L'objet de cette thèse est de démontrer une formule reliant les métriques de Ray-Singer hypoelliptique et de Milnor sur le déterminant de la cohomologie d'une variété riemannienne compacte par une déformation à la Witten du laplacien hypoelliptique en théorie de de Rham. / The purpose of this thesis is to prove a formula relating the hypoelliptic Ray-Singermetric and the Milnor metric on the determinant of the cohomology of a compact Riemannian manifold by a Witten-like deformation of the hypoelliptic Laplacian in de Rham theory.

Dans cette thèse, nous nous intéressons à l'étude des courbes discrètes et ses applications en analyse d'images. Nous avons proposé une amélioration de l'estimation de courbure reposant sur le cercle circonscrit. Celle-ci repose sur la notion de segment flou maximal d'épaisseur [nu] et sur la décomposition d'une courbe discrète en sa séquence de segments flous maximaux. Par la suite, nousavons appliqué cette idée en 3D afin d'estimer la courbure et la torsion discrète en chaque point d'une courbe 3D. Au niveau de l'application, nous avons développé une méthode rapide et fiable pour détecter les points dominants dans une courbe 2D. Un point dominant est un point dont la courbure est localement maximale. Les points dominants jouent un rôle très important dans la reconnaissance de formes. Notre méthode utilise un paramètre qui est l'épaisseur des segments flous maximaux. Reposant sur cette nouvelle méthode de détection des points dominants, nous avons développé des méthodes sans paramètres de détection des points dominants. Celles-ci se basent sur une approche multi-épaisseur. D'autre part, nous nous intéressons particulièrement au cercles et arcs discrets. Une méthode linéaire a été développé pour reconnaître des cercles et arcs discrets. Puisnous avons fait évoluer cette méthode afin de travailler avec des courbes bruitées en utilisant une méthode de détection du bruit. Nous proposons aussi une mesure de circularité. Une méthode linéaire qui utilise cette mesure a été aussi développée pour mesurer la circularité des courbes fermées. Par ailleurs, nous avons proposé une méthode rapide pour décomposer des courbes discrètes en arcs et en segments de droite. / In this thesis, we are interested in the study of discrete curves and its applications in image analysis. We have proposed an amelioration of curvature estimation based on circumcircle. This method is based on the notion of blurred segment of width [nu] and on the decomposition of a curve into the sequence of maximal blurred segment of width [nu]. Afterwards, we have applied this idea in 3D to estimate the discrete curvature and torsion at each point of a 3D curve. Concerning the applications, we have developed a rapid et reliable method to detect dominant points of a 2D curve. A dominant point is a point whose the curvature value is locally maximum. The dominant points play an important role in pattern recognition. Our method uses a parameter: the width of maximal blurred segments. Based on this novel method of dominant point detection, we proposed free-parameter methods for polygonal representation. They are based on a multi-width approach. Otherwise, we are interested in discrete arcs and circles. A linear method has been proposed for the recognition of arcs and circles. We then develop a new method for segmentation of noisy curves into arcs based on a method of noise detection. We also proposed a linear method to measure the circularity of closed curves. In addition, we have proposed a robust method to decompose a curve into arcs and line segments

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Chagas tem uma alta prevalência no Brasil e América Latina. Dentre as miocardiopatias (MCP), é a que evolui com pior prognóstico. A identificação precoce de disfunção sistólica de uma MCP é fundamental para o início do tratamento, assim como sua definição etiológica, sendo o ecocardiograma um dos métodos diagnósticos mais importantes na prática clínica. No entanto, mesmo que a análise da função sistólica global do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) demonstre fração de ejeção preservada, é possível já estar ocorrendo alguma anormalidade contrátil, não detectada pelos exames de rotina. A nova ferramenta ecocardiográfica denominada speckle tracking permite a análise de múltiplos parâmetros que compõem a dinâmica de contração do VE (deslocamento, velocidade de deslocamento, strain, strain rate, rotação e torção), caracterizando de forma integral a função sistólica. Trata-se de um método sensível com potencial para se detectar lesão miocárdica incipiente e auxiliar na definição etiológica de uma MCP dilatada. Um estudo detalhado da mecânica de contração do VE em doença de Chagas, ao longo de toda sua evolução, nunca foi realizado antes. OBJETIVO: Comparar os múltiplos parâmetros obtidos por speckle tracking da dinâmica de contração do VE com controles, desde a forma indeterminada da doença de Chagas até as fases mais avançadas da disfunção sistólica. MÉTODO: No período de janeiro de 2010 a agosto de 2013 estudamos pacientes chagásicos divididos em 04 grupos: Ch1A, forma indeterminada; Ch1B, fração de ejeção normal (FE >= 0,55), mas com alteração no eletrocardiograma; Ch2, MCP chagásica com disfunção sistólica discreta a moderada (FEVE 0,55- 0,30) e Ch3, MCP com disfunção importante (FEVE < 0,30). Indivíduos normais e pacientes com MCP de outras etiologias também foram estudados para compor o grupo controle, sendo pareados pela FEVE. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma convencional com aquisição de imagens para speckle tracking. As imagens foram avaliadas para determinação de parâmetros da dinâmica ventricular por observador experiente usando software específico. RESULTADOS: Um total de 131 pacientes foram incluídos, 47 (36%) deles alocados em grupos de chagásicos. Dezesseis indivíduos chagásicos eram homens (34%). A média de idade variou de 54 a 56 anos para os grupos chagásicos e 37 a 50 anos para os controles. A exequibilidade global para análise por técnica de speckle tracking foi de 97%. Foi encontrada diferença significativa na análise de velocidade longitudinal global com menores valores no grupo Ch1A em relação aos controles normais, C1 (Ch1A, 3,33 ± 0,44 cm/s vs C1, 4,44 ± 0,78 cm/s; p < 0,001). Foram observadas reduções de todos os parâmetros da mecânica de contração do VE em paralelo ao comprometimento sistólico, tanto para as análises globais, quanto para segmento-a-segmento, em pacientes chagásicos e com MCP de outras etiologias. Foi observado um aumento paradoxal do deslocamento longitudinal global no grupo com disfunção sistólica importante (Ch3, 6,48 ± 1,57 mm vs C3, 4,63 ± 1,60 mm; p = 0,01). Essa tendência foi acompanhada pelas observações de maiores valores de deslocamento radial global apical (Ch3, 2,49 ± 0,83 mm vs C3, 1,54 ± 1,18 mm; p = 0,04). Na análise segmentar, foram evidenciados piores valores de deslocamento radial, strain e strain rate radiais em segmentos classicamente acometidos pela doença de Chagas (paredes inferior e inferolateral) e paradoxal aumento de valores destes parâmetros em outros segmentos, como nas paredes septal e anterior. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de ecocardiografia com speckle tracking demonstrou redução dos parâmetros da dinâmica ventricular de pacientes chagásicos e não chagásicos em paralelo com a redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Em comparação com pacientes com MCP não chagásica, os pacientes com doença de Chagas apresentaram redução de deslocamento longitudinal e radial, strain e strain rate radiais em segmentos das paredes inferior e inferolateral com aumento paradoxal de outros (septal e anterior), caracterizando uma dinâmica de contração vicariante peculiar a esta MCP. Por fim, pacientes chagásicos na forma indeterminada apresentaram menor velocidade de contração longitudinal em comparação aos controles normais, o que pode ser indício de uma lesão miocárdica incipiente / INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease has a high prevalence in Brazil and Latin America. Among the cardiomyopathies (CMP), it evolves with the worst prognosis. Early identification of a CMP systolic impairment is critical to treatment initiation as well as its etiologic definition, and echocardiogram is one of the most important diagnostic methods in clinical practice. However, even if global analysis of left ventricle (LV) systolic function discloses a preserved ejection fraction, an ongoing contractile abnormality is already possible, not detected by routine tests. A new echocardiographic tool called speckle tracking allows an analysis of multiple parameters that comprise LV contraction dynamics (displacement, displacement velocity, strain and strain rate, rotation and twist), fully characterizing LV systolic function. It is a sensitive method with the potential to detect incipient myocardial injury and help to define the etiology of a dilated CMP. A detailed study of LV contraction mechanics in Chagas disease, throughout its evolution, has never been done before. OBJECTIVE: To compare multiple parameters of LV dynamics contraction obtained by speckle tracking with controls, since the indeterminate form of Chagas disease until later stages of systolic dysfunction. METHODS: From January 2010 to August 2013, we studied patients with Chagas disease divided into 04 groups: Ch1A, indeterminate form; Ch1B, normal ejection fraction (EF >= 0.55), but with electrocardiogram abnormalities; Ch2, chagasic CMP with mild to moderate systolic dysfunction (LVEF 0.55-0.30) and Ch3, CMP with severe dysfunction (LVEF < 0.30). Normal individuals and patients with other etiologies of CMP were also studied to compose the control group, and were matched by LVEF. All patients underwent echocardiography with conventional imaging added with speckle tracking imaging acquisition. Images were assessed to determine the parameters of dynamic ventricular by an experienced observer using specific software. RESULTS: A total of 131 patients were included, 47 (36 %) of them allocated in groups of Chagas disease. Sixteen chagasic individuals were men (34 %). The mean age ranged from 54 to 56 years for chagasic groups and 37 to 50 years for controls. The overall feasibility for analysis by speckle tracking technique was 97%. Significant difference was found in the analysis of global longitudinal velocity with lower values in group Ch1A compared with normal controls, C1 (Ch1A, 3.33 ± 0.44 cm/s vs C1, 4.44 ± 0.78 cm/s; p < 0.001). We observed a reduction of all parameters of LV contraction mechanics parallel to systolic impairment, both for global as for segment-to-segment analyses, in chagasic patients and in CMP with other etiologies. We also observed a paradoxical increase in global longitudinal displacement in the group with severe systolic dysfunction (Ch3, 6.48 ± 1.57 mm vs C3, 4.63 ± 1.60 mm; p = 0.01). This trend was followed by observations of higher values of apical global radial displacement (Ch3, 2.49 ± 0.83 mm vs C3, 1.54 ± 1.18 mm; p = 0.04). In segmental analysis, we