Submitted by Ana Damasceno (ana.damasceno@unipampa.edu.br) on 2016-10-31T16:19:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Sequenciamento por Ion Torrent revela padrões de interação e distribuição de comunidades microbianas em um perfil de solo ornitogênico da Ilha Seymour, Península Antártica.pdf: 907768 bytes, checksum: 05c430f88f8f32e041e763c1d453d54a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-31T16:19:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Sequenciamento por Ion Torrent revela padrões de interação e distribuição de comunidades microbianas em um perfil de solo ornitogênico da Ilha Seymour, Península Antártica.pdf: 907768 bytes, checksum: 05c430f88f8f32e041e763c1d453d54a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Neste estudo, foram analisadas e comparadas comunidades bacterianas do solo de uma pinguineira da Ilha Seymour (Península Antártica) em termos de abundância, estrutura, diversidade e rede de interações, a fim de se identificar padrões de interação entre os vários grupos de bactérias presentes em solos ornitogênicos em diferentes profundidades (camadas). A análise das sequências revelou a presença de oito filos distribuídos em diferentes proporções entre as Camadas 1 (0-8 cm), 2 (20-25 cm) e 3 (35-40 cm). De acordo com os índices de diversidade, a Camada 3 apresentou os maiores valores de riqueza, diversidade e uniformidade quando comparado com as Camadas 1 e 2. Em termos de estrutura da comunidade microbiana, a análise UniFrac mostrou que as comunidades microbianas das três camadas foram muito diferentes umas das outras. A análise de redes revelou a existência de um padrão único de interações no qual a rede microbiana formou uma topologia de agrupamento, mas não estruturado em módulos, como de costume em comunidades biológicas. Da mesma forma, através da utilização de análise de redes, foi possível identificar táxons específicos como sendo potencialmente importantes para a estruturação e funcionamento da comunidade microbiana. Além disso, as análises de simulação indicaram que a perda de grupos importantes de microorganismos pode alterar significativamente os padrões de interação dentro da comunidade microbiana. Estes resultados fornecem novos insights sobre as interações bacterianas e ecologia microbiana desse importante, mas ameaçado ambiente. / In this study, we analyzed and compared the soil bacterial communities from a penguin rookery site at Seymour Island (Antarctic Peninsula) in terms of abundance, structure, diversity and interaction network in order to identify interaction patterns among the various groups of bacteria presented in an ornithogenic site at three depths (layers). The analysis of the sequences revealed the presence of 8 phyla distributed in different proportions among the Layers 1 (0-8 cm), 2 (20-25 cm) and 3 (35-40 cm). According to the diversity indexes, Layer 3 presented the highest values of richness, diversity and evenness when compared to Layers 1 and 2. In terms of bacterial community structure, the unweighted and weighted UniFrac analysis showed that the soil bacterial communities from the three layers were quite different from each other. Network analysis revealed the existence of a unique pattern of interactions in which the soil microbial network formed a clustered topology, but not structured in modules, as usual in biological communities. In addition, through the use of network analysis, it was possible to identify specific taxa as potentially important for the structuring and functioning of the microbial community. Furthermore, simulation analyzes indicated that the loss of potential keystone groups of microorganisms may significantly alter the patterns of interactions within the microbial communityThese findings provide new insights into the bacterial interactions and microbial ecology of this important, but threatened environment.

Barrages de corrections torrentielles et plages de dépôts jouent un rôle clés dans la protection contre les crues des torrents. Leurs gestionnaires ont pour mission de réduire les risques d'inondations, mais doivent désormais aussi minimiser les impacts environnementaux liés aux ouvrages de protection. Ceci nécessite une meilleure compréhension des effets des barrages de corrections torrentielles et des plages de dépôts sur le transport sédimentaire des torrents. Cette thèse s'inscrit dans cet objectif et se décompose en deux parties. Sa section sur l'état de l'art présente: i) les différents effets des barrages de correction torrentielle sur la production et le transfert sédimentaire; ii) des descriptions des processus hydrauliques et de sédimentation ayant lieu dans les plages de dépôts; et iii) les processus liés à la production et au transfert de bois d'embâcle. Une nouvelle méthode de quantification de la production sédimentaire des torrents complète cet état de l’art.La seconde partie de cette thèse présente le travail réalisé en banc d’essai expérimental. Une première série d’expérience a permis de mettre en évidence un transport par charriage plus régulier lorsque des barrages de correction torrentielle sont ajoutés à un bief alluvial. Une seconde série d’essais a été réalisée sur un modèle générique de plage de dépôt dans l’objectif d’en caractériser les écoulements. Pour cela, une nouvelle procédure de mesure et de reconstruction par approche inverse a été développée. Il en résulte une description des caractéristiques d’un écoulement proche du régime critique, ainsi que des mécanismes de rétrocontrôle entre morphologie et hydraulique pendant la phase de dépôt. / Check dams and open check dams are key structures in torrent hazard protection. Their managers must mitigate flood hazards, but now must also minimize the environmental impacts of these protection structures. This requires to improve the knowledge on the effects of check dams and open check dams on the sediment transport, and this thesis forms a contribution towards this end.The section on the current state of research reviews i) the diverse effects of check dams on sediment production and transfer; ii) descriptions of the hydraulics and sedimentation processes occurring in open check dams; and iii) woody debris production and trapping processes. This state of the art is completed with proposition of new bedload transport estimation methods, specifically developed for paved streams experiencing external supply or armour breaking.Experimental results are then provided. Firstly, flume experiments highlight the emergence of a more regular bedload transport when check dams are built in alluvial reaches. In a second stage, experiments were performed on a generic Froude scale model of an open check dam basin in order to capture the features of laterally-unconstrained, highly mobile flows. A new flow measurement and inverse-reconstruction procedure has been developed. A preliminary analysis of the results describes flows that tend toward a critical regime and the occurrence of feedback mechanisms between geomorphology and hydraulics during massive bedload deposition.

