The master's thesis deals with the project documentation of the kindergarten in Třinec Lyžice. The structure is designed as a detached building with two floors. The ground plan is in the shape of the letter „T”. The kindergarten has two compartments, each of them is intended for 20 children, There is also multifunctional room, two rooms for leisure time activities, a kitchen and technical facilities in the building. The vertical support structures are designed from sand-lime bricks with wooden particeboards on fragment of facade. A part of the building is topped by a flat roof, and the ohter part with a pitched tieded roof

The subject of master’s thesis is a structural analysis of a bearing structure of an existing historical single-track railway bridge over the Vltava river in a direction from Prague Modřany to Vrané nad Vltavou. The riveted steel bridge carries rail traffic across five fields. A part of the master’s thesis is focused on a disposal of a variant of the longest field by using a modern arch construction.

Orientador: Helmo Kelis Morales Paredes / Resumo: Esta dissertação de mestrado propõe o desenvolvimento e a implementação de uma estratégia de compensação para conversores eletrônicos de potência (CEP) multifuncionais conectados à rede elétrica. A geração dos sinais de referência de corrente para o conversor multifuncional é obtida através das grandezas conservativas da CPT, do inglês Conservative Power Theory. O CEP proposto neste trabalho desempenha o papel de um conversor interface de rede no modo conectado, tendo como finalidade a mitigação de oscilações de potência instantânea bem como injeção de potência ativa na rede elétrica, caracterizando assim o seu aspecto multifuncional. São realizados estudos teóricos e simulações computacionais com o intuito de validar a estratégia proposta. Para tanto, foram identificadas as parcelas indesejadas de corrente que permitam a compensação das componentes oscilatórias da potência instantânea e da energia reativa instantânea da CPT. O CEP é controlado em modo corrente, através da estratégia de modulação PWM com duas malhas de controle. A estratégia de compensação e o sistema de controle serão avaliados e testados via simulação para diferentes configurações de cargas, incluindo uma carga não-linear desbalanceada operando em condições onde as distorções e desequilíbrios de tensão sejam consideráveis. Por fim, resultados experimentais obtidos com um protótipo em escala laboratorial são utilizados para validar a estratégia de compensação proposta / Abstract: This master’s thesis proposes the development and implementation of a compensation strategy for the three-phase multifunctional grid-tied inverter. The reference signal generation method for grid-tied is based on the Conservative Power Theory (CPT). In this work, the multifunctional inverter plays the role of the Utility Interface (UI) which perform several functions: in grid-connected operation, it injects active power into the grid and compensates the instantaneous power oscillation and the instantaneous reactive energy oscillation. The goal is to execute theoretical studies and computational simulations to validate the proposed strategy. For this purpose, firstly are identifies the unwanted currents which allow the compensation of the oscillatory terms of instantaneous power and reactive energy. The inverter is controlled in current mode through PWM modulation strategy with two control loops. In addition, the proposed compensation strategy and control system is evaluated and tested for different load configurations, such as linear and nonlinear loads (balanced and unbalanced) operating under different voltage conditions (distorted and unbalanced). Finally, experimental results are presented to validate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed compensation strategy. / Mestre

With the change that is taking place in the automotive industry, where production goes from producing internal combustion motor vehicles (ICE) to battery electric vehicles (BEV), this will lead to an increase in transportation of batteries. Batteries are components that are heavy, expensive, and classified as dangerous goods, which means higher demands on transport. The European commission has set a goal of being the first climate-neutral continent by 2050. This places high demands on transport and therefore it is of interest to investigate the most suitable modes of transport. The study aims to investigate whether transport by train or truck is best suited when battery cells for electric cars are to be transported. The factors that were examined are how the transports affect the environment through the amount of carbon dioxide emissions, the degree of filling that the transports achieve, its impact on tied-up capital and which alternative is best suited for the transport of heavy and dangerous