observed worse values of radial displacement as well as radial strain and strain rate in segments classically affected by Chagas disease (inferior and inferolateral walls) and paradoxical increase of values of these parameters in other segments, such as in septal and anterior wall. CONCLUSION: The technique of echocardiography with speckle tracking disclosed a decrease in ventricular chagasic and non-chagasic dynamic parameters in parallel with the reduction in the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. Compared with patients with non-chagasic CMP, patients with Chagas disease had reduced longitudinal and radial displacement, radial strain and strain rate of segments into inferior and inferolateral walls with paradoxical increase in others (septal and anterior), comprising a dynamic vicarious contraction peculiar to this CMP. Finally, chagasic patients in the indeterminate form had a lower longitudinal velocity compared with normal controls, which may indicate an incipient myocardial injury

Il a été démontré que la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes est influencée par le mode de locomotion chez les primates et peut être utilisée pour déterminer la présence ou non d’une arche longitudinale chez les ancêtres hominines. Chez l’humain moderne, l’arche longitudinale rend le pied plus inversé que chez les grands singes, provoquant un léger basculement de l’axe dorsoplantaire de l’articulation proximale des métatarses. Ainsi, les têtes métatarsiennes subissent une torsion par rapport à l’axe de la diaphyse pour que leur surface plantaire reste parallèle au sol. Comme les femmes ont une arche longitudinale plus haute que les hommes et comme le port du soulier à semelles rigides provoque des changements morphologiques au niveau du pied, rendant l’arche longitudinale plus haute et l’hallux moins divergeant, il est attendu que la torsion métatarsienne soit différente selon le sexe et le type de soulier porté. Ce mémoire examine donc l’effet du contexte environnemental du pied et de la plasticité de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes en comparant différentes populations humaines. L’échantillon disponible pour cette étude est constitué de 166 individus provenant de 18 sites archéologiques différents comprenant 57 hommes, 35 femmes et 74 individus de sexe indéterminé qui ont été divisés en quatre grands groupes : Amérindiens, Inuits, Militaires et Euro-canadiens. Il n’y a aucune différence de torsion entre les hommes et les femmes, ce qui suggère que la différence de hauteur de l’arche longitudinale entre les hommes et les femmes n’est pas assez importante pour être perçues au niveau de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes. La topographie ne semble pas provoquer assez de modifications au niveau du pied pour provoquer une torsion différentielle des têtes métatarsiennes. Cependant, la surface du sol, plat ou accidenté, pourrait être un facteur modifiant ce trait. Finalement, le port de souliers constrictif à semelles dures comparativement aux souliers souples, tels les mocassins, provoque une torsion différentielle des têtes métatarsiennes. Les individus chaussant des souliers à semelles souples ont un premier métatarsien présentant une plus grande éversion et un troisième, quatrième et cinquième métatarsien présentant une plus petite éversion comparativement aux individus chaussant des souliers constrictifs. Ces résultats viennent appuyer l’hypothèse de la capacité plastique de la torsion des têtes métatarsiennes. / It has been shown that the metatarsals head torsion can be influenced by the mode of locomotion in primates and can be used to determine the presence or absence of a longitudinal arch in hominin ancestors. In modern humans, the longitudinal arch results in a foot more inverted than in apes, causing a slight tilting of the dorsoplantary axis of the metatarsals proximal joints. Thus, the metatarsal heads undergo torsion relative to the axis of the shaft so their plantar surface lie parallel to the ground. Since women have a higher longitudinal arch than men and since wearing hard sole shoes causes morphological changes in the foot, making the longitudinal arch higher and the hallux less abducted, it is expected that torsion will be different according to sex and type of shoes worn. By comparing different human populations, this paper examines whether metatarsal torsion is a plastic trait that can be influenced by the loading environment. The sample available for this study, consists of 166 individuals from 18 different archaeological sites including 57 men, 35 women and 74 of indetermined sex that were divided into four groups: Amerinds, Inuits, Military and Euro-canadian. There is no significant difference in torsion between men and women, suggesting that the slight difference in longitudinal arch height between men and women is not sufficient to be perceived in metatarsal variation torsion. The topography of the land does not seem to cause significant changes in the foot such as torsion. However, the surface of the ground, flat or irregular, could be a factor modifying torsion. Finally, wearing constrictive shoes with hard soles compared to flexible shoes, such as moccasins, increased variation in torsion angles. Individuals known to wear moccasins present more eversion of the first metatarsal and less eversion of the third, fourth and fifth metatarsals compared to individuals who used to wear constrictive footwear. These results support the hypothesis that metatarsal torsion is a relatively plastic feature.