Cette thèse traite avant tout de la problématique de la dimension participative des usagers des eaux d’un bassin dans le processus de gestion de leurs ressources hydriques. Dans ce sens, le centre de la discussion se trouve dans le cadre du processus de gestion des eaux brésiliennes, découlant de l’exécution du Système National de Gestion de Ressources Hydriques, prévu par la Loi des Eaux (Loi nº 9.433, de 1997) dans cette zone géographique. En découle le choix de cette thématique basée sur le souhait de contribuer aux débats géographiques dans le domaine de la gestion des eaux dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Le terrain d’étude fait référence au bassin du torrent Ribeiro, qui appartient au Bassin hydrographique du lac Guaiba, situé dans la partie est de l’Etat du Rio Grande do Sul. L’hypothèse interprétative de cette recherche part du présupposé selon lequel le modèle actuel de gestion des eaux ne prend pas en compte dans les faits les modes de participation variés des différents groupes sociaux dans le processus institutionnel de gouvernance. La participation de la population aux questions socio-environnementales représente un défi pour l’implantation des programmes de gestion des ressources hydriques. En conséquence, l’objectif central de l´étude est de comprendre comment se sont constitués les processus actuels de participation des habitants du bassin hydrographique, tout en considérant les usages des eaux et les formes participatives des populations dans leurs communautés et dans la gestion des ressources hydriques, normalisée dans le contexte de la législation ou stigmatisée par le processus de territorialisation de la dite population. La méthodologie sélectionnée en vue de développer un tel objectif part de l’approche qualitative pour comprendre les processus de relation entre les sujets et leur groupe social ainsi que leur environnement, car c’est dans le champ de la subjectivité et du symbolisme que s’affirme l’approche qualitative. L’axe d’actions pour cette thèse a été structuré en quatre étapes : recherche bibliographique, observation de terrain, entretien semi-structuré et analyse et débats sur les résultats. A partir de cette vérification, il a été possible de mettre en avant trois catégories pour l’analyse proposée pour ce bassin : Les usages des eaux, les expériences participatives dans les communautés et la participation dans la gestion des eaux, dans deux secteurs distincts mis en avant par les aspects naturels et la territorialisation, qui sont la plaine et le plateau. Dans les deux secteurs, la principale utilisation des eaux est l’irrigation de la culture de riz. Les agriculteurs de la plaine possèdent de grands domaines de terres, héritage de la structure foncière de la colonisation portugaise du XVIIIème siècle, et ils s’organisent autour du syndicat rural et de l’Institut Riograndense des Riz. Ceux-ci se situent dans la municipalité de Barra do Ribeiro et Mariana Pimentel et ils se préoccupent principalement du recouvrement des eaux à gérer dans l’implantation de l’Agence de Bassin, car ils utilisent une grande quantité de cette ressource. Les agriculteurs du plateau forment une petite propriété familiale, de colonisation italienne, allemande et polonaise, avec de fortes racines dans la terre, fruit de la colonisation de la fin du XIXème siècle. La localisation géographique (Sertão Santana et Mariana Pimentel) et la dépendance de la représentation politique et économique à travers les mairies et EMATER/ASCAR les éloignent d’une participation au Comité. Mais c’est une population qui a des liens communautaires forts au niveau local, et qui résout ses problèmes à travers les associations quand celles-ci sont aidées dans leur organisation. Ainsi, le rapprochement avec le Système d’Etat grâce à une invitation aux discussions des thématiques, qui, dans ce cas précis, portaient sur le recouvrement des eaux par le principe pollueur-payeur, ainsi que sur le rapprochement et la revitalisation des associations communautaires, peuvent aider à l’engagement de ces habitants, et peut aussi contribuer aux objectifs de la politique environnementale des ressources hydriques. / Essa Tese trata, sobretudo, da problemática que envolve a dimensão participativa dos usuários das águas de uma bacia hidrográfica no processo de gestão dos seus recursos hídricos. Portanto, o centro da discussão encontra-se no cenário do processo de gestão das águas brasileiras, decorrente da execução do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, previsto pela Lei das Águas (Lei nº 9.433, de 1997) nessa escala geográfica. Disso decorre a escolha da temática, baseada no desejo de contribuir com as discussões geográficas no domínio da gestão das águas no Rio Grande do Sul. A área de estudo refere-se à bacia do arroio Ribeiro, que pertence à bacia hidrográfica do lago Guaíba, localizada na porção leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese interpretativa dessa pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que o modelo atual de gestão das águas não contempla de fato os distintos modos de participar dos diferentes grupos sociais nos processos institucionais de governança. A participação da população nas questões socioambientais representa um desafio à implantação dos programas de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Perante isso, o objetivo central do estudo é compreender como se constituíram os atuais processos de participação dos habitantes da bacia hidrográfica, considerando os usos das águas e as formas participativas da população em suas comunidades e na gestão dos recursos hídricos, normatizado no contexto da legislação ou estigmatizado pelo processo de territorialização daquela população. A metodologia selecionada para desenvolver tal objetivo parte da abordagem qualitativa para entender os processos de relação dos