goods. A delimitation was made to only study Volvo Car's emerging transport flow of battery cells somewhere in Central Europe to Sweden. The methods used in this report were semi-structured interview as well as document analysis and literature review. Interviews were conducted with Volvo Cars and with Green Cargo. Document analyses have been made of material produced by Volvo Cars. The results of this study showed that trains were best suited from an environmental perspective and in terms of the degree of filling, while the truck was best in terms of delivery precision. Concerning tied-up capital, benefits were seen for both modes of transport depending on the train's number of departures per week and how the train flow was planned. Regarding the aspect that batteries are classified as dangerous goods, no obstacles were seen regardless of the choice of transport method. This thesis intends to provide companies with information that can be of interest when choosing mode of transport. It will be applicable to stakeholders that transport heavy goods and that are in a state where they want to review their transport alternatives. / Med förändringen som sker inom fordonsindustrin, där produktionen går från att tillverka bilar med förbränningsmotorer till att producera bilar som drivs med hjälp av batterier så kommer detta att leda till en ökad transport av battericeller. Batterier är komponenter som är tunga, dyra och som klassificeras som farligt gods, vilket innebär höga krav på transporterna. Europakommissionen har satt som mål att Europa år 2050 ska vara den första klimatneutrala kontinenten. Detta ställer höga krav på transporter och därför är det av intresse att undersöka det bäst lämpade transportalternativet. Studien syftar till att undersöka om transport med tåg eller lastbil är bäst lämpat när battericeller till elbilar skall transporteras. De faktorer som undersökts är hur transporterna påverkar miljön genom mängden utsläpp av koldioxid, den fyllnadsgrad som uppnås under transporterna, dess påverkan på kapitalbindningen och vilket alternativ som var bäst lämpat för transport av tungt och farligt gods. En avgränsning gjordes till att endast studera Volvo Cars kommande transportflöde av battericeller mellan Tyskland och Sverige. Metoderna som användes i denna rapport var semistrukturerad intervju, dokumentanalys samt litteraturgranskning. Intervjuer har genomförts med Volvo Cars och med Green Cargo. Dokumentanalyser har gjorts av material som producerats av Volvo Cars. Resultaten av denna studie visade att tåg lämpade sig bäst ur ett miljöperspektiv och när det gäller fyllnadsgrad i lastbäraren, medan lastbil var bäst vad gäller leveransprecision. När kapitalbindning undersöktes sågs fördelar för båda transportslagen beroende på tågets antal avgångar per vecka och hur tågflödet planerades. Gällande aspekten att batterier klassas som farligt gods sågs inga hinder oavsett val av transportsätt. Detta examensarbete ämnar ge företag information som kan vara av intresse vid val av transportsätt. Rapporten kommer att vara tillämpbar för intressenter som transporterar tungt gods och som befinner sig i ett läge där de vill se över sina transportalternativ.

Purpose – Globalization affects all producing companies with increased complexity in production, stock management and never ending customer demands. The customers of today have a greater range of suppliers than before with even more products to choose from which puts the customer in a strong position. One of many important subjects that companies need to work with to keep their competitiveness strong against each other is to work with continuous improvements in production- and inventory management. This study therefore reviews tied up capital in stock and suggest adequate procedures, which could be applied to decrease the tied up capital.   Method –In order to fulfil the purpose a case study is conducted. Two central research questions are chosen for the study to investigate in a case company. The data collected contains of secondary data, observations and interviews. To accomplish the purpose a theoretical framework has been put together.   Findings – Reducing variations in production and re-designing of the daily production plan is presented as the two procedures with the purpose to achieve a decrease in tied up capital for stock kept units. The study describes these two procedures in general in order to make the solution applicable into various manufacturing company. Further the study claims that gaining flow efficiency should be prioritized instead of resource efficiency, which could be accomplished by the two procedures.    Implications – The study contributes to verifying production theories, foremost about variations in production, Lean manufacturing and the technique of Lead-time mapping.   