Munhälsan är en viktig del av allmänhälsan som kan påverka livskvaliteten. Plack har betydelse för munhälsan och kan vara en bidragande faktor till utveckling av parodontala sjukdomar och karies. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att jämföra den plackavlägsnande effekten med användning av manuell och elektrisk tandborste. Studien utfördes som en allmän litteraturstudie och materialet samlades in genom sökning av vetenskapliga artiklar i databasen Pub Med. Sökorden var ”dental plaque”, ”plaque”, ”dental biofilm”, ”electric toothbrush”, ”power toothbrush” och ”manual toothbrush”. Resultatet baserades på en sammanställning av 15 vetenskapliga artiklar. Elektrisk och manuell tandborstes plackavlägsnande effekt jämfördes mellan olika grupper som patienter med fast ortodontisk apparatur, patienter med parodontit och gingivit, tandläkarstudenter, barn, unga och vuxna individer. Resultaten visade att elektrisk tandborste hade bättre plackavlägsnande effekt än manuell tandborste inom alla grupper. Slutsatsen är att elektrisk tandborste har bättre plackavlägsnande effekt än manuell tandborste, vilket även stödjer studiens hypotes. / Oral health is an important part of overall health and may affect the quality of life. Plaque has an effect on oral health and may be a contributing factor to the development of periodontal diseases and caries. The purpose of this study was to compare the plaque removal efficacy with the use of manual and electric toothbrush. The study was conducted as a review and the material was collected by search of scientific articles in the database Pub Med. Keywords was "dental plaque", "plaque", "dental biofilm", "electric toothbrush", "power toothbrush" and "manual toothbrush". The result was based on 15 scientific articles. Plaque removal efficacy of electric and manual toothbrush was compared in different groups such as patients with fixed orthodontic appliances, patients with periodontitis and gingivitis, dental students, children, youth and adults. The results showed that the electric toothbrush had better plaque removal efficacy than manual toothbrush in all groups. The conclusion is that the electric toothbrush has better plaque removal efficiency than a manual toothbrush, which also supports the study's hypothesis.

Os objetivos foram avaliar a presença de Candida spp. em escovas dentais; a eficácia do Periogard® e do Neem Sattiva®, em spray, na desinfecção destas escovas; a atividade antimicrobiana, in vitro, do Neem Sattiva®, do Periogard® e da solução de gluconato de clorexidina a 0,5% por meio da Diluição Inibitória Máxima (DIMax); e a capacidade de Candida spp. formar biofilme, in vitro, sobre as cerdas e hastilhas de escovas dentais (empregando a técnica de cultura microbiana e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura). Participaram do estudo clínico randomizado 61 estudantes de Odontologia da FORP USP. O estudo foi realizado em três etapas. Em cada etapa, os voluntários receberam escovas novas e realizaram a escovação dentária sem dentifrício, por dois minutos. Cada solução foi borrifada sobre as cerdas das escovas por seis vezes. Após quatro horas à temperatura ambiente, as escovas foram submetidas ao processamento microbiológico para o isolamento e identificação das espécies de Candida. A DIMax dos antissépticos foi realizada utilizando o método da diluição em ágar. As escovas dentais de 37,3% dos indivíduos estavam contaminadas por Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis e Candida sp.). O Periogard® e o Neem Sattiva®, em spray, inibiram o crescimento de Candida spp. em 40,9 e 9,1% das escovas, respectivamente. Portanto, o spray de Periogard® foi mais eficaz que o spray de Neem Sattiva® para esse propósito. As DIMaxs do Neem Sattiva®, do Periogard® e da solução de clorexidina a 0,5% frente a 63 cepas de Candida spp. foram 1/10, 1/20 e 1/40, respectivamente. Candida spp. foram capazes de formar biofilme, in vitro, sobre hastilhas (polietileno de baixa densidade) de escovas dentais. O mesmo não ocorreu nas cerdas de náilon. / The purposes were