INTRODUÇÃO: A doença de Chagas tem uma alta prevalência no Brasil e América Latina. Dentre as miocardiopatias (MCP), é a que evolui com pior prognóstico. A identificação precoce de disfunção sistólica de uma MCP é fundamental para o início do tratamento, assim como sua definição etiológica, sendo o ecocardiograma um dos métodos diagnósticos mais importantes na prática clínica. No entanto, mesmo que a análise da função sistólica global do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) demonstre fração de ejeção preservada, é possível já estar ocorrendo alguma anormalidade contrátil, não detectada pelos exames de rotina. A nova ferramenta ecocardiográfica denominada speckle tracking permite a análise de múltiplos parâmetros que compõem a dinâmica de contração do VE (deslocamento, velocidade de deslocamento, strain, strain rate, rotação e torção), caracterizando de forma integral a função sistólica. Trata-se de um método sensível com potencial para se detectar lesão miocárdica incipiente e auxiliar na definição etiológica de uma MCP dilatada. Um estudo detalhado da mecânica de contração do VE em doença de Chagas, ao longo de toda sua evolução, nunca foi realizado antes. OBJETIVO: Comparar os múltiplos parâmetros obtidos por speckle tracking da dinâmica de contração do VE com controles, desde a forma indeterminada da doença de Chagas até as fases mais avançadas da disfunção sistólica. MÉTODO: No período de janeiro de 2010 a agosto de 2013 estudamos pacientes chagásicos divididos em 04 grupos: Ch1A, forma indeterminada; Ch1B, fração de ejeção normal (FE >= 0,55), mas com alteração no eletrocardiograma; Ch2, MCP chagásica com disfunção sistólica discreta a moderada (FEVE 0,55- 0,30) e Ch3, MCP com disfunção importante (FEVE < 0,30). Indivíduos normais e pacientes com MCP de outras etiologias também foram estudados para compor o grupo controle, sendo pareados pela FEVE. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos ao ecocardiograma convencional com aquisição de imagens para speckle tracking. As imagens foram avaliadas para determinação de parâmetros da dinâmica ventricular por observador experiente usando software específico. RESULTADOS: Um total de 131 pacientes foram incluídos, 47 (36%) deles alocados em grupos de chagásicos. Dezesseis indivíduos chagásicos eram homens (34%). A média de idade variou de 54 a 56 anos para os grupos chagásicos e 37 a 50 anos para os controles. A exequibilidade global para análise por técnica de speckle tracking foi de 97%. Foi encontrada diferença significativa na análise de velocidade longitudinal global com menores valores no grupo Ch1A em relação aos controles normais, C1 (Ch1A, 3,33 ± 0,44 cm/s vs C1, 4,44 ± 0,78 cm/s; p < 0,001). Foram observadas reduções de todos os parâmetros da mecânica de contração do VE em paralelo ao comprometimento sistólico, tanto para as análises globais, quanto para segmento-a-segmento, em pacientes chagásicos e com MCP de outras etiologias. Foi observado um aumento paradoxal do deslocamento longitudinal global no grupo com disfunção sistólica importante (Ch3, 6,48 ± 1,57 mm vs C3, 4,63 ± 1,60 mm; p = 0,01). Essa tendência foi acompanhada pelas observações de maiores valores de deslocamento radial global apical (Ch3, 2,49 ± 0,83 mm vs C3, 1,54 ± 1,18 mm; p = 0,04). Na análise segmentar, foram evidenciados piores valores de deslocamento radial, strain e strain rate radiais em segmentos classicamente acometidos pela doença de Chagas (paredes inferior e inferolateral) e paradoxal aumento de valores destes parâmetros em outros segmentos, como nas paredes septal e anterior. CONCLUSÃO: A técnica de ecocardiografia com speckle tracking demonstrou redução dos parâmetros da dinâmica ventricular de pacientes chagásicos e não chagásicos em paralelo com a redução da fração de ejeção do ventrículo esquerdo. Em comparação com pacientes com MCP não chagásica, os pacientes com doença de Chagas apresentaram redução de deslocamento longitudinal e radial, strain e strain rate radiais em segmentos das paredes inferior e inferolateral com aumento paradoxal de outros (septal e anterior), caracterizando uma dinâmica de contração vicariante peculiar a esta MCP. Por fim, pacientes chagásicos na forma indeterminada apresentaram menor