Limitations – In order to apply the procedures with precision and efficiency some further data and extended studies needs to be performed. This study is performed in a generalizing point of view, which may influence the results.  The study does not capture every aspect of affecting circumstances that might be needed for a successful implementation of suggested procedures.   Keywords – Tied up capital, Lead-time, Lean, Lead-time mapping, Variations, Flow efficiency, Postponement, Just-in-Time, Make-to-stock and Make-to-order. / Syfte – Globaliseringen har gjort att kunden har ett högre utbud att välja mellan och kan därmed ställa högre krav på tillverkande verksamheter. För att fortsatt vara konkurrenskraftig måste verksamheter ständigt utveckla den interna produktion- och materialstyrningen. Studiens ämnar därmed undersöka orsaken till uppkomsten av bundet kapital i lager samt finna potentiella åtgärder som kan vidtas inom verksamheten för att på ett hållbart sätt minska bundet kapital i lager.   Metod – För att uppfylla studiens syfte tillämpas fallstudie. Studien utgår från två frågeställningar som besvaras med hjälp av data från ett fallföretag. Data som samlas är hämtad från sekundärdata, observationer och intervjuer. Därtill har ett teoretiskt ramverk upprättats vilken studien utgår ifrån.   Resultat – Minska variationer samt utförande av en mer detaljerad planering presenteras som studiens två åtgärdsförslag för att minska bundet kapital i lager. Studien beskriver övergripande potentiella tillvägagångssätt för att åstadkomma förslagen. Studien konstaterar att flödeseffektivitet med fördel bör prioriteras framför resurseffektiviteten i verksamheten, vilket uppfylls med hjälp av åtgärdsförslagen.   Implikationer – Studien bidrar inte till nya teorier men verifierar befintliga teorier främst kring variationer i tillverkning, Lean och ledtidskartläggning.   Begränsningar – För att åtgärdsförslagen i studiens resultat ska kunna tillämpas krävs ytterligare data och fördjupade studier för att garantera att samtliga aspekter ska fångas in samt att orsak och påverkan av åtgärderna ska kunna kartläggas. Studien bygger på generaliserande antaganden vilket ger ett generaliserat resultat.   Nyckelord – Lean, Ledtid, Ledtidskartläggning, Variationer, Flödeseffektivitet, Senareläggning, Just-in-Time, Make-to-order och Bundet kapital.

In vehicle industry, it has been trends towards focusing on pull-basedsystems and elimination of waste (Lean), which decrease the tied-up capitallevel in the focal factory. Research by Holweg & Miemczyk (2002)showed that the relevant supply chain has low inventory level in the focalfactory, but at upstream and especially downstream; the tied-up capitallevel is dramatically higher in comparison to the focal factory.By conducting research and extensive literature reviews, this volatilityof tied-up capital level has been studied and analysed with regard topush and pull systems. As the three main causes of this unevenness; bullwhipeffect, CODP position in supply chain and intensity level of supplierrelationship have been identified and explained.As a practical solution for decreasing the tied-up capital level of finishedvehicles, implementation of centralised warehouse structure hasbeen suggested and discussed.Moreover, as an application of game theory in logistics, iterated prisoners’dilemma has been discussed as the base for a progressive relationshipwith suppliers (upgrading to win-win game) which is requisite for the successof pull-based supply chains. / Program: BSc in Industrial Engineering - International Business Engineering

The use of insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT)-based power converters is increasing exponentially. This is due to high performance of these devices in terms of efficiency and switching speed. However, due to the switching action, high frequency electromagnetic interference (EMI) noises are generated. Design of a power converter with reduced EMI noise level is one of the primary objectives of this research. The first part of the work focuses on designing common-mode (CM) filters, which can be integrated with differential-mode (DM) filters for three-phase pulse-width modulation (PWM) rectifier-based motor drives. This work explores the filter design based on the CM equivalent circuit of the drive system. Guidelines are provided for selection of the filter components. Different variants of the filter topology are evaluated to establish the effectiveness of the proposed topology. Analytical results based on Bode plot of the transfer functions are presented, which suggest effective EMI reduction. Experimental results based on EMI measurement on the grid side and CM current measurement on the motor side are presented. These results validate the effectiveness of the filter. In the second part of the work, it is shown that inclusion of CM filters into DM filters