sujeitos com o seu grupo social e ambiente, pois é no campo da subjetividade e do simbolismo que se afirma a abordagem qualitativa. O eixo de ações para essa Tese foi estruturado em quatro etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, observação em campo, entrevista semiestruturada e análise e discussão dos resultados. A partir dessa verificação, foi possível apontar três categorias para análise proposta para essa bacia: usos das águas, experiências participativas nas comunidades e participação na gestão das águas, em dois setores distintos apontados através dos aspectos naturais e da territorialização, que são planície e planalto. Nos dois setores, o principal uso das águas é para irrigação do cultivo de arroz. Os agricultores da planície possuem grandes áreas de terras, herança da estrutura fundiária da colonização lusa, no século XVIII, e se organizam em torno do Sindicato Rural e do Instituto Riograndense do Arroz. Esses se situam nos município de Barra do Ribeiro e Mariana Pimentel e preocupam-se principalmente com a cobrança das águas a ser gerada na implantação da Agência de Bacia, pois utilizam grande quantidade desse recurso. Os agricultores do planalto formam a pequena propriedade familiar, de colonização italiana, alemã e polonesa, com raízes fortes na terra, fruto da colonização ocorrida no final do século XIX. A localização geográfica (Sertão Santana e Mariana Pimentel) e a dependência da representação política e econômica através das prefeituras municipais e EMATER/ASCAR os distância da participação no Comitê. Mas é uma população com fortes laços comunitários entre seus pares locais, que resolvem seus problemas através de associações quando auxiliados na organização desses. Assim, a aproximação com o Sistema Estadual através de um convite às discussões das temáticas, no caso a cobrança das águas pelo princípio poluidor-pagador, e revitalização das associações comunitárias, podem auxiliar o engajamento desses habitantes, como também contribuir com os objetivos da política ambiental dos recursos hídricos. / This thesis discusses, primarily, the problematic that involves the participative dimension of water users in a basin, in the process of managing their water resources. Therefore, the center of the discussion is in the scenario of the process of water management in Brazil, due to the implementation of the National Water Resources Management, provided by the Water Law (Law No. 9433, 1997) in this geographical scale. From this arises the choice of this theme, based on the desire to contribute to the geographical discussions in the area of water management at Rio Grande do Sul. The study area refers to the basin of the stream Ribeiro, who belongs to the Hydrographic Basin of the Guaíba Lake, located in the eastern portion of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The interpretative hypothesis of this research assumes that the current model of water management does not contemplate, in fact, the distinct ways of participation of different social groups in institutional governance processes. The population’s involvement in environmental issues is a challenge to the implementation of water resources management programs. Given that, the main objective of the study is to understand how the current processes of participation of the inhabitants of the basin were composed, considering the uses of the waters, the ways that the population participate in their communities and the management of water resources, regulated under the legislation context or stigmatized by the process of territorialization of that population. The methodology chosen to develop this objective comes from the qualitative approach to understand the relation between the subjects and their social group and environment, since it is in the field of subjectivity and symbolism that the qualitative approach is affirmed. The axis of actions for this thesis was structured in four stages, which are: literature review, field observation, semistructured interviews and analysis and discussion of results. Based on this verification, it was possible to identify three categories for proposed analysis of this basin: uses of waters, participatory experiences within the community and participation in water management, in two distinct sectors pointed through natural aspects and territorialization, which are plain plateau. In both sectors, the main use of water is for irrigation of rice cultivation. Farmers in the plains have large areas of land, heritage from the land structure of the Portuguese colonization in the eighteenth century, and are organized around the Rural Syndicate and Riograndense Institute of Rice. They are located in the municipality of Barra do Ribeiro and Mariana Pimentel. They are concerned primarily with the charge of the waters that will be generated in the implementation of the Basin Agency, because they use large amounts of this feature. Plateau famers form the small family owned property, that have Italian, German and Polish colonization, with strong roots in the earth, result of the colonization that occurred in the late nineteenth century only. The geographic location (Sertão Santana and Mariana Pimentel) and the dependence on economic and political representation through the municipal city hall and EMATER/ASCAR, move them away from participating in the Committee. However, it is a population with strong community ties among its local peers, who solve their problems through associations, when aided in organizing these. Thus, the approximation with the State System through an invitation to the thematic’s discussions, which in the case is the charging of water by the principle polluter-payer, and approximation and revitalization of the community associations, can help to engage these people, but also contribute to the goals of the environmental policy of water resources.

