Every third social worker is exposed to client violence and threats. The recent protest against the LVU-legislation has contributed to a debate that has increased the vulnerability of social workers. The aim of this qualitative study is to examine the effects that threats and violence has on social work. The research questions of this study concern the professional role and discretion of social workers, the strategies for managing violence, and attitudes toward safety procedures. A semi-structured interview approach is utilized, involving six social workers from three municipalities. The findings of this study suggest that threats and violence have an impact on the work of social workers and can have consequences for both investigations and decisions. Social workers utilize various strategies to manage obvious violence and threats, whereas unspoken threats are difficult to define and handle. The trust and knowledge of safety procedures varies, while the support of colleagues is crucial. Based on this, the role of mentalization in the normalization process is discussed, and how threats and violence are expected to be accepted as a part of the job. The impact on discretion is discussed in terms of authority and how it influences clients, as well as discussions regarding the consequences of excessive safety procedures. / Var tredje socialsekreterare utsätts för hot och våld på sin arbetsplats.Socialsekreterare som arbetar med utredning för barn och unga löper risk attbli utsatta. Den senaste tidens debatt kring LVU-lagstiftningen kan ha ökatsocialsekreterarnas utsatthet. I denna kvalitativa intervjustudie är syftet attundersöka vilken effekt hot och våld kan få för socialsekreterares arbete,som innefattar utredning för barn och unga. Frågeställningarna somundersöks berör yrkesroll och handlingsutrymme, strategier för att hanteravåldet samt förhållningssätt till säkerhetsrutiner på arbetsplatsen. I dettaarbete genomförs en semistrukturerad intervjustudie som omfattar sexsocialsekreterare från tre olika kommuner. Det som framkommer iintervjustudien är att hot och våld kan påverka socialsekreterarnas arbete,vilket skulle kunna få konsekvenser för både utredningar och beslut.Socialsekreterare har många strategier för att hantera våld och konkreta hot,medan förtäckta och outtalade hot är svårt att definiera och hantera. Tilltrontill och kunskapen om säkerhetsrutiner varierar, medan det kollegiala stödetlyfts fram som den viktigaste trygghetsaspekten. Utifrån detta diskuteras hurmentalisering bidrar till en normaliseringsprocess, där hot och våldaccepteras som en del av yrket. Påverkan på handlingsutrymmet diskuterasutifrån makt och påverkan på utredningsarbetet, medan diskussioner förskring konsekvenser av bristfälliga säkerhetsrutiner.

Denna rapport redogör för en undersökning inom säkerhetsaspekter i byggnader, medhuvudsaklig inriktning på säkerhet mot antagonistiska hot, då det är ett mindre utforskat ochdokumenterat ämne jämfört med exempelvis brandsäkerhet. Undersökningen redogör även förhur dessa säkerhetsaspekter påverkar eller påverkas av en byggnads huvudsakliga funktion ochverksamhet, beroende på om planerat byggprojekt gäller nybyggnation eller ROT-arbeten.Syftet med denna undersökning var att få en överblick över hur projektörer från relevantakonsultdiscipliner samt förvaltare av befintliga byggnader tänker och planerar kring säkerhet.Detta för att sedan sammanställa och analysera denna samlade erfarenhetsåterkoppling, i syfteatt skapa rekommendationer inför framtida byggprojekt om hur utformningen avsäkerhetsaspekter kan genomföras. Dessa rekommendationer skapas dels genom en samladerfarenhet från säkerhetsarbeten i tidigare projekt, dels genom önskemål om hursäkerhetsplaneringen kan förbättras till framtiden.Arbetet har genomförts med olika metoder; dels via intervjuer med relevanta projektörer,konsulter och förvaltare som har arbetat med säkerhetsarbetet i olika former. Vidare harstudiebesök genomförts till tre byggnader med varierande verksamheter baserade på enöppenhet till allmänheten, vilket medför att säkerhetsaspekter mot antagonistiska hot är avbetydelse.Arbetet resulterade i en upplysning av de problem kring säkerhetsprojektering som projektöreroch konsulter stöter på, exempelvis att planeringen kring säkerhet sker i ett för sent skede iprojekteringen. Detta medför att problem som missförstånd av kraven, felkalkyleringar samturval av material och produkter måste korrigeras, som i sin tur bidrar till större kostnad ochtidsförlust. Ett problem som även uppstår är att projektörer ofta saknar kompetensen ellerkunskapen om säkerhetsplanering mot antagonistiska hot, mestadels på grund av att denminimala kravställningen inte tydligt framgår i lagstiftning och föreskrifter, men framgår avstandarder och normer som få i branschen känner till. Dessa minimala krav påbyggs, omskrivsoch anpassas även av olika kravställare som försäkringsbolag, vilket bidrar till ytterligareförvirring om vilka krav som gäller. Rekommendationer om hur man kan förhindra ochförebygga uppkomsten av problem som dessa samt ytterligare problem framgår i ensammanställd checklista bland rapportens resultat, som kan vara till hjälp för både beställareoch konsulter i framtida projekt. / This thesis reports a study in safety aspects in buildings, with a focuson safety against antagonistic threats, as it is a less researched and documented topic compared to, for example, fire safety. The study also investigates how these safety aspects affect or are affected by a given building's main function and activities, depending on whether a planned construction project concerns new construction or renovation, reconstruction,and extension work. The purpose of this study was to get an overview of howdesigners from relevant consulting disciplines and managers of existing buildings think and plan about safety, to then compile and analyze this overall experience feedback, in order to create recommendations for future construction projects on how the design of safety aspects in eachconstruction project can be carried out. These recommendations are created partly through a collective experience from safety work in previous projects, and partly through wishes about how safety planning can be improved for the future.The work was carried out with different methods; partly with severalinterviews with relevant designers, consultants and managers who have worked with security work in various forms, partly on study visits to three buildings with varying activities based on openness to the public, which means that security aspects against antagonistic threats are important.The work resulted in an enlightenment of the problems regarding safety design that planners and consultants encounter, for example that the planning regarding safety takes place at a late stage in the design, which means that problems such as misunderstandings of requirements, miscalculations and selection of materials and products must be corrected. which contributes to greater cost and time loss. A problem that also arises is that designers often lack the competence or knowledge of safety planning against antagonistic threats, mostly because the minimum requirements are not clearly stated in legislation and regulations butappear in standards and norms that few know of in the industry. These minimum requirements are also supplemented, rewritten and adapted by various claimants such as insurance companies, which leads to further confusion about which requirements apply. Recommendations on how toprevent the occurrence of problems such as these and further problems appear in a compiled checklist amongthe report's results, which can be helpful for both clients and consultants in future projects.