results in resonance oscillations in the CM circuit. An active damping strategy is proposed to damp the oscillations in both line-to-line and line-to-ground ac voltages and currents. An approach based on pole placement by state feedback is used to actively damp both the DM and CM filter oscillations. Analytical expressions for state-feedback controller gains are derived for both continuous-and discrete-time models of the filter. Trade-off in selection of the active damping gain on the lower-order grid current harmonics is analysed using a weighted admittance function method. In the third part of the work, single-phase grid-connected power converters are considered. An integrated CM filter with DM LCL filter is proposed. The work explores the suitability of PWM methods for single-phase and parallel single-phase grid-connected power converters. It is found that bipolar PWM and unipolar PWM with 180◦interleaving angle are suitable for single-phase and parallel single-phase power converters, respectively. The proposed configuration along with the PWM methods reduces the CM voltage, CM current, and EMI noise level effectively. It is also shown that the suggested circuit is insensitive to nonidealities of the power converter such as dead-time mismatch, mismatch in converter-side inductors, unequal turn on and turn off of the switches, and propagation delays. In the fourth part of the work, the inter-phase inductor in parallel interleaved power converters is integrated with LCL filter boost inductor. Different variant designs are presented and compared with the proposed structure. It is shown that the proposed structure makes use of standard core geometries and consumes lesser core material as well as copper wire. Hence, it reduces the overall size and cost of the power converter. In the present work, a 10kVA three-phase back-to-back connected with input LCL filter and output dv/dt filter, a 5kVA single-phase grid-connected power converter with LCL filter, and a 7.5kVA parallel single-phase grid-connected power converter with LCL filter are fabricated in the laboratory to evaluate and validate the proposed methods. The experimental results validate the proposed methods that result in significant EMI performance improvement of grid-connected power converters.

La marée interne générée sur une topographie est un élément clé des transferts énergétiques des échelles de forçage de l'océan vers les échelles de mélange turbulent. Elle contribuerait à près de la moitié du mélange turbulent nécessaire au maintien de la stratification océanique. Une compréhension plus approfondie des processus mis en jeu est nécessaire pour décrire plus précisément son rôle dans le maintien de la circulation océanique. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans la continuité des travaux d'Y. Dossmann (2012) portant sur les ondes internes solitaires générées au dessus d'une dorsale océanique. Ces travaux reposent sur une utilisation complémentaire d'expériences physiques menées dans le grand canal du CNRM-GAME et d'expériences numériques à l'échelle du laboratoire effectuées avec le modèle d'océanographie côtière SNH. L'utilisation simultanée de ces deux outils a notamment permis d'évaluer la validité des hypothèses sous-jacentes de ce modèle et le développement de nouveaux schémas numériques. Dans cette thèse, des simulations numériques utilisant la version non-hydrostatique et non-Boussinesq du modèle SNH sont utilisées pour décrire les différents régimes d'ondes internes dans des régions " supercritiques ". Le terme supercritique désigne à la fois des courants de marée intenses dont la vitesse U est supérieure à la vitesse de propagation des ondes internes cn, et des topographies très abruptes dont l'angle de la pente est supérieur à l'angle du rayon d'onde interne dans la pycnocline . De telles conditions environnementales correspondent à des régions de mélange intense, jusqu'à 10 000 fois supérieur au mélange turbulent observé dans l'océan ouvert. Les processus physiques ayant lieu dans ces régions restent encore mal compris et mal représentés par les paramétrisations d'ondes internes existantes. De plus, ces régions sont également des zones propices à la génération d'ondes internes non-linéaires pouvant se propager pendant plusieurs jours et entraînant ainsi des transferts d'énergie significatifs loin de leur zone de génération. La description des processus turbulents en jeu dans ces régions " extrêmes " constitue le cœur de ma thèse. Dans une première partie, des configurations académiques à l'échelle du laboratoire sont mises en place pour étudier les processus en jeu dans différents régimes " supercritiques " de génération d'onde internes. Des simulations numériques directes sont réalisées et permettent d'identifier un nombre limité de paramètres physiques adimensionnés contrôlant la dynamique des ondes