Cette thèse traite avant tout de la problématique de la dimension participative des usagers des eaux d’un bassin dans le processus de gestion de leurs ressources hydriques. Dans ce sens, le centre de la discussion se trouve dans le cadre du processus de gestion des eaux brésiliennes, découlant de l’exécution du Système National de Gestion de Ressources Hydriques, prévu par la Loi des Eaux (Loi nº 9.433, de 1997) dans cette zone géographique. En découle le choix de cette thématique basée sur le souhait de contribuer aux débats géographiques dans le domaine de la gestion des eaux dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Le terrain d’étude fait référence au bassin du torrent Ribeiro, qui appartient au Bassin hydrographique du lac Guaiba, situé dans la partie est de l’Etat du Rio Grande do Sul. L’hypothèse interprétative de cette recherche part du présupposé selon lequel le modèle actuel de gestion des eaux ne prend pas en compte dans les faits les modes de participation variés des différents groupes sociaux dans le processus institutionnel de gouvernance. La participation de la population aux questions socio-environnementales représente un défi pour l’implantation des programmes de gestion des ressources hydriques. En conséquence, l’objectif central de l´étude est de comprendre comment se sont constitués les processus actuels de participation des habitants du bassin hydrographique, tout en considérant les usages des eaux et les formes participatives des populations dans leurs communautés et dans la gestion des ressources hydriques, normalisée dans le contexte de la législation ou stigmatisée par le processus de territorialisation de la dite population. La méthodologie sélectionnée en vue de développer un tel objectif part de l’approche qualitative pour comprendre les processus de relation entre les sujets et leur groupe social ainsi que leur environnement, car c’est dans le champ de la subjectivité et du symbolisme que s’affirme l’approche qualitative. L’axe d’actions pour cette thèse a été structuré en quatre étapes : recherche bibliographique, observation de terrain, entretien semi-structuré et analyse et débats sur les résultats. A partir de cette vérification, il a été possible de mettre en avant trois catégories pour l’analyse proposée pour ce bassin : Les usages des eaux, les expériences participatives dans les communautés et la participation dans la gestion des eaux, dans deux secteurs distincts mis en avant par les aspects naturels et la territorialisation, qui sont la plaine et le plateau. Dans les deux secteurs, la principale utilisation des eaux est l’irrigation de la culture de riz. Les agriculteurs de la plaine possèdent de grands domaines de terres, héritage de la structure foncière de la colonisation portugaise du XVIIIème siècle, et ils s’organisent autour du syndicat rural et de l’Institut Riograndense des Riz. Ceux-ci se situent dans la municipalité de Barra do Ribeiro et Mariana Pimentel et ils se préoccupent principalement du recouvrement des eaux à gérer dans l’implantation de l’Agence de Bassin, car ils utilisent une grande quantité de cette ressource. Les agriculteurs du plateau forment une petite propriété familiale, de colonisation italienne, allemande et polonaise, avec de fortes racines dans la terre, fruit de la colonisation de la fin du XIXème siècle. La localisation géographique (Sertão Santana et Mariana Pimentel) et la dépendance de la représentation politique et économique à travers les mairies et EMATER/ASCAR les éloignent d’une participation au Comité. Mais c’est une population qui a des liens communautaires forts au niveau local, et qui résout ses problèmes à travers les associations quand celles-ci sont aidées dans leur organisation. Ainsi, le rapprochement avec le Système d’Etat grâce à une invitation aux discussions des thématiques, qui, dans ce cas précis, portaient sur le recouvrement des eaux par le principe pollueur-payeur, ainsi que sur le rapprochement et la revitalisation des associations communautaires, peuvent aider à l’engagement de ces habitants, et peut aussi contribuer aux objectifs de la politique environnementale des ressources hydriques. / Essa Tese trata, sobretudo, da problemática que envolve a dimensão participativa dos usuários das águas de uma bacia hidrográfica no processo de gestão dos seus recursos hídricos. Portanto, o centro da discussão encontra-se no cenário do processo de gestão das águas brasileiras, decorrente da execução do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, previsto pela Lei das Águas (Lei nº 9.433, de 1997) nessa escala geográfica. Disso decorre a escolha da temática, baseada no desejo de contribuir com as discussões geográficas no domínio da gestão das águas no Rio Grande do Sul. A área de estudo refere-se à bacia do arroio Ribeiro, que pertence à bacia hidrográfica do lago Guaíba, localizada na porção leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese interpretativa dessa pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que o modelo atual de gestão das águas não contempla de fato os distintos modos de participar dos diferentes grupos sociais nos processos institucionais de governança. A participação da população nas questões socioambientais representa um desafio à implantação dos programas de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Perante isso, o objetivo central do estudo é compreender como se constituíram os atuais processos de participação dos habitantes da bacia hidrográfica, considerando os usos das águas e as formas participativas da população em suas comunidades e na gestão dos recursos hídricos, normatizado no contexto da legislação ou estigmatizado pelo processo de territorialização daquela população. A metodologia selecionada para desenvolver tal objetivo parte da abordagem qualitativa para entender os processos de relação dos