Global experiences show that predicting instances of violence in the school environment is impossible. Hence, it is crucial that personnel and management maintain mental and organizational readiness encompassing a range of proactive measures to face and handle such instances. Contemporary research in this field serves to identify key factors in how effective crisis and security management can be used as a safeguarding tool for our schools. This essay serves to scrutinize and understand management efforts in implementing successful strategies, using two primary schools in southern Sweden. To conduct the inquiry, I have utilized semi-structured interviews with principals supplemented by relevant literature, implementation theories and Wilhelm Agrell’s model. I conclude that both schools embody aspects from complex and varied incidents with a base core model that provides structure. In large, I find that successful efforts, in part, can be attributed to regular rehearsals, exercises and discussions which form a core readiness. This essay intends to serve as an effective guidance tool for principles and school authorities, along with other relevant stakeholders involved in school crisis security management.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices have increased rapidly in recent years, revolutionizing many industries, including healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation, and bringing benefits to both individuals and industries. However, this increase in IoT device usage has exposed IoT ecosystems to numerous security threats and digital forensic challenges. This thesis investigates the most common IoT security threats and attacks, students’ awareness of them and their mitigation strategies, and the key challenges associated with IoT forensic investigations. A mixed-method approach is adopted in this thesis combining a literature review and a survey study. The survey assesses students’ knowledge of IoT security threats, mitigation techniques, and perceptions of the most effective ways to enhance IoT security. The survey also emphasizes the importance of user training and awareness in mitigating IoT threats, highlighting the most effective strategies, such as stronger regulations and improved device security by manufacturers. The literature review provides a comprehensive overview of the most common IoT security threats and attacks, such as malware, malicious code injection, replay attacks, Man in the Middle (MITM), botnets, and Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS). The mitigation techniques to these threats are overviewed as well as real-world incidents and crimes, such as the Mirai botnet, St. Jude Medical implant cardiac devices hack, and the Verkada hack, are examined to understand the consequences of these attacks. Moreover, this work also highlights the definition and the process of digital and IoT forensics, the importance of IoT forensics, and different data sources in IoT ecosystems. The key challenges associated with IoT forensics and how they impact the effectiveness of digital investigations in the IoT ecosystem are examined in detail. Overall, the results of this work contribute to ongoing research to improve IoT device security, highlight the importance of increased awareness and user training, and address the challenges associated with IoT forensic investigations.

The internet has become an essential part of most people's daily lives in recent years, and as more devices connect to the internet, the risk of cyber threats increases dramatically. As malware becomes more sophisticated, traditional security prevention measures are becoming less effective at defending from cyber attacks. As a result, Signature Based Detection and Anomaly Detection are two of many advanced techniques that have become crucial to defend against cyber threats such as malware, but even these are sometimes not enough to stop modern cyberattacks. In this literature review the goal is to discuss how trustworthy each of the mentioned malware detection techniques are at detecting malware in wireless networks. The study will measure trustworthiness by looking further into scalability, adaptability and robustness and resource consumption. This study concludes that both anomaly and signature-based malware detection methods exhibit strengths and weaknesses in scalability, robustness, adaptability, and resource consumption. Furthermore, more research is needed and as malware becomes more sophisticated and an increased threat to the world it is an area that is highly relevant.

