MRDV / Institute for Rural Development / Two decades after the “Fast Track” land resettlement in Zimbabwe, little is known about the sustainability of livelihoods of households that benefited from the programme. “Fast Track” refers to the accelerated land resettlement which started in 2000 in Zimbabwe. The government of Zimbabwe argues that it introduced it as an intervention strategy to enhance the livelihoods of marginalised indigenous people. However, the nature of the fast track land resettlement has been met with considerable criticism. An exploratory study that sought to assess the sustainability of livelihoods through obtaining the perspectives of men, women and youth in fast track resettlement areas of Shamva District was carried out. Focus group discussions and semi-structured interview guides were used to obtain the perceptions. The attempt to understand the sustainability of livelihoods involved determining the perceived (a) major features of sustainable livelihoods, (b) criteria for assessing sustainability of livelihoods, and (c) livelihood strategies adopted. Data were coded and analysed using Atlas-it version 7.5 software. Dependability of livelihoods, ability to recover from stress, extent to which livelihoods conserved the environment, ease with which livelihoods were interchanged and ability to close the gap between rich and poor members of society were the perceived features of sustainable livelihoods. Criteria for assessing the sustainability of livelihoods included the ability of livelihoods to contribute to development, provide a stable flow of income, promotion of social development, potential for growth and ability to conserve the environment. Petty trading, agricultural intensification, self-employment and community savings were the main livelihood strategies pursued in the fast track resettlement areas of Shamva District. Inherent challenges that inhibited the sustainability of livelihoods were cited as lack of infrastructure, poor markets for agricultural products and poor communication. The use of participatory research was crucial in co-creation of knowledge with the resettled farmers. The information generated is useful for crafting empowerment strategies in the fast track resettled farming communities. / NRF

Spårledning används inom järnvägen för att lokalisera var tåg befinner sig. Detta examensarbete behandlar en modell av tonfrekvensspårledningar från Alstom. Teoridelen behandlar de båda modellerna DTC – 921 och DTC- 24 medan uträkningarna enbart behandlar den tidigare. Tonfrekvensspårledningar separeras med elektroniska skarvar genom förbindningar i spåret. Den förbindning som examensarbetet undersökt är av typ S-förbindning som idag består av en kopparkabel. Arbetet gick ut på att undersöka hur funktionen är uppbyggd och hur den skulle påverkas vid ett byte av material då koppar är stöldbegärligt. Undersökningar har gjorts på tre olika alternativ: aluminium, järn och safecable från safetrack.  Genom att studera S-förbindningens funktion och hur den agerar med tillhörande tuningbox har materialets eventuella påverkan utvärderats. Med teoretiska uträkningar har parametrarna räknats ut för de olika materialen. För att bekräfta funktionen har simuleringar i Pspice utförts. / Track circuits are used to detect where the trains are along the railway. This report contains a study of two models of audio frequency track circuit from Alstom called DTC – 921 and DTC - 24. The calculations made in the result section are made on only DTC-921. The different frequencies between two track circuits are divided by an S-bond. The S-bond is made of cupper which is a material that is theft-prone. The purpose of the project was to investigate the functionality of the S-bond and how  a cable with a different kind of material would affect the function. Three different kinds of materials have been investigated: aluminum, iron and safecable from safetrack.   By studying the function of the S-bond and how it interacts with the tuning box the affect off the different materials have been evaluated. The parameters of the materials have been calculated and the function has been simulated in Pspice.

Turnouts (Switches & Crossings) are important components in railway networks, as they provide the necessary flexibility for train operations by allowing trains to change among the tracks. But the turnout’s geometry with discontinuity in rail profiles and lack of transition curve causes additional wear both on track and on vehicle. The main goal of this MSc thesis is to investigate the influence of turnouts on wheel wear of a freight vehicle. This will be obtained by simulations in the commercial MBS software GENSYS. The wheel-rail contact is modelled according to Hertz’s theory and Kalker’s simplified theory, with the FASTSIM algorithm, and the wear calculations are performed according to Archard’s law. Wheel wear is estimated by considering variations in parameters which have effect on wheel-rail contact. All these variations are common in daily rail operation, and they are caused by it, i.e. worn wheel profiles, worn crossing nose and different stiffness of the stock and the switch rails at the beginning of the turnout. Moreover, the wheel wear is calculated for both possible directions which a vehicle can run, the diverging and the straight direction of the turnout. Especially for the straight direction, various running speeds have been tested as the speed limit when the vehicle follows the straight direction is higher than for the diverging part. Running with worn wheel profiles has the greatest impact in terms of increasing the wheel wear, especially on the outer part of wheel tread. In addition, the worn crossing nose results in increased wheel wear in this area. The results of the simulations concerning the different stiffness showed that the wheel wear caused by the contact of wheel and stock rail increases whereas the wear caused by the contact with the switch rail is kept at about the same level or decreases. It is concluded that turnouts have a significant impact on wheel wear, mainly because of the discontinuity in rail geometry and all the investigated parameters increase this impact. Moreover, great differences in wear values for areas close to each other are observed, mainly because of the wear coefficient values chosen in Archard’s wear map.