internes dans ces régions. Une attention particulière est portée sur le rôle joué par la topographie sur la génération des modes verticaux d'ondes internes et sur la formation de modes " hauts " d'ondes internes solitaires. Le second objectif de cette thèse est de faire le lien entre les précédentes études académiques à l'échelle du laboratoire et l'échelle océanique. Pour cela, un principe de similitude permettant de conserver la dynamique des ondes internes tout en modifiant l'échelle de l'écoulement est mise en place. Par le biais de ce principe de similitude, nous partons de cas idéalisés à l'échelle du laboratoire, que nous transposons à l'échelle océanique, pour nous rapprocher de cas océaniques plus réalistes et de plus en plus complexes. Puis notre étude de régime est étendue à deux régions océaniques " supercritiques " bien connues : le détroit de Gibraltar et le plateau situé à l'entrée du golfe du Maine (nommé " Georges Bank " en anglais). L'applicabilité de nos paramètres clés est étudiée dans le cas de ces deux environnements complexes par le biais de simulations haute résolution de grande échelle (LES). / Internal tides are involved in the Meridional Overturning Circulation energy balance. The issue about the relative importance of the mechanical and thermodynamical energy sources induces a need for a quantitative evaluation of the energy transfers and for a clear understanding of the physical processes involved in these energy transfers. In supercritical regions such as the strait of Gibraltar or the Hawaiian Ridge, large topography variations and strong currents lead to more complex generation mechanisms of internal waves and environmental interactions. They can be subject locally to spectacular breaking, with turbulent structures observed hundreds of meters above the seafloor, and driving turbulence orders of magnitude higher than open-ocean levels. These regions are also effective at generating nonlinear internal waves (ISWs) which persist for days after their generation and are suspected to be responsible for important remote energy transfers. In these "extreme" regions, ISWs dynamics is also more difficult to model. These situations are highly non-hydrostatic and non-linear with strong instabilities, strong velocity and density gradients and steep slopes. Moreover, in these regions, actual internal wave's parameterizations are often inadequate. So there is a real need to understand and represent better the ISWs dynamic in these areas. This thesis follows the line of research of Dossmann (2012), on topographically induced internal solitary waves which used a complementary approach relying on numerical and experimental configurations at laboratory scale. In this context, we continue to explore internal tide regimes but in "supercritical" regions: internal tide generation area with supercritical topography and hydraulic control. Simulations are performed using the nonhydrostatic and non-Boussinesq version of the regional oceanic circulation model SNH. In a first part, taking an idealized modeling approach at laboratory scale, we examined a range of different internal waves regimes in "supercritical" regions. Relying on quasi-direct numerical simulations (quasi-DNS), a regime analysis has been proposed using and identifying key non-dimensional parameters for ISWs dynamics. This analysis has permitted to recover a topographic control on vertical mode generation characterized by the ratio of vertical mode wavelength to topography width, even above supercritical topography. The topographic selection criterion has proven to be a useful indicator of high mode solitary wave formation in non-linear regime. The purpose of the second part is to extend the previous studies at laboratory scales towards more realistic oceanic conditions. In this regard, the regime analysis is applied to a idealized large scale oceanic strait through a similitude principle. The idealized strait configuration succeeds in representing laboratory scale strait regime at largest and realistic scales. Then our analysis is applied to two well-known realistic cases: the Strait of Gibraltar and Georges Bank through large eddy simulations. These two oceanographic "supercritical" regions are particularly interesting for their specific topography and stratification conditions.

Diploma´s thesis is about timber structure of footbridge for pedestrians and cyclists over the Slatina river in the city of Zvolen as cast of alternatives. In the first alternative is footbridge designed as a simple arched beam, made of glued laminated timber. Footbridge is also designed with semi through bridge deck, made of structural timber. The second alternative is designed as a tied arch structure. At this alternative is the bridge deck left unchanged(material, sizes of members). Both alternatives are attested by currents standarts.