Hot och våld på akutmottagning har visat sig vara ett växande problem världen över. Akutsjuksköterskor arbetar i en arbetsmiljö som inte bedöms vara acceptabel. Syftet var att utforska tillgänglig litteratur gällande hur akutsjuksköterskans vårdarbete påverkas av hot och våld på akutmottagning. Metoden valdes för att besvara studiens syfte var, en systematisk och integrativ litteraturstudie. Datainsamlingen bestod av 17 vetenskapliga artiklar, 11 av dessa var kvalitativa och sex var kvantitativa. Det insamlade materialet kategoriseras enligt två kategorier och sex subkategorier. Kategorierna som valdes var ett vårdmöte som inverkar på hälsa och faktorer som påverkar akutsjuksköterskans vårdarbete. Valda subkategorier var identifiera riskfaktorer vid patientnära arbete, identifiera anledningar till våldsbejakande beteende, utsättas för otillfredsställande bemötande, identifiera stöd från ledning, bristfällig kunskap och utbildning och påverkas av otillräcklig vårdmiljö. Resultatet visade att akutsjuksköterskor drabbas av hot och våld dagligen och samtliga anser att deras hälsa påverkas negativt. Det framkom att få drabbade anmäler händelsen till sjukhusledningen. Samtliga menade att utbildning saknades och efter insatt utbildning upplevdes en förbättring i akutsjuksköterskors konflikthantering vilket ökade välbefinnandet och självförtroendet. Författarna har förhoppningar att den här systematiska och integrativa litteraturstudien används på akutmottagningar i undervisande syfte för att förbättra akutsjuksköterskors arbetsmiljö, mående samt patientens vårdmiljö. Att anmäla hot och våld, förbättrad kommunikation och utbildning i konflikthantering minskar risken för att akutsjuksköterskor utsätts i lika hög utsträckning. / Threats and violence in emergency rooms have proven to be a growing problem world-wide. Emergency nurses work in a work environment that is not considered acceptable. The purpose was to explore available literature regarding how the emergency nurse's care work is affected by threats and violence in the emergency department. The method chosen to answer the study's purpose was a systematic and integrative literature study. The data collection consisted of 17 scientific articles, 11 of which were qualitative and six were quantitative. The collected material is categorized according to two categories and six sub-categories. Categories that were chosen were a care meeting that affects health and factors that affect the emergency nurse's care work. Selected subcategories were identifying risk factors in work close to patients, identifying reasons for violent behavior, being ex-posed to unsatisfactory treatment, identifying support from management, lack of knowledge and education and being affected by an inadequate care environment. The results showed that emergency nurses are affected by threats and violence on a daily basis, all of whom believe that their health is negatively affected. It emerged that few victims reported the incident to the hospital management. All felt that there was a lack of training and after training, there was an improvement in the emergency management of emergency nurses, which increased well-being and self-confidence. The authors hope that this systematic and integrative literature study will be used in emergency rooms for teaching purposes to improve the emergency nurses' work environment, mood and patient care environment. Reporting threats and violence, improved communication and training in conflict management reduces the risk of emergency nurses being exposed to the same extent.

Klimatet är i en ständig förändring och den globala uppvärmningen är bland det störstamiljöhoten i världen. Människans utsläpp av växthusgaser är den främsta orsaken till denklimatförändring vi ser idag. En betydande del av samhällets miljöpåverkan kommer frånbygg- och fastighetssektorn. Byggmaterial står idag för betydande utsläpp. Gipsskivoranvänds flitigt inom byggprojekt. I denna studie undersöks och jämförs olika skivmaterial som används som ytskikt tillinnerväggar i småhus. Studien går in på funktionskrav och miljöaspekter med fokus påkoldioxidutsläpp. Syftet med studien har varit att ta reda på om det finns något rimligtersättande skivmaterial för gips i innerväggar i småhus. Med hjälp av en kvantitativ studie harflera olika skivmaterial analyserats och jämförts, först för att se om de har en godkändbrandklass för småhus och därefter har skivmaterialen jämförts med hänsyn påkoldioxidutsläppet. Skivans pris, vikt, återbruk och återvinning har tagits i beaktande menfokuset har varit på koldioxidutsläppet. Resultatet av arbetet visade en bred spridning av mängden koldioxidutsläpp mellan dematerial som undersöktes. För att besvara frågeställningen analyserades även vikt och pris pådiverse produkter som även de visade på en bred spridning. Slutsatsen i detta arbete blev attde träbaserade skivmaterialen var rimliga ersättare till gipsskivor i torrum ur en miljömässigsynvinkel med koldioxidutsläppet i fokus. / The climate is constantly changing and global warming is among the largest environmentalthreats in the world. Human emission of greenhouse gases is the main cause of climatechange we see today. A significant part of society's environmental impact comes from theconstruction and real estate sector. Building materials today stand for significant emissions.In this study different sheet materials used as surface layers in single family houses areexamined and compared. The study addresses functional requirements and environmentalaspects with the focus on carbon dioxide emissions.The purpose of this study is to find out if there are any reasonable replacement sheetmaterials for plaster in interior walls of single family houses. Via a quantitative study severaldifferent sheet materials have been analyzed and compared, first to see if they have anapproved fire class for single family houses and thereafter the sheet materials have beencompared regarding carbon dioxide emissions. Price, weight and recycling have been takeninto account but the focus has been carbon dioxide emissions.The result of this report showed a wide spread of the amount of carbon dioxide emissionsbetween the different materials that has been analyzed. To answer the issue, price and weightwere also analyzed, which also showed a wide spread. The conclusion of this report was thatthe wood based sheet materials were a reasonable replacement for plasterboards indoors froman environmental point of view with carbon dioxide emissions as the focus.