velocidade de contração longitudinal em comparação aos controles normais, o que pode ser indício de uma lesão miocárdica incipiente / INTRODUCTION: Chagas disease has a high prevalence in Brazil and Latin America. Among the cardiomyopathies (CMP), it evolves with the worst prognosis. Early identification of a CMP systolic impairment is critical to treatment initiation as well as its etiologic definition, and echocardiogram is one of the most important diagnostic methods in clinical practice. However, even if global analysis of left ventricle (LV) systolic function discloses a preserved ejection fraction, an ongoing contractile abnormality is already possible, not detected by routine tests. A new echocardiographic tool called speckle tracking allows an analysis of multiple parameters that comprise LV contraction dynamics (displacement, displacement velocity, strain and strain rate, rotation and twist), fully characterizing LV systolic function. It is a sensitive method with the potential to detect incipient myocardial injury and help to define the etiology of a dilated CMP. A detailed study of LV contraction mechanics in Chagas disease, throughout its evolution, has never been done before. OBJECTIVE: To compare multiple parameters of LV dynamics contraction obtained by speckle tracking with controls, since the indeterminate form of Chagas disease until later stages of systolic dysfunction. METHODS: From January 2010 to August 2013, we studied patients with Chagas disease divided into 04 groups: Ch1A, indeterminate form; Ch1B, normal ejection fraction (EF >= 0.55), but with electrocardiogram abnormalities; Ch2, chagasic CMP with mild to moderate systolic dysfunction (LVEF 0.55-0.30) and Ch3, CMP with severe dysfunction (LVEF < 0.30). Normal individuals and patients with other etiologies of CMP were also studied to compose the control group, and were matched by LVEF. All patients underwent echocardiography with conventional imaging added with speckle tracking imaging acquisition. Images were assessed to determine the parameters of dynamic ventricular by an experienced observer using specific software. RESULTS: A total of 131 patients were included, 47 (36 %) of them allocated in groups of Chagas disease. Sixteen chagasic individuals were men (34 %). The mean age ranged from 54 to 56 years for chagasic groups and 37 to 50 years for controls. The overall feasibility for analysis by speckle tracking technique was 97%. Significant difference was found in the analysis of global longitudinal velocity with lower values in group Ch1A compared with normal controls, C1 (Ch1A, 3.33 ± 0.44 cm/s vs C1, 4.44 ± 0.78 cm/s; p < 0.001). We observed a reduction of all parameters of LV contraction mechanics parallel to systolic impairment, both for global as for segment-to-segment analyses, in chagasic patients and in CMP with other etiologies. We also observed a paradoxical increase in global longitudinal displacement in the group with severe systolic dysfunction (Ch3, 6.48 ± 1.57 mm vs C3, 4.63 ± 1.60 mm; p = 0.01). This trend was followed by observations of higher values of apical global radial displacement (Ch3, 2.49 ± 0.83 mm vs C3, 1.54 ± 1.18 mm; p = 0.04). In segmental analysis, we observed worse values of radial displacement as well as radial strain and strain rate in segments classically affected by Chagas disease (inferior and inferolateral walls) and paradoxical increase of values of these parameters in other segments, such as in septal and anterior wall. CONCLUSION: The technique of echocardiography with speckle tracking disclosed a decrease in ventricular chagasic and non-chagasic dynamic parameters in parallel with the reduction in the ejection fraction of the left ventricle. Compared with patients with non-chagasic CMP, patients with Chagas disease had reduced longitudinal and radial displacement, radial strain and strain rate of segments into inferior and inferolateral walls with paradoxical increase in others (septal and anterior), comprising a dynamic vicarious contraction peculiar to this CMP. Finally, chagasic patients in the indeterminate form had a lower longitudinal velocity compared with normal controls, which may indicate an incipient myocardial injury

No description available.

