dissatisfied with the support from employers after an incident. The purpose of this thesis was to investigate experiences among social workers of being exposed to threats and violence from clients. The questions of the study were: What experience do social workers have of being exposed to threats and violence from clients? and How do social workers perceive their workplaces management with client violence? A qualitative method was used and five semi-structured interviews were conducted, which were analyzed by using data analysis. The result was divided in following themes: Type of violence and occurrence, causes, impact and handling. The results were analyzed and discussed based on previous research together with social constructions and organizational theory. The results show an experience of threatening incidents in the workplace. The violence can be caused by clients having another perception than the social services, lack of reporting incidents, and changes in society. Client violence causes stress among social workers and in their working environment, and can lead to poorer quality of the work done by the social worker. There is dissatisfaction with the workplace’s preventive work against threats and violence from clients.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten experience threats and hate and if these things vary depending on if the affected journalist is a woman or a man. This study also aims to examine how these threats and the hate affect the opinion-forming journalists in both an emotional and a professional way. To strengthen the analysis this study is based on four theoretical frameworks. Strömbäcks theories support analyzes about self-censorship and the opinion-forming journalists' importance for democracy. Butler's theories about hate-speech describe how hate-speech can be expressed and affect the receiver. Lazarus and Folkman contribute with a psychological perspective with coping strategies, how they cope with the threats and hate. The theories from Hanitzsch presents various perspectives about the journalistic cultures and supports analysis connected to the journalistic role. The method used to gather the material was qualitative interviews with six opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten. For the analysis meaning condensation was used. The result presents a total of ten themes, sorted in three chapters based on the issues. The result and analysis indicates that threats and hate is common for opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten to be exposed by. At the same time, a majority of the participating opinion-forming journalists state that they feel spared. Furthermore, it is very common for the opinion-forming journalist who receives threats or hate to be affected emotionally, mainly with negative emotions such as fear, sadness and discomfort. The biggest professional effect that threats and hate can lead to is self-censorship. Finally, this study can show that there are differences in threats and hate between female and male opinion-forming journalists in Västerbotten. The biggest difference is that women receive more threats and hatred based on sexism and containing sexual allusions.

Threats and violence at work are an increasingly widespread work environmentproblem in Sweden. This affects many professions but especially police officersand other emergency professions. This problem risks causing stress that negativelyaffects the police officers' health. The aim of the present study is to increaseunderstanding of police officers' experiences of stress and what measures arestress- reducing in a professional group exposed to recurring threats and violenceat work. A qualitative study was conducted of eight semi-structured interviewswith police officers in Stockholm. The analysis was performed with an interpretivephenomenological analysis (IPA) originating in health psychology. The IPAmethod has a structured way of thematizing responses out of many humanexperiences. The analysis confirms that all respondents were exposed to threatsand violence at work. They experience useful positive stress, as well as acuterecurring and chronic stress at work but they also express a lack of time andprioritization of mental training and reflection for stress management. The policedealt with stress primarily through conversational support with their colleagues,visualization and target image training and taking time for workout and recovery athome and to some extent their own reflection. From the organization, they mostlyreceived support with crisis management teams after emergency events. / Hot och våld på arbetet är ett alltmer utbrett arbetsmiljöproblem i Sverige. Dettaproblem påverkar många yrkesgrupper men särskilt poliser och andra blåljusyrken.Detta riskerar att orsaka stress som påverkar polisernas hälsa negativt. Syftet meddenna studie är att öka förståelsen om polisers upplevelser av stress och vilkaåtgärder som är stressreducerande i en yrkesgrupp utsatta för återkommande hotoch våld i arbetet. Denna kvalitativa studie genomfördes med sammanlagt åttasemistrukturerade intervjuer med poliser i Stockholm. Analysen genomfördes meden interpretativ fenomenologisk analys (IPA) med ursprung i hälsopsykologin.IPA-metoden har ett strukturerat sätt att tematisera svar ur en stor mängdmänskliga upplevelser. Resultatet bekräftar att alla respondenter utsatts för hot ochvåld i arbetet. Respondenterna upplever användbar positiv stress, såväl somåterkommande akut och kronisk stress i arbetet. Dessutom uttryckerrespondenterna brist på tid och prioritering av mental fortbildning och reflektionför stresshantering. Poliserna hanterade stressen framförallt genom samtalsstödmed sina kollegor, visualisering och målbildsträning och genom att ta tid förträning och återhämtning hemma samt i viss mån egen reflektion. Frånorganisation får respondenterna framför allt stöd med att användakrishanteringsteam efter akuta händelser.

This master's thesis deals with the response of the Federal Republic of Germany to the Russian hybrid threat, which is examined using a case study of the so-called "Lisa case" from January 2016. The thesis aims to place the "Lisa case" in the context of German-Russian relations and hybrid threats in the security reality of the 21st century. Germany and Russia have long had a special relationship, which, however, fell into crisis after the Russian annexation of the Crimean Peninsula. The main goal of Russia's efforts to influence social and political development in Europe has become Germany, which must deal with new methods and strategies of hybrid warfare. The advent of hybrid threats is a challenge not only for Germany but also for its allies. Russia's view of hybrid threats proves that the term has different meanings for different actors. One of the manifestations of the Russian hybrid threat is the case of a thirteen-year-old girl of German-Russian origin Lisa F. who was missing in Berlin for several hours and allegedly raped by migrants. Although the German police promptly refuted the case, the Russian media misused the event to fuel an atmosphere of fear and uncertainty, especially among a significant minority of Russian Germans. The incident spread to the intergovernmental level when Russian...

This diploma thesis deals with conflict prevention in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Its aim was to compare its relevance and results in the both countries. In doing so, the first theoretical section outlined the way of assessing conflict potential, which conditions and justifies applying preventative measures. This was examined in terms of Copenhagen school and its broaden meaning of security, whereas the paper focused on the political, economic and societal dimension. Then the notion of conflict prevention was framed within terminological and historical context and considered in terms of its trends and current challenges. At the end of the theoretical section, the concepts if security dimensions and conflict prevention were discussed in terms of their applicability for the case studies of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Afterwards, the empirical section researched the conflict potential and preventive actions of international organisations, states and non-state actors in the both countries. Analytical part evaluated the empirical data in order to assess conflict prevention in the both states. In doing so, I used SWOT analysis, which defined strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of conflict prevention in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. The results can be summarised as follows: The character...