The aim of this study was to understand how violence and threats of violence are constructed in social work, more specific among financial aid. We also want to investigate whether threats and violence are normalized in meetings with clients. We have three framing questions which we wish to be able to answer with the help of answers from interviews. The first question is how do social workers view threats and violence in the workplace in financial aid. The second question is when are threats and violence presented according to social workers as a problem and the last question is, is it possible to trace a normalization of violence and threats in the interview. The method for this study is qualitative interviews and we interviewed seven participants working in financial aid. The empirical material was analyzed using previous research and the concept “normalization”. The results of the study showed that the first framing question is answered by the interviews defining threats and violence as mental and physical violence and that it is present at work. The second framing question is answered by the interviews stating that threats and violence become a problem if they feel scared or anxious after they have been exposed to threats and violence. The third framing question is answered by the interview's reasoning that there is a normalization of threats and violence at work and it is based on the fact that social workers have begun to tolerate more and more threats and violence and have begun to accept that threats and violence against social workers. It would have been interesting to investigate further about normalization around threats and violence in the workplace, as in our opinion there is not much research on the subject.

IT systems that contain large volumes of information are today extremely valuable to organizations. As the IT systems grow bigger, more challenges are emerging, vulnerability increases and control decreases. Organizations are using IT security to protect their IT systems from different threats and the human factor can be seen as one of the biggest risks towards IT security. Therefore it is not optimal to only focus on the technical solutions and measures, the focus should also be on the employees IT security knowledge and IT security awareness. To increase the knowledge of IT security and to make the employees more IT security aware requires continuous work and IT security education is often mentioned as a factor to increase IT security- knowledge and awareness. Despite this, challenges are mentioned in previous research, which means that even if an employee participates in an IT security education, the organizations can not take for granted that their employees have gained IT security knowledge or know how to act more security aware. IT security education, IT security knowledge and IT security is mentioned as three factors that can affect IT security. Three research questions were intended to be answered within this research with the purpose to investigate if these factors increase each other. Three hypotheses were also forming the basis for answering the research questions. With a quantitative method and questionnaire this research reached out to 158 employees at different Swedish branches within machine manufacturing, advertising, municipal work and sales industry. Results showed that one of the three hypotheses was accepted and the other two hypotheses were not accepted. This result also gave answers to the research questions regarding that IT security education does not increase IT security knowledge, IT security knowledge does not increase IT security awareness but IT security education increases IT security awareness.

In this dissertation, we address the problem of vagueness in traditional legal contracts by presenting novel methodologies that aid in the paradigm shift from traditional legal contracts to smart contracts. We discuss key enabling technologies that assist in converting the traditional natural language legal contract, which is full of vague words, phrases, and sentences to the blockchain-based precise smart contract, including metrics evaluation during our conversion experiment. To address the challenge of this contract-transformation process, we propose four novel proof-of-concept approaches that take vagueness and different possible interpretations into significant consideration, where we experiment with popular vendors' existing vague legal contracts. We show through experiments that our proposed methodologies are able to study the degree of vagueness in every interpretation and demonstrate which vendor's translated-smart contract can be more accurate, optimized, and have a lesser degree of vagueness. We also incorporated the method of fuzzy logic inside the blockchain-based smart contract, to successfully model the semantics of linguistic expressions. Our experiments and results show that the smart contract with the higher degrees of truth can be very complex technically but more accurate at the same time. By using fuzzy logic inside a smart contract, it becomes easier to solve the problem of contractual ambiguities as well as expedite the process of claiming compensation when implemented in a blockchain-based smart contract.