to evaluate the presence of Candida spp. on toothbrushes; the efficacy of Periogard® and Neem Sattiva®, in spray, in the disinfection of these toothbrushes; the in vitro antimicrobial activity of Neem Sattiva®, Periogard® and solution containing 0.5% chlorhexidine gluconate by the Maximum Inhibitory Dilution (MID); and the ability of Candida spp. to form biofilm in vitro on the bristles and small sticks of toothbrushes (using the microbial culture technique and scanning electron microscopy). In the randomized clinical study participated 61 students matriculated at the Dentistry course of the FORP USP. The study was performed into three phases. In each phase, volunteers received new toothbrushes and performed toothbrushing with no dentifrice, during two minutes. Each solution was sprayed six times on the toothbrush bristles. After four hours at room temperature, toothbrushes were submitted to microbiological processing for the isolation and identification of Candida species. MID of antiseptics was performed using the agar dilution method. Toothbrushes used by 37.3% of subjects were contaminated by Candida spp. (C. albicans, C. parapsilosis and Candida sp.). Periogard® and Neem Sattiva®, in spray, inhibited growth of Candida spp. in 40.9 and 9.1% of toothbrushes, respectively. Therefore, Periogard® spray was more efficacious than Neem Sattiva® spray for this purpose. MID of Neem Sattiva®, Periogard® and solution containing 0.5% chlorhexidine against 63 Candida spp. strains were 1/10, 1/20 and 1/40, respectively. Candida spp. were able to form biofilm in vitro on the toothbrush small sticks (low-density polyethylene). This did not occur on the nylon bristles.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Background: Toothpaste abrasivity is considered the major contributor in toothbrushing abrasive wear, while toothbrush stiffness can be considered a secondary factor that may modify the abrasivity of toothpaste. Objectives: To investigate the longitudinal enamel and dentin surface loss caused by the interaction between the abrasives in toothpaste and toothbrush filament stiffness. Study Hypothesis: The amount of enamel and dentin loss depends on the abrasivity of the toothpaste and the filament stiffness of toothbrush. Materials and Methods: The following experimental factors were considered: abrasive suspension, at two levels (L-low: Z113 and H-high: Z103); and toothbrushes at three levels determined by bristle stiffness (soft, medium, and hard) generating 6 testing groups (n = 8). Slabs of bovine enamel and dentin were cut, embedded in acrylic resin, and polished. UPVC tapes were placed on the surface of the specimens, leaving an area of 1 × 4 mm exposed in the center of the each enamel slab. Specimens (n = 8) were subjected to 5 d of erosion/abrasion cycling: erosion (5min, 4×/d, 0.3% citric acid, pH 3.75), abrasion (15 s, 2×/d, 45 strokes each, 150-g load, automated brushing machine), fluoride treatment (15 s with abrasion and 45 s without abrasion; 275 ppm F as NaF in abrasive slurry) with exposure to artificial saliva between erosion and abrasion (1h) and all other times (overnight). Surface loss (SL, in micrometers) was determined by optical profilometry, after the third and fifth days of cycling. Data were analyzed using three-way ANOVA (alpha = 0.05). For enamel, only cycling time was found to affect surface loss with 5 d > 3 d. Overall, there was little SL (mean range: 0.76 µm to 1.85 µm). For dentin (mean SL range: 1.87 µm to 5.91 µm), significantly higher SL was found for 5 d vs. 3 d, with particularly large differences for hard toothbrush high abrasive, and medium toothbrush/low abrasive. Hard toothbrush resulted in significantly higher SL than medium toothbrush for high abrasive after 5 d, with no other significant stiffness differences. High abrasive had significantly higher SL than low abrasive overall with strong effects for all combinations, except medium stiffness after 5 d. In conclusion, the interplay between abrasivity and filament stiffness appears to be more relevant for dentin than enamel.