Även om allemansrätten är grundlagsskyddad genom regeringsformen är dess innehåll inte definierat i lag, upprätthållandet baseras istället primärt på sedvana. En av frågorna det inte finns något tydligt svar på är om, och i sådana fall till vilken grad ett skidspår kan utsläcka allemansrätten när spårhållare begränsar tillgången till allemansrättslig mark genom en spåravgift. Nya samhällstrender och de senaste årens allt kortare vintrar, med högre temperaturer och mindre snö, har tvingat vissa spårhållare att ta betalt för att täcka ökade kostnader för konstsnö, skötsel och underhåll. Då det handlar om mark som täcker större områden involverar avgiften mark som i grunden är menad att vara allemansrättsligt tillgänglig. Studiens syfte är att undersöka: den juridiska definitionen av ”anläggning” och under vilka omständigheter en anläggning uppstår som kan begränsa tillgängligheten till mark som är till för allmänheten, och om en spårhållare, genom att erbjuda spårunderhåll, på rättsliga grunder kan kräva betalt för marken som från början varit menad för allmänheten. Samt hur en avgift påverkar möjligheten att nå Sveriges friluftspolitiska mål, att allemansrätten ska värnas och att naturen ska vara tillgänglig för alla. Den (sparsamma) lagstiftningen, sedvanerätt och rättsliga avgöranden studerades med hjälp av en kvalitativ metod där semistrukturerade intervjuer varvades med genomgång av material såsom lagtext, propositioner, förarbeten, myndighetsrapporter och organisationshandlingar. Studiens resultat visade att tolkningen av begreppet anläggning och huruvida en tvingande avgift är legitim varierar och att eventuella förändringar i allemansrätten bör sättas i ett större sammanhang. Förvaltningsdomstolarna tar flera faktorer i beaktning när en avvägning ska göras mellan allemansrätten och möjligheten att ta ut en avgift. Såsom anläggningens fysiska avgränsning, grad av underhåll och nedlagda kostnader. Allemansrätten har breda gråzoner och är i ett rättsligt avseende så pass tunt beskriven att det är svårt att utifrån lagstiftningen definiera vad en anläggning är. Fler studier behövs på området och situationen för ett berättigat avgiftsuttag verkar osäker till dess att det finns en mer precis rättslig definition av vad en anläggning är. / Although granted by the Swedish constitution, the right of public access is not well-defined by the law and its enforcement has therefore been based primarily on customary law. One of the questions that remains to be answered is if, and if so to what extent, the competing right of charging a fee for a facility, can be used by ski-track suppliers to limit the right of public access on public areas. The effects of climate change and new behaviors have forced some ski-track suppliers to charge an “access and use” fee in order to cover their costs of providing artificial snow and the resulting maintenance. Due to the large area covered the access and use fee involves land belonging to the public. This study aims to explore: the legal concept of a “facility” and under what circumstances the owner of a facility can limit public access to a land property, if a ski-track supplier, by providing track maintenance, can claim to be a facility owner with sufficient legal grounds for limiting public access to it, and how fees for nature-based activities affect political goals. The methods used are interpretation of the (sparse) legislation, customary law and legal precedence through case law. Semi-structured interviews and interpretation of legal texts, government bills, preambles, authorities’ reports and organizations’ reports.  The results show that: there are different ways of understanding the concept of a “facility” and thus if a compulsory fee is legal, and  that when decisions are made to change the right of public access, their effects must be considered in a wider context. The examination shows that the Administrative Courts are looking at several variables when weighing the right of public access against the right to charge a fee for a facility, such as its physical boundary, its costs and maintenance. The right of public access contains grey areas and is too vaguely described in the law in order to give a precise definition of what a facility is. Follow-up studies are required, and the situation seems to be uncertain until there is a legal definition of the concept of “facility”.

In the last 40 years an increase in train speed and axle load around the world and other challenges in the conventional ballasted track system gave birth to ballastless railway track system. This study examines in depth the various slab track systems that are being used today. Their design characteristics as well as the various requirements for efficient use are thoroughly explained. At least 34 different ballastless systems have been recorded in many railway networks throughout the world. The most significant slab track systems are analysed in detail and compared. Slab track designs have significant advantages comparing to ballasted tracks. The most significant are the high stability of the track, the almost non-existent need for maintenance, the long life cycle (60 years) and the reduced weight and height of the track. Their disadvantages against the ballasted tracks are mainly summarized in their higher construction costs. The Finite Element package ABAQUS/CAE is used to model a 3-D slab track design under static traffic loading. The results suggest that slab tracks have profoundly better stability and durability comparing to ballasted tracks mainly due to their higher stiffness and strength. The author underlines the need for further studies to undoubtedly prove the claimed advantages of slab track systems as well as to improve the costs associated with construction.

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In der prospektiven Untersuchung bekommen 50 Patienten