Les filtres céramiques représentent une solution efficace pour capturer et retenir les particules carbonées émises par les moteurs automobiles Diesel. En cas de choc thermique dû à une régénération sévère, la résistance thermomécanique de ces filtres est primordiale pour assurer une bonne efficacité de filtration pendant toute la durée de vie du véhicule. Pour cette raison, la conception de filtres à particules Diesel à base de titanate d'aluminium est une innovation prometteuse au sein de la gamme du groupe Saint-Gobain. A température ambiante comme à haute température, les caractérisations des comportements mécaniques et à la propagation de fissure du titanate d'aluminium sont les objectifs principaux de ces travaux de thèse. Basée sur différents essais mécaniques analysés par corrélation d'images 2D et 3D, une méthodologie d'identification est ainsi développée et appliquée sur la céramique à base de titanate d'aluminium pour les filtres à particules. Tout d'abord, des essais de flexion effectués à température ambiante mettent en évidence le comportement endommageable de cette céramique microfissurée fortement poreuse. Des fonctions de forme spécifiques à la flexion quatre points sont construites pour mesurer, par corrélation d'images 2D, la cinématique globale et la position de l'axe neutre. Une loi d'endommagement est identifiée pour représenter la dissymétrie entre les comportements en traction et en compression. Cette approche d'identification est appliquée à haute température, où le comportement mécanique du matériau est non-linéaire en raison du réseau de microfissures et de la viscosité de la phase secondaire. Une seconde approche de corrélation d'images 2D, basée sur les séries de Williams, est appliquée pour analyser des essais de flexion entaillée et étudie la fissuration quasi-fragile du matériau à température ambiante. Les différents modes d'endommagement sont quantifiés énergétiquement à travers l'application d'une méthode de corrélation d'images, basée sur la méthode de l'écart à l'équilibre. A haute température, la propagation de fissure apparaît également comme quasi-fragile, entre autres en raison d'importants mécanismes de renforcements vers 800°C. Parallèlement, l'essai de double-torsion est analysé car il permet de contrôler la propagation de fissures sur de longues distances. Un prototype est conçu pour réaliser des essais in situ dans un tomographe. Par corrélation d'images 3D, l'évolution du front curviligne de la fissure est observée dans l'épaisseur du matériau. Avec une simulation X-FEM, la répartition des facteurs d'intensité des contraintes le long du front de fissure est calculée pour en expliquer sa propagation. Ces travaux ont permis de caractériser les fortes déformabilité et résistance à la propagation de fissure du matériau à haute température. Ces propriétés jouent un rôle clef dans la résistance thermomécanique des filtres à particules Diesel à base de titanate d'aluminium. / Ceramic filters are an efficient solution to capture and retain the carbon particulates that are emitted by Diesel engines. In case of thermal shock due to a severe regeneration, the thermomechanical resistance of these filters is essential to ensure high filtration efficiency during the whole life time of the vehicle. For this reason, the conception of filters made of aluminium titanate is a promising innovation for the group Saint-Gobain. The main objective of this thesis is the characterization of mechanical and fracture behaviours, at both room and high temperature. To reach these goals, integrated techniques of Digital Image Correlation (DIC) present a strong potential to measure displacement fields, analyze tests and identify mechanical properties. Based on different mechanical tests analyzed by 2D and 3D-DIC, an identification methodology is developed and applied on the porous ceramic made of aluminium titanate for Diesel particulate filters. First, bending tests at room temperature highlight the damageable behaviour of this microcracked ceramic. Some specific basis functions for bending tests are built to measure by 2D-DIC the global kinematics and the neutral axis position. A damage law is identified to describe the asymmetry between behaviours in tension and compression. This identification approach is also applied at high temperature, where the mechanical behaviour is non-linear because of the microcracks and the silicate secondary phase. A second approach of 2D-DIC, based on the Williams series, is applied to analyze notched bending tests and to identify the parameters governing the quasi-brittle fracture of the material at room temperature. The energies dissipated by the different damage modes are quantified thanks to a third 2D-DIC method based on the equilibrium gap method. At high temperature, the behaviour is also non-brittle, because of numerous toughening mechanisms near 800°C, among others reasons The double-torsion test is also analyzed since it enables to control the propagation of long cracks for thin and brittle specimens. A prototype is built to perform in situ tests analyzed by tomography X. Using 3D-DIC, it is possible to observe the evolution of the curvilinear crack front in the specimen thickness. Thanks to a X-FEM simulation, the stress intensity factors are calculated along the crack front to explain its propagation. These works have highlighted the important deformability and crack propagation resistance of this material at high temperature. These two properties might be the main reasons for the high thermomechanical resistance of Diesel particulate filters made of aluminium titanate. The identified laws at high temperature can be used for numerical simulations of filters during severe regenerations. More generally, techniques used in these works present a strong interest for the development of new ceramics made of aluminium titanate for filtration applications.