sujeitos com o seu grupo social e ambiente, pois é no campo da subjetividade e do simbolismo que se afirma a abordagem qualitativa. O eixo de ações para essa Tese foi estruturado em quatro etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, observação em campo, entrevista semiestruturada e análise e discussão dos resultados. A partir dessa verificação, foi possível apontar três categorias para análise proposta para essa bacia: usos das águas, experiências participativas nas comunidades e participação na gestão das águas, em dois setores distintos apontados através dos aspectos naturais e da territorialização, que são planície e planalto. Nos dois setores, o principal uso das águas é para irrigação do cultivo de arroz. Os agricultores da planície possuem grandes áreas de terras, herança da estrutura fundiária da colonização lusa, no século XVIII, e se organizam em torno do Sindicato Rural e do Instituto Riograndense do Arroz. Esses se situam nos município de Barra do Ribeiro e Mariana Pimentel e preocupam-se principalmente com a cobrança das águas a ser gerada na implantação da Agência de Bacia, pois utilizam grande quantidade desse recurso. Os agricultores do planalto formam a pequena propriedade familiar, de colonização italiana, alemã e polonesa, com raízes fortes na terra, fruto da colonização ocorrida no final do século XIX. A localização geográfica (Sertão Santana e Mariana Pimentel) e a dependência da representação política e econômica através das prefeituras municipais e EMATER/ASCAR os distância da participação no Comitê. Mas é uma população com fortes laços comunitários entre seus pares locais, que resolvem seus problemas através de associações quando auxiliados na organização desses. Assim, a aproximação com o Sistema Estadual através de um convite às discussões das temáticas, no caso a cobrança das águas pelo princípio poluidor-pagador, e revitalização das associações comunitárias, podem auxiliar o engajamento desses habitantes, como também contribuir com os objetivos da política ambiental dos recursos hídricos. / This thesis discusses, primarily, the problematic that involves the participative dimension of water users in a basin, in the process of managing their water resources. Therefore, the center of the discussion is in the scenario of the process of water management in Brazil, due to the implementation of the National Water Resources Management, provided by the Water Law (Law No. 9433, 1997) in this geographical scale. From this arises the choice of this theme, based on the desire to contribute to the geographical discussions in the area of water management at Rio Grande do Sul. The study area refers to the basin of the stream Ribeiro, who belongs to the Hydrographic Basin of the Guaíba Lake, located in the eastern portion of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The interpretative hypothesis of this research assumes that the current model of water management does not contemplate, in fact, the distinct ways of participation of different social groups in institutional governance processes. The population’s involvement in environmental issues is a challenge to the implementation of water resources management programs. Given that, the main objective of the study is to understand how the current processes of participation of the inhabitants of the basin were composed, considering the uses of the waters, the ways that the population participate in their communities and the management of water resources, regulated under the legislation context or stigmatized by the process of territorialization of that population. The methodology chosen to develop this objective comes from the qualitative approach to understand the relation between the subjects and their social group and environment, since it is in the field of subjectivity and symbolism that the qualitative approach is affirmed. The axis of actions for this thesis was structured in four stages, which are: literature review, field observation, semistructured interviews and analysis and discussion of results. Based on this verification, it was possible to identify three categories for proposed analysis of this basin: uses of waters, participatory experiences within the community and participation in water management, in two distinct sectors pointed through natural aspects and territorialization, which are plain plateau. In both sectors, the main use of water is for irrigation of rice cultivation. Farmers in the plains have large areas of land, heritage from the land structure of the Portuguese colonization in the eighteenth century, and are organized around the Rural Syndicate and Riograndense Institute of Rice. They are located in the municipality of Barra do Ribeiro and Mariana Pimentel. They are concerned primarily with the charge of the waters that will be generated in the implementation of the Basin Agency, because they use large amounts of this feature. Plateau famers form the small family owned property, that have Italian, German and Polish colonization, with strong roots in the earth, result of the colonization that occurred in the late nineteenth century only. The geographic location (Sertão Santana and Mariana Pimentel) and the dependence on economic and political representation through the municipal city hall and EMATER/ASCAR, move them away from participating in the Committee. However, it is a population with strong community ties among its local peers, who solve their problems through associations, when aided in organizing these. Thus, the approximation with the State System through an invitation to the thematic’s discussions, which in the case is the charging of water by the principle polluter-payer, and approximation and revitalization of the community associations, can help to engage these people, but also contribute to the goals of the environmental policy of water resources.