Diploma work with the theme Knowledge of selected respondents about oral health consists of a theoretical and a practical part and it deals with level of awareness about oral health by dental hygiene pacients. The main aim of this work is to provide a summary of information about oral health, free from myths and marketing manipulative techniques through a leaflet which is the product of this work. While creating the educational leaflet the author reflects results of a questionnaire survey which is a research tool of the practical part of the diploma thesis. Based on the answers given in the individual questionnaires, the information brochure is primarily directed to refute the most common misconceptions or beliefs of respondents, and at the same time, it was useful for obtaining information about correct oral care in both dental surgeries and e.g. at schools during lessos of health education. The theoretical part of the diploma work is devoted to basic anatomical and histological description of oral cavity, oral health in general, distinction of the terms gingiva, dental plaque or dental calculus. The hinge part is the chapter devoted to dental hygiene, in which the author deals with both profession of a dental hygienist and means of oral cavity care in the setting of the dental hygiene surgery and...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-07-06Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:45:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 costa_mr_dr_arafo.pdf: 1446612 bytes, checksum: 025bbf3e00577588cbd095875d456697 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de uma escova ultrassônica, comparada a uma elétrica e a uma manual, sobre os parâmetros clínicos periodontais e microbiológicos de adolescentes sob terapia ortodôntica com aparelhos fixos. Paralelamente, foi avaliada a diminuição da força adesiva de braquetes ortodônticos, fixados a dentes humanos extraídos, após o uso de uma escova dentária ultrassônica comparada a uma escova elétrica. Material e Método: Para o experimento in vivo, 21 indivíduos (15,2l1,7) que utilizavam aparelhos fixos há mais de um ano foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a seqüência de uso das escovas (crossover). Os pacientes usaram cada escova por um período de 30 dias, com intervalos de 15 dias entre as mesmas (washout). Amostras de saliva e placa bacteriana foram coletadas para realização de cultura microbiológica de Streptococcus grupo mutans e técnica de Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization, respectivamente. No experimento in vitro, braquetes ortodônticos foram colados a superfície mais plana de quarenta e cinco dentes humanos extraídos. Posteriormente, os corpos de prova foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a escova a ser utilizada. Após o procedimento de escovação, a resistência adesiva foi avaliada em uma maquina de ensaios mecânicos. Resultado: Uma diferença significante no índice de placa (p<0,05) foi observada após o uso de escova ultrassônica nas superfícies vestibulares (10,32% pré e 3,96% pós-escovação). Da mesma forma, após o uso das escovas ultrassônicas e elétricas, as contagens de Streptococcus grupo mutans diminuíram significativamente (técnica de cultura microbiana - p<0,05). A técnica Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization apontou uma redução nos níveis de T. forsythia após o uso da escova elétrica e das espécies S. noxia, S. sanguinis... / This study compared the efficacy of an ultrasonic toothbrush for the reduction of plaque, gingival inflammation, and levels of bacteria in relation to an electric and a manual toothbrush. In addition, it was evaluated the effect of brushing with both an ultrasonic and electric toothbrush on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to extracted human teeth. Material and method: Twenty-one patients (mean 15.2l1.7 years) with orthodontic appliances were randomly divided into three groups according to the sequence of brush usage (crossover study). The subjects used each assigned brush for a period of 30 days, followed by an interval of 15 days (washout) during which they returned to their regular toothbrushes and dental floss used in accordance with the monthly instructions of the orthodontist given prior to the study. During each visit, participants received a periodontal evaluation and samples of saliva and subgingival plaque were collected for