Denna studies syfte är att leverera ett förslag på hur ett tillverkande företag i Sverige kan öka sin kapacitet, sitt genomflöde och flexibilitet i en manuell produktionslina. Produktionsgolvet är trångt för de anställda på grund av stora lagernivåer intill produktionslinan. Det finns fem arbetsstationer, tre flaskhalsar i produktionen och antalet PIA (Produkter I Arbete) är högt. Studien genomför mätningar för att kartlägga nuläget, hur den aktuella layouten och prestandan ser ut. För att mäta nuläget samlar studien in data genom observationer, en processpromenad, informella intervjuer och genomför egna mätningar. Datainsamlingen analyseras med hjälp av teorier och metoder från Lean, TOC (Theory of Constrains), linjebalansering och produktionsledning. Studien använder sig av 5s som angreppssätt för att systematiskt uppnå genomgående renhet av arbetsplatsen och en standardisering av påfyllnads- och prognostiseringsprocessen. Studien finner att för att öka produktionslinans kapacitet kan bemanningen på produktionslinan ökas, med detta som utgångspungspunkt föreslås en ny layout som tillåter två extra anställda att arbeta på produktionslinan. Detta uppnås genom att dela upp nuvarande delmoment i produktionslinan och skapa två extra stationer. Detta ändrar antalet arbetsstationer från fem till sju och tillåter två extra anställda att arbeta i produktionslinan. Detta eliminerar också två mindre flaskhalsar i produktions flödet. Vidare innefattar förslaget en ny rutin för påfyllnad- och prognostiseringsprocessen som bestämmer hur många artiklar som ska lagerföras vid produktionslinan. Till sist föreslås att den nu enda flaskhalsen ska styra takten, vilket gör processen till ett dragande system styrt av efterfråga istället för ett styrt av generell tillgång. Detta innefattar också att produktionslinan ska börja tillverka ett säkerhetslager med färdiga produkter, detta säkerhetslager ska bytas ut kontinuerligt för att hindra produkterna passerar utgångsdatum. Resterande majoritet av produktionen ska endast ske mot kundorder istället för mot ett lager. För att implementera förslaget bör organisationen utbilda sig och dess anställda i teorierna studien använder sig av. Både ledning och anställda i produktionslinan måste förstå teorierna och varför de används för att implementeringen ska lyckas. / The purpose of this study is to deliver a proposition on how a Swedish manufacturing company can improve its’ capacity, flow and flexibility in a manual production line. The production floor is crowded as a result of large quantities of articles adjacent to the production line. The production line has five workstations, three bottlenecks and has a high number of WIP (Work-In-Progress). The study collects data to assess the situation, the production lines performance and how the current layout is planned. To measure the current situation the study collects data through observations, a process tour, informal interviews and conducts its own measurements. The collected data is analysed using theories and methods from lean, TOC (Theory of Constrains), line balancing and production management. The study is approaching the problems using 5s to systematically achieve pervading cleanness in the workplace and a standardisation of the refilling- and prognostication process. The study finds that to increase the capacity of the production line, the staffing can be increased. Using this as a standing point, the study proposes a new production layout that allows two extra employees to work on the production line. This is achieved by creating two additional workstations in the production line. Changing the number of stations from five to seven and allowing two extra employees to work in the production line. This layout change also eliminates two smaller bottlenecks in the production flow. Furthermore, the propositions suggest a new routine for the refilling- and prognostication process that determines how many articles to store within the production floor. Lastly the proposition suggests that the now single bottleneck in the production flow decides the production rate. Making the production line a pulling system set by the demand of the bottleneck, rather than a system set by general assets. This also includes that the production line is going to start producing safety stock of completed products, this safety stock will continuously be replaced to prevent the products from passing expiration date. The remaining majority of the production should only be done by customer order, rather than producing to store complete products. In order to implement the proposition, the organization need to educate itself and its employees, both management and workers need to understand the concepts the proposition uses and why the concepts are used in order for the implementation to be successful. / <p>Sekretess</p>