Cette thèse traite avant tout de la problématique de la dimension participative des usagers des eaux d’un bassin dans le processus de gestion de leurs ressources hydriques. Dans ce sens, le centre de la discussion se trouve dans le cadre du processus de gestion des eaux brésiliennes, découlant de l’exécution du Système National de Gestion de Ressources Hydriques, prévu par la Loi des Eaux (Loi nº 9.433, de 1997) dans cette zone géographique. En découle le choix de cette thématique basée sur le souhait de contribuer aux débats géographiques dans le domaine de la gestion des eaux dans le Rio Grande do Sul. Le terrain d’étude fait référence au bassin du torrent Ribeiro, qui appartient au Bassin hydrographique du lac Guaiba, situé dans la partie est de l’Etat du Rio Grande do Sul. L’hypothèse interprétative de cette recherche part du présupposé selon lequel le modèle actuel de gestion des eaux ne prend pas en compte dans les faits les modes de participation variés des différents groupes sociaux dans le processus institutionnel de gouvernance. La participation de la population aux questions socio-environnementales représente un défi pour l’implantation des programmes de gestion des ressources hydriques. En conséquence, l’objectif central de l´étude est de comprendre comment se sont constitués les processus actuels de participation des habitants du bassin hydrographique, tout en considérant les usages des eaux et les formes participatives des populations dans leurs communautés et dans la gestion des ressources hydriques, normalisée dans le contexte de la législation ou stigmatisée par le processus de territorialisation de la dite population. La méthodologie sélectionnée en vue de développer un tel objectif part de l’approche qualitative pour comprendre les processus de relation entre les sujets et leur groupe social ainsi que leur environnement, car c’est dans le champ de la subjectivité et du symbolisme que s’affirme l’approche qualitative. L’axe d’actions pour cette thèse a été structuré en quatre étapes : recherche bibliographique, observation de terrain, entretien semi-structuré et analyse et débats sur les résultats. A partir de cette vérification, il a été possible de mettre en avant trois catégories pour l’analyse proposée pour ce bassin : Les usages des eaux, les expériences participatives dans les communautés et la participation dans la gestion des eaux, dans deux secteurs distincts mis en avant par les aspects naturels et la territorialisation, qui sont la plaine et le plateau. Dans les deux secteurs, la principale utilisation des eaux est l’irrigation de la culture de riz. Les agriculteurs de la plaine possèdent de grands domaines de terres, héritage de la structure foncière de la colonisation portugaise du XVIIIème siècle, et ils s’organisent autour du syndicat rural et de l’Institut Riograndense des Riz. Ceux-ci se situent dans la municipalité de Barra do Ribeiro et Mariana Pimentel et ils se préoccupent principalement du recouvrement des eaux à gérer dans l’implantation de l’Agence de Bassin, car ils utilisent une grande quantité de cette ressource. Les agriculteurs du plateau forment une petite propriété familiale, de colonisation italienne, allemande et polonaise, avec de fortes racines dans la terre, fruit de la colonisation de la fin du XIXème siècle. La localisation géographique (Sertão Santana et Mariana Pimentel) et la dépendance de la représentation politique et économique à travers les mairies et EMATER/ASCAR les éloignent d’une participation au Comité. Mais c’est une population qui a des liens communautaires forts au niveau local, et qui résout ses problèmes à travers les associations quand celles-ci sont aidées dans leur organisation. Ainsi, le rapprochement avec le Système d’Etat grâce à une invitation aux discussions des thématiques, qui, dans ce cas précis, portaient sur le recouvrement des eaux par le principe pollueur-payeur, ainsi que sur le rapprochement et la revitalisation des associations communautaires, peuvent aider à l’engagement de ces habitants, et peut aussi contribuer aux objectifs de la politique environnementale des ressources hydriques. / Essa Tese trata, sobretudo, da problemática que envolve a dimensão participativa dos usuários das águas de uma bacia hidrográfica no processo de gestão dos seus recursos hídricos. Portanto, o centro da discussão encontra-se no cenário do processo de gestão das águas brasileiras, decorrente da execução do Sistema Nacional de Gerenciamento de Recursos Hídricos, previsto pela Lei das Águas (Lei nº 9.433, de 1997) nessa escala geográfica. Disso decorre a escolha da temática, baseada no desejo de contribuir com as discussões geográficas no domínio da gestão das águas no Rio Grande do Sul. A área de estudo refere-se à bacia do arroio Ribeiro, que pertence à bacia hidrográfica do lago Guaíba, localizada na porção leste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A hipótese interpretativa dessa pesquisa parte do pressuposto de que o modelo atual de gestão das águas não contempla de fato os distintos modos de participar dos diferentes grupos sociais nos processos institucionais de governança. A participação da população nas questões socioambientais representa um desafio à implantação dos programas de gestão dos recursos hídricos. Perante isso, o objetivo central do estudo é compreender como se constituíram os atuais processos de participação dos habitantes da bacia hidrográfica, considerando os usos das águas e as formas participativas da população em suas comunidades e na gestão dos recursos hídricos, normatizado no contexto da legislação ou estigmatizado pelo processo de territorialização daquela população. A metodologia selecionada para desenvolver tal objetivo parte da abordagem qualitativa para entender os processos de relação dos sujeitos com o seu grupo social e ambiente, pois é no campo da subjetividade e do simbolismo que se afirma a abordagem qualitativa. O eixo de ações para essa Tese foi estruturado em quatro etapas: pesquisa bibliográfica, observação em campo, entrevista semiestruturada e análise e discussão dos resultados. A partir dessa verificação, foi possível apontar três categorias para análise proposta para essa bacia: usos das águas, experiências participativas nas comunidades e participação na gestão das águas, em dois setores distintos apontados através dos aspectos naturais e da territorialização, que são planície e