microbiological tests (Streptococcus mutans culture and DNA-DNA Checkerboard Hybridization). For in vitro evaluation, individual orthodontic brackets were bonded to the smoothest surface of forty-five teeth. The test specimens were randomly distributed into three groups according to the toothbrush to be used. After completing the brushing stage, the test specimens were taken to the mechanical assay machine for a shearing test. Results: The ultrasonic brush group presented significant improvement in the reduction of visible plaque on the buccal surfaces (10.32% against 3.96%). The counts of S. mutans decreased in the electric and ultrasonic groups (culture test - p<0.05). The DNA-DNA Checkerboard hybridization technique showed that the counts of T. forsythia decreased significantly after a month of electric brush usage. Furthermore, in the manual group, S. noxia, S. sanguinis and P. melaninogenica counts also decreased... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Gingival abrasions resulting from brushing are reversible epithelial lesions, presenting a superficial or exposed tissue. These lesions have been considered subrogated outcome of gingival recession, although the mechanisms by which gingival abrasion result in apical migration of the junctional epithelium, bone loss, gum recession and consequently, have not yet been known. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the type of filament of soft bristle brushes (round and tapered), and the presence dentifrice. Gingival abrasion is the primary endpoint and secondary is the ability to remove plaque. The experimental design was crossed. Thirty-nine patients with gingival health abstained from oral hygiene for 72 hours. The following contralateral quadrants were randomized to be brushed with a toothbrush rounded or tapered filaments, each quadrant for 30 seconds, totaling to two minutes. In the first period was used fluoridated toothpaste, brushing the second period was performed with water only. "Washout" of a week between the periods will be held. Evaluation of Stained Plaque and gingival abrasion were performed before and after brushing. The results of this study demonstrated that both bristle brushes soft, rounded or conical, were effective in removing plaque (p <0.05), and promoted significantly more gingival abrasion injuries comparing the baseline period and after brushing (p <0.05), but no statistically significant difference between the brushes evaluated. The use of the dentifrice contributed to greater removal of plaque (p> 0.05) and increased number of injuries abrasion gum (p <0.05), most of the sites evaluated. The rounded brush filament showed higher levels of gingival abrasion injury, but was more effective at removing plaque stained. Both brushes used in the study were effective and safe. / Abrasões gengivais decorrentes de escovação são lesões epiteliais reversíveis, apresentando-se de forma superficial ou com exposição do tecido conjuntivo. Essas lesões têm sido consideradas desfecho sub-rogado de recessão gengival, embora os mecanismos pelos quais a abrasão gengival resultaria em migração apical do epitélio juncional, perda óssea, e consequente recessão gengival, não tenham sido ainda entendidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do tipo de acabamento das cerdas de escovas macias (arredondado e cônico), e da presença dentifrício tendo como desfecho primário a abrasão gengival e secundário a remoção de placa. O desenho experimental utilizado foi cruzado, randomizado e cego. Trinta e nove pacientes com saúde gengival absteram-se de higiene bucal por 72 horas. A seguir, tiveram os quadrantes contralaterais randomizados para serem escovados com uma escova de filamentos arredondados e cônicos, durante 30 segundos cada quadrante, totalizando-se dois minutos. No primeiro período foi utilizado dentifrício fluoretado, no segundo período a escovação foi realizada apenas com água. Washout de uma semana entre os períodos foi realizado. Avaliações de Placa Corada e Abrasão Gengival foram realizadas pré e pós escovação. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que o tipo de acabamento de cerdas de escovas macias, arredondadas ou cônicas, não influenciou na remoção de placa e abrasão gengival (p>0,05). O uso do dentifrício contribuiu para maior remoção de placa (p>0,05) e maior número de lesões de abrasão gengival (p<0,05), na maioria dos sítios avaliados. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstraram que ambas as cerdas de escovas macias, arredondadas ou cônicas, foram eficazes na remoção de placa (p<0,05), e promoveram significativamente mais lesões de abrasão gengival comparando-se no período baseline e pós escovação (p<0,05), porém não houve diferença estatisticamente significante entre as escovas avaliadas. O uso do dentifrício contribuiu para maior remoção de placa (p>0,05) e maior número de lesões de abrasão gengival (p<0,05), na maioria dos sítios avaliados. A escova de filamento arredondado mostrou maiores índices de lesão de abrasão gengival, porém foi mais eficaz na remoção de placa corada. Ambas as escovas utilizadas no estudo foram eficazes e seguras.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:44:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1962.pdf: 922052 bytes, checksum: 8f5bc0fd517ec09ae18b23799bc094b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-27 / Studies have shown that autistic adults and adolescents have a high incidence of cavities due to their substandard practices of oral hygiene. Disruptive behaviors like flinching or fleeing are commonly observed during toothbrushing, as well as agonistic conduct during dental treatment. Few studies have addressed the improvement of toothbrushing efficacy as a form of preventing these problems, and most of the existing works are poor in methodology. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a toothbrushing training program upon children of five to six years of age who have been medically diagnosed as autistic. The children were randomly divided into groups G1, G2 and G3. G1 had training on the use of conventional toothbrushes, with an accompanying song and physical guidance; G2 had electric toothbrush training and physical assistance; group G3 had electric toothbrush training, associated to a song and physical assistance. Video recordings of the training sessions were used to determine the brushing steps assimilated by the children, as well as their autonomy and ability to complete each of the steps along the study. Hygiene results were evaluated through a sequence of treatments and probes. The use of electric toothbrushes apparently resulted in better removal of plaque, even under adverse conditions. G3 showed better plaque indexes than the other two groups, and G2 had better results than G1, suggesting that the use of electric toothbrushes associated to a song and physical assistance can optimize oral hygiene in autistic children. Overall, five-year-olds had better results than sixyear- olds, suggesting that younger children have a lower incidence of adverse behavior (e.g. nausea or vomiting) during toothbrushing. / Estudos têm mostrado que adolescentes e adultos autistas tem péssima higiene bucal e apresentam alto índice de cáries, comportamentos de fuga e esquiva durante a escovação e problemas de comportamento durante o tratamento odontológico. Poucos estudos exploram a escovação como forma de prevenir tais problemas, e na sua maioria, eles carecem de rigor metodológico. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar um programa de treino de escovação em crianças com diagnóstico médico de autismo entre cinco e seis anos. As crianças foram divididas aleatoriamente em três grupos: G1 (treino de escovação com escova dental convencional, canção e ajuda física), G2 (treino de escovação com escova elétrica e ajuda física) e G3 (treino de escovação com escova elétrica associada a uma canção e ajuda física). Empregou-se um delineamento de múltiplos tratamentos e sondas. As sessões foram filmadas e analisadas a fim de se identificar os passos da escovação empregados pela criança, bem como verificar a independência e adequação da criança nesses passos, ao longo do estudo. Os resultados demonstraram que o uso da escova elétrica parece ter removido mais placa bacteriana do que a escova convencional, mesmo em condições adversas de escovação. O G3 apresentou melhores índices de placa bacteriana do que os outros grupos e o G2 pareceu ter melhores índices que o G1, indicando que o treino com escova elétrica, canção e ajuda física produziram melhor higiene bucal com crianças autistas. Constatou-se, também, que os participantes de cinco anos mostraram melhores resultados que os de seis anos, sugerindo que quanto mais jovens, menor a freqüência de comportamentos adversos emitidos durante a escovação (ânsia, náusea e vômitos).

Orientador: Rosemary Adriana Chiérici Marcantonio / Banca: Rodrigo Otávio Citó Cesar Rêgo / Banca: Sheila Cavalca Cortelli / Banca: Márcio Zaffalon Casati / Banca: Luis Geraldo Vaz / Resumo: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de uma escova ultrassônica, comparada a uma elétrica e a uma manual, sobre os parâmetros clínicos periodontais e microbiológicos de adolescentes sob terapia ortodôntica com aparelhos fixos. Paralelamente, foi avaliada a diminuição da força adesiva de braquetes ortodônticos, fixados a dentes humanos extraídos, após o uso de uma escova dentária ultrassônica comparada a uma escova elétrica. Material e Método: Para o experimento in vivo, 21 indivíduos (15,2l1,7) que utilizavam aparelhos fixos há mais de um ano foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a seqüência de uso das escovas (crossover). Os pacientes usaram cada escova por um período de 30 dias, com intervalos de 15 dias entre as mesmas (washout). Amostras de saliva e placa bacteriana foram coletadas para realização de cultura microbiológica de Streptococcus grupo mutans e técnica de Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization, respectivamente. No experimento in vitro, braquetes ortodônticos foram colados a superfície mais plana de quarenta e cinco dentes humanos extraídos. Posteriormente, os corpos de prova foram divididos em grupos de acordo com a escova a ser utilizada. Após o procedimento de escovação, a resistência adesiva foi avaliada em uma maquina de ensaios mecânicos. Resultado: Uma diferença significante no índice de placa (p<0,05) foi observada após o uso de escova ultrassônica nas superfícies vestibulares (10,32% pré e 3,96% pós-escovação). Da mesma forma, após o uso das escovas ultrassônicas e elétricas, as contagens de Streptococcus grupo mutans diminuíram significativamente (técnica de cultura microbiana - p<0,05). A técnica Checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization apontou uma redução nos níveis de T. forsythia após o uso da escova elétrica e das espécies S. noxia, S. sanguinis... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: This study compared the efficacy of an ultrasonic toothbrush for the reduction of plaque, gingival inflammation, and levels of bacteria in relation to an electric and a manual toothbrush. In addition, it was evaluated the effect of brushing with both an ultrasonic and electric toothbrush on the bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded to extracted human teeth. Material and method: Twenty-one patients (mean 15.2l1.7 years) with orthodontic appliances were randomly divided into three groups according to the sequence of brush usage (crossover study). The subjects used each assigned brush for a period of 30 days, followed by an interval of 15 days (washout) during which they returned to their regular toothbrushes and dental floss used in accordance with the monthly instructions of the orthodontist given prior to the study. During each visit, participants received a periodontal evaluation and samples of saliva and subgingival plaque were collected for microbiological tests (Streptococcus mutans culture and DNA-DNA Checkerboard Hybridization). For in vitro evaluation, individual orthodontic brackets were bonded to the smoothest surface of forty-five teeth. The test specimens were randomly distributed into three groups according to the toothbrush to be used. After completing the brushing stage, the test specimens were taken to the mechanical assay machine for a shearing test. Results: The ultrasonic brush group presented significant improvement in the reduction of visible plaque on the buccal surfaces (10.32% against 3.96%). The counts of S. mutans decreased in the electric and ultrasonic groups (culture test - p<0.05). The DNA-DNA Checkerboard hybridization technique showed that the counts of T. forsythia decreased significantly after a month of electric brush usage. Furthermore, in the manual group, S. noxia, S. sanguinis and P. melaninogenica counts also decreased... (Complete abstract, click electronic access below) / Doutor

Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación entre mayor uso de cepillo dental, pasta dental y frecuencia de cepillado en los niños menores de 12 años afiliados al programa Qali Warma en el Perú durante el 2018. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, retrospectivo, transversal y analítico de 17556 niños < 12 años que participaron de la Encuesta Nacional Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2018. Las variables dependientes fueron el uso de cepillo dental, pasta dental y la frecuencia de cepillado, e independiente fue la afiliación al programa Qali Warma. Se utilizó el programa STATA® v16 para el análisis descriptivo, bivariado y multivariado con pesos estadísticos. Se compararon las variables categóricas, calculando prevalencias con la prueba chi cuadrado y para las numéricas, las medias mediante la prueba T student. Para la asociación de variables, se calcularon las razones de prevalencia e intervalos de confianza al 95% utilizando modelos de regresión de Poisson. Resultados: La prevalencia de niños afiliados a Qali Warma que se cepillan dos veces o más al día fue de 82.3%. No se encontró una asociación entre el uso del cepillo dental, pasta dental ni frecuencia de cepillado con la afiliación de los niños menores de 12 años al programa Qali Warma al controlar por todas las covariables. Conclusiones: El estar afiliado al programa Qali Warma no tiene asociación sobre el uso de cepillo dental, pasta dental y el cepillado de dos veces o más al día en los niños peruanos menores de 12 años. / Objective: To evaluate the association between greater use of toothbrush, toothpaste, and frequency of brushing in children under 12 years old affiliated to the Qali Warma program in Peru during 2018. Methodology: An observational, retrospective, cross-sectional and analytical study was carried out on 17,556 children < 12 years old who participated in the 2018 National Demographic and Family Health Survey. The dependent variables were the use of toothbrush, toothpaste and brushing frequency and the independent, affiliation to the Qali Warma program. The STATA® v16 program was used to perform descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analysis with statistical weights. Categorical variables were compared, calculating prevalence with the chi square test and for numerical variables, the means were calculated using the T student test. For the association of variables, prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using Poisson regression models. Results: The prevalence of children affiliated to Qali Warma brushing 2 or more times a day was 82.3%. No association was found between the use of toothbrush, toothpaste or brushing frequency with the affiliation of children under 12 years old to the Qali Warma program when controlling for all covariates. Conclusions: Being affiliated to the Qali Warma program has no association with the use of toothbrush, toothpaste, and brushing twice or more a day in Peruvian children under 12 years old. / Tesis

<p>Barn med Down syndrom (DS) har problem med hypotonus och hyposensitivitet som begränsar rörligheten i ansiktets och munnens muskulatur, vilket därmed försvårar tal och sväljning. Målet med en intra- och extraoralsensorisk behandling är att öka medvetenheten och kontrollen av munnens muskulatur, dess rörelser, spänning och känsel.  Syfte med föreliggande studie var att undersöka effekten av en intra- och extraoralsensorisk intensivbehandling med eltandborste hos en grupp barn med DS och hypotonus. Effekten valdes att studeras utifrån områdena orofacial funktion, läppslutning, talproduktion och oralsensorik. Nio barn i åldrarna 6 till 12 år genomgick behandlingen med fyra behandlingstillfällen i veckan under fyra veckor. Före behandlingsstarten gjordes en baseline-mätning och efter utvärderades behandlingseffekten vid tre tillfällen, utspritt på tre veckor. Bedömningsmaterialet som användes bestod av NOT-S och kompletterande intervjufrågor till föräldrar, delar av STORM och SVANTE samt eftersägning.  Resultaten visar på att det sker någon form av förbättring för alla deltagare, inom minst ett område. Effekten av behandlingen varierade mellan deltagarna. Det är därför viktigt med individanpassad intervention, då samma metod inte alltid fungerar, är meningsfull och mottas lika bra hos alla patienter.</p> / <p>Children with Down syndrome (DS) have problems with hypotonia and hyposensitivity restricting movement of the face and mouth muscles, thus impeding speaking and swallowing. The goal of intra- and extraoral sensory processing is to increase awareness and control of the oral muscles, its movements, tension and oral sensation. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of an intra- and extraoral sensory intensive treatment with electric toothbrush in a group of children with DS and hypotonia. The effects were studied from the perspectives of orofacial function, lip closure, speech production and oral sensitivity. Nine children aged 6 to 12 years underwent treatment with four sessions per week for four weeks. Before starting treatment, a baseline was performed and afterwards the effects of the treatment were evaluated on three occasions over a period of three weeks. Assessment materials included NOT-S and additional interview questions for the parents, part of STORM and SVANTE, as well as repetition. The results show that there is improvement for all participants in at least one of the studied areas. The outcome of the treatment varied between the participants. Therefore it can be important with individualized intervention, as the same method does not always work or may not be appropriate and not received the same by all patients.</p>