Kalmar Cargotec is a company offering solutions for container and heavy industrial material handling. One of their products, EC-truck (empty container), lifts objects as heavy as 11 tonnes and sometimes as high as 16 meters vertically up in the air. Lifting very heavy objects high up in the air can cause the pulse to rise if unwanted movement is caused due to strong winds. This thesis was raised by Kalmar Cargotec, to study if the swinging effect of the elevated load could be reduced by increasing the torsional resistance of the truck chassis framework. The project work will be conducted at the engineering consultancy firm Citec AB in Karlstad, whom together with Kalmar Cargotec, offered the opportunity for this thesis. Concepts were generated for the chassis framework to find a new and improved design. The conceptual designs were compared both numerically, through the finite element analysis based program Mechanical, and analytically. The three best performing concepts were studied further with more variables accounted for where one was picked to be implemented in a large scale computational model. It was discovered that it is possible to reduce the swinging effect of the mast by replacing the current U-profiled beams in the chassis framework with hollow rectangular cross-sectional beams. / Kalmar Cargotec är ett företag som erbjuder lösningar till kontainer- och materialhantering i tungviktsindustrin. En av deras produkter, EC-trucken (empty container), lyfter föremål så tunga som 11 ton och ibland s˚a högt som 16 meter vertikalt upp i luften. Att lyfta så tunga föremål, så högt upp i luften kan väcka oro ifall föremålet börjar förflytta sig på grund av starka vindar. Den här masteruppsatsen presenterades av Kalmar Cargotec för att studera om svängningseffekten av det upphöjda föremålet kan reduceras genom att öka vridmotståndet i truckens chassi-ramverket. Projektet kommer att utföras på ingenjörsinriktade konsultfirman Citec AB i Karlstad, som genom Kalmar Cargotec, erbjöd möligheten för att utföra detta examensarbete. Koncept genererades på chassi-ramverket med syfte att hitta nya och förbättrade lösningar. De konceptuella utformningarna jämfördes både numeriskt, genom det finita element-baserade programmet Mechanical, och analytiskt. De tre koncept som presterade bäst valdes för vidare studier med fler variabler inräknade, där en till slut valdes för att implementeras i en större beräkningsmodell. Det visade sig vara möjligt att reducera den svängande effekten av stativet med lasten genom att byta ut de befintliga U-profil balkarna i chassi-ramverket mot balkar med rektangulärt ihåliga tvärsnitt.

Dans cette thèse, on étudie les propriétés des sous-variétés lagrangiennes dans une variété symplectique en utilisant la relation de cobordisme lagrangien. Plus précisément, on s'intéresse à déterminer les conditions pour lesquelles les cobordismes lagrangiens élémentaires sont en fait triviaux. En utilisant des techniques de l'homologie de Floer et le théorème du s-cobordisme on démontre que, sous certaines hypothèses topologiques, un cobordisme lagrangien exact est une pseudo-isotopie lagrangienne. Ce resultat est une forme faible d'une conjecture due à Biran et Cornea qui stipule qu'un cobordisme lagrangien exact est hamiltonien isotope à une suspension lagrangianenne. / In this thesis we study the properties of Lagrangian submanifolds of a symplectic manifold by using the relation of Lagrangian cobordism. More precisely, we are interested in determining when an elementary Lagrangian cobordism is trivial. Using techniques coming from Floer homology and the s-cobordism theorem, we show that under some topological assumptions, an exact Lagrangian cobordism is a Lagrangian pseudo-isotopy. This is a weaker version of a conjecture proposed by Biran and Cornea, which states that any exact Lagrangian cobordism is Hamiltonian isotopic to a Lagrangian suspension.

La scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent (SIA) est une déformation tridimensionnelle (3D) de la colonne vertébrale. Pour la plupart des patients atteints de SIA, aucun traitement chirurgical n’est nécessaire. Lorsque la déformation devient sévère, un traitement chirurgical visant à réduire la déformation est recommandé. Pour déterminer la sévérité de la SIA, l’imagerie la plus utilisée est une radiographie postéroantérieure (PA) ou antéro-postérieure (AP) du rachis. Plusieurs indices sont disponibles à partir de cette modalité d’imagerie afin de quantifier la déformation de la SIA, dont l’angle de Cobb. La conduite thérapeutique est généralement basée sur cet indice. Cependant, les indices disponibles à cette modalité d’imagerie sont de nature bidimensionnelle (2D). Celles-ci ne décrivent donc pas entièrement la déformation dans la SIA dû à sa nature tridimensionnelle (3D). Conséquemment, les classifications basées sur les indices 2D souffrent des mêmes limitations. Dans le but décrire la SIA en 3D, la torsion géométrique a été étudiée et proposée par Poncet et al. Celle-ci mesure la tendance d’une courbe tridimensionnelle à changer de direction. Cependant, la méthode proposée est susceptible aux erreurs de reconstructions 3D et elle est calculée localement au niveau vertébral. L’objectif de cette étude est d’évaluer une nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la torsion géométrique par l’approximation de longueurs d’arcs locaux et par paramétrisation de courbes dans la SIA. Une première étude visera à étudier la sensibilité de la nouvelle méthode présentée face aux erreurs de reconstructions 3D du rachis. Par la suite, deux études cliniques vont présenter la iv torsion géométrique comme indice global et viseront à démontrer l’existence de sous-groupes non-identifiés dans les classifications actuelles et que ceux-ci ont une pertinence clinique. La première étude a évalué la robustesse de la nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la torsion géométrique chez un groupe de patient atteint de la SIA. Elle a démontré que la nouvelle technique est robuste face aux erreurs de reconstructions 3D du rachis. La deuxième étude a évalué la torsion géométrique utilisant cette nouvelle méthode dans une cohorte de patient avec des déformations de type Lenke 1. Elle a démontré qu’il existe deux sous-groupes, une avec des valeurs de torsion élevées et l’autre avec des valeurs basses. Ces deux sous-groupes possèdent des différences statistiquement significatives, notamment au niveau du rachis lombaire avec le groupe de torsion élevée ayant des valeurs d’orientation des plans de déformation maximales (PMC) en thoraco-lombaire (TLL) plus élevées. La dernière étude a évalué les résultats chirurgicaux de patients ayant une déformation Lenke 1 sous-classifiées selon les valeurs de torsion préalablement. Cette étude a pu démontrer des différences au niveau du PMC au niveau thoraco-lombaire avec des valeurs plus élevées en postopératoire chez les patients ayant une haute torsion. Ces études présentent une nouvelle méthode d’estimation de la torsion géométrique et présentent cet indice quantitativement. Elles ont démontré l’existence de sous-groupes 3D basés sur cet indice ayant une pertinence clinique dans la SIA, qui n’étaient pas identifiés auparavant. Ce projet contribue dans la tendance actuelle vers le développement d’indices 3D et de classifications 3D pour la scoliose idiopathique de l’adolescent. / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three dimensional (3D) deformity of the spine. For most patients, no surgical intervention is required. However, for patients with severe deformities, surgery is often recommended. Postero-anterior (PA) and antero-posterior (AP) x-rays are the most common modality for viewing and evaluating this deformity. From this imaging modality, clinical indices such as the Cobb angle can quantify and evaluate the severity of AIS. Clinical decision making is often based on this descriptor. However, the descriptors based on spinal radiographies are two- dimensional (2D) by nature. Therefore, they do not fully describe the deformity in AIS due to its three-dimensional (3D) nature. Poncet et al. have studied and presented geometric torsion as a 3D descriptor of AIS. This index measures a curve’s tendency to twist out of a plane. However, the method presented in their study is susceptible to errors from an imperfect 3D spinal reconstruction due to the local approach taken and is presented in a qualitative fashion. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate a new method of estimating geometric torsion in AIS employing parametric curve fitting techniques based on local arc-length approximations. The first study attempts to evaluate the sensitivity of the presented method of estimating geometric torsion against noisy data or 3D reconstruction errors. Two clinical studies will then present this descriptor as a quantitative measurement of AIS and will attempt to identify potential new sub-groups and demonstrate the clinical relevance of these new sub-groups. vi The first study evaluated the robustness of the new method in estimating geometric torsion in the presence of reconstruction errors. This study demonstrated that the new method is robust to 3D spinal reconstruction errors and achieves quantitative measures in a global fashion. The second study evaluated this new method of estimating geometric torsion in patients with Lenke type 1 deformities. This study identified two sub-groups based on torsion values, a high torsion and a low torsion group. These two sub-groups showed differences in the orientation of the planes of maximum deformity (PMC) in the thoraco-lumbar segment of the spine with the high torsion group having greater values. The last study evaluated the surgical results of patients with Lenke type 1 deformities having been sub-classified in high and low torsion groups. This study showed differences in TLL PMC with the high torsion group of patients having higher values pre and post-operatively, These studies present a novel method of estimating geometric torsion in AIS and present this 3D descriptor quantitatively. They have demonstrated the existence of new sub-groups within current classification systems that were previously undetected and have shown the clinical relevance of this new method of estimating geometric torsion in AIS. This project contributes towards the development of new 3D indices for AIS and opens the door to potential new 3D classifications.