planalto. Nos dois setores, o principal uso das águas é para irrigação do cultivo de arroz. Os agricultores da planície possuem grandes áreas de terras, herança da estrutura fundiária da colonização lusa, no século XVIII, e se organizam em torno do Sindicato Rural e do Instituto Riograndense do Arroz. Esses se situam nos município de Barra do Ribeiro e Mariana Pimentel e preocupam-se principalmente com a cobrança das águas a ser gerada na implantação da Agência de Bacia, pois utilizam grande quantidade desse recurso. Os agricultores do planalto formam a pequena propriedade familiar, de colonização italiana, alemã e polonesa, com raízes fortes na terra, fruto da colonização ocorrida no final do século XIX. A localização geográfica (Sertão Santana e Mariana Pimentel) e a dependência da representação política e econômica através das prefeituras municipais e EMATER/ASCAR os distância da participação no Comitê. Mas é uma população com fortes laços comunitários entre seus pares locais, que resolvem seus problemas através de associações quando auxiliados na organização desses. Assim, a aproximação com o Sistema Estadual através de um convite às discussões das temáticas, no caso a cobrança das águas pelo princípio poluidor-pagador, e revitalização das associações comunitárias, podem auxiliar o engajamento desses habitantes, como também contribuir com os objetivos da política ambiental dos recursos hídricos. / This thesis discusses, primarily, the problematic that involves the participative dimension of water users in a basin, in the process of managing their water resources. Therefore, the center of the discussion is in the scenario of the process of water management in Brazil, due to the implementation of the National Water Resources Management, provided by the Water Law (Law No. 9433, 1997) in this geographical scale. From this arises the choice of this theme, based on the desire to contribute to the geographical discussions in the area of water management at Rio Grande do Sul. The study area refers to the basin of the stream Ribeiro, who belongs to the Hydrographic Basin of the Guaíba Lake, located in the eastern portion of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. The interpretative hypothesis of this research assumes that the current model of water management does not contemplate, in fact, the distinct ways of participation of different social groups in institutional governance processes. The population’s involvement in environmental issues is a challenge to the implementation of water resources management programs. Given that, the main objective of the study is to understand how the current processes of participation of the inhabitants of the basin were composed, considering the uses of the waters, the ways that the population participate in their communities and the management of water resources, regulated under the legislation context or stigmatized by the process of territorialization of that population. The methodology chosen to develop this objective comes from the qualitative approach to understand the relation between the subjects and their social group and environment, since it is in the field of subjectivity and symbolism that the qualitative approach is affirmed. The axis of actions for this thesis was structured in four stages, which are: literature review, field observation, semistructured interviews and analysis and discussion of results. Based on this verification, it was possible to identify three categories for proposed analysis of this basin: uses of waters, participatory experiences within the community and participation in water management, in two distinct sectors pointed through natural aspects and territorialization, which are plain plateau. In both sectors, the main use of water is for irrigation of rice cultivation. Farmers in the plains have large areas of land, heritage from the land structure of the Portuguese colonization in the eighteenth century, and are organized around the Rural Syndicate and Riograndense Institute of Rice. They are located in the municipality of Barra do Ribeiro and Mariana Pimentel. They are concerned primarily with the charge of the waters that will be generated in the implementation of the Basin Agency, because they use large amounts of this feature. Plateau famers form the small family owned property, that have Italian, German and Polish colonization, with strong roots in the earth, result of the colonization that occurred in the late nineteenth century only. The geographic location (Sertão Santana and Mariana Pimentel) and the dependence on economic and political representation through the municipal city hall and EMATER/ASCAR, move them away from participating in the Committee. However, it is a population with strong community ties among its local peers, who solve their problems through associations, when aided in organizing these. Thus, the approximation with the State System through an invitation to the thematic’s discussions, which in the case is the charging of water by the principle polluter-payer, and approximation and revitalization of the community associations, can help to engage these people, but also contribute to the goals of the environmental policy of water resources.

The aim of this project was to investigate if it is possible to host websites using the BitTorrent protocol, a protocol for distribution of data on the web. This was done using several Node.js modules, small clusters of code written in JavaScript, such as Browserify and a modified version of WebTorrent. In these modules, technologies like websockets and WebRTC are implemented. The project resulted in a working WebTorrent module, implemented on the website www.peerweb.io. However, the module still needs optimization concerning the time it takes to set up a WebRTC peer connection. With these modifications, we believe that hosting websites via peer-to-peer network will be the future of the web.

The thesis deals with contemporary author's law which is effective in Czech republic in relation to a piece of music and its legal protection. The goal of first chapters is to outline the crucial statutes concerning subjects as authors, executive artists and recording producers. A great deal of the thesis concerns with internet music piracy which results from a mass file-sharing. It also includes an evalution of current author's law and its efficiency in today's information society.

On continue à parler de l’œuvre hébertienne en raison de l’originalité de ses pages. Dans cette occasion, son premier recueil en prose a attiré notre attention. Le Torrent (1950) fait éclater, sur plusieurs plans,  les formes traditionnelles du panorama littéraire canadien d’expression française en produisant une profonde mutation dans la sensibilité qui, dès lors, se fraie des chemins vers le monde intérieur. Dans le cadre de notre mémoire, nous nous intéressons à la couleur, cette donnée sensible ancrée sur « le foyer perceptif » de François Perrault, personnage central du recueil. L’étude de la perception sera abordée dans le cadre de la sémiotique de la présence étant donné que « percevoir » implique, au dire de Jacques Fontanille, la reconnaissance d’une présence située par rapport à la nôtre. Nous essayerons de montrer, par la suite, comment le sensible, dans sa forme condensée, intègre le somatique. / We continue talking about Hebertien works because of their originality In this paper, we are focusing on her first masterwork in prose. The Torrent (1950) broke with the traditional forms of the French-Canadian literary panorama on different levels, producing a profound mutation in sensibility, focusing henceforth on the internal world. This analysis is interested in colour, a phenomenon anchored in the perception of François Perrault, the main character of the story. The study of perception will be carried out by a semiotic of presence because « to perceive » implies, according to Fontanille, to recognize a presence in relationship to our own. We will try to demonstrate, later, how a sensory phenomenon, in a condensed form, is connected with the somatic.

L’ensemble romanesque Les Thibault de Roger Martin du Gard (publié de 1922 à 1940) est sous-tendu par un témoignage que l’auteur adresse au lecteur sur le monde réel dans lequel l’écrivain français vécut. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’analyser ce témoignage à travers certains aspects des relations multilatérales entre ces trois pôles que sont la société, l’œuvre et l’auteur. L’œuvre romanesque de Roger Martin du Gard informe la société de son époque autant qu’elle est informée par elle, et l’écrivain, façonné par la société, façonne à son tour une société romanesque. La relation au monde des personnages des Thibault puise ses sources dans l’expérience même de l’auteur : relations familiales, relations entre les deux sexes, relations sociales et religieuses, autant de clés pour comprendre l’œuvre mais peut-être aussi la vie de l’auteur. Pour permettre d’apprécier la réception de l’œuvre de Roger Martin du Gard auprès du public chinois, la dernière partie de cette thèse analyse les deux traductions des Thibault publiées dans les années 1980 en Chine, et propose aussi quelques éléments de comparaison avec une fresque romanesque chinoise à portée elle aussi familiale et sociale, la trilogie de Ba Jin (Pa Kin) intitulée Torrent (Famille – Printemps – Automne, 1932-1940). L’étude des analogies entre ces deux œuvres certes très différentes permet de découvrir comment le roman de Roger Martin du Gard et son message dépassent les frontières, trouvent écho dans d’autres cultures, et finissent par rejoindre l’humanité universelle. / In the eight novels Les Thibault by Roger Martin du Gard (published between 1922 to 1940), the author addresses the reader and describes the world in which the former lives. The objective of this thesis is to examine Martin du Gard’s discourse with respect to some aspects of the multilateral relationships between society, author and oeuvre. R.M.G’s novels informed society of his time and were themselves shaped by society. The author moulded by society then constructs a fictional world. The relationships in Les Thibault are autobiographical in nature whether familial, gender, social or religious and these constitute the principal means of understanding the oeuvre and the author’s own life.To evaluate the reception of Roger Martin du Gard’s work among the Chinese public, the final part of this thesis analyses the two translations of Les Thibault, published in China in the 1980s. Comparison with a Chinese trilogy, Torrent (Family – Spring – Autumn, 1932-1940), by Ba Jin (Pa Kin), although very different but which also considers family and social relationships, allows consideration of how Roger Martin du Gard’s message crosses frontiers and reflects universal concerns, those of humanity itself.

In environmental impact assessment (EIA), accident risk should be considered as one impact. However, few studies have compared assessed risk levels with documented accidents. There is thus a need for assessing accuracy of risk assessment methodologies. The aim of this study was to develop and examine a risk assessment guideline based on environmental assessment. The guideline examination was carried out along the railway and the road between Kiruna and Narvik, Northern Scandinavia. The examined hazards were avalanches, debris flows, rock falls, slush flows, torrents, moose and reindeer. Documented accidents were quantified into an accident level. For each hazard type, six sections/sites were assessed. The propensities of these hazards were analysed through environmental assessments, especially by utilising geomorphology. Then, the accident densities along the sections/sites were compared with assessed accident phase indices describing risk and hazard in both spatial and temporal dimensions. The average uncertainty factors for both the risk and the hazard indices were about 5. This implies a fairly good precision. Risk and hazard indices were also rated and compared to the accident density rates. Thereafter, railway and road information was split up as different proposal alternatives in an EIA context. The total risk for each proposal was compared with the total accident density. The risk assessment guideline proved to be cost-efficient, rapid and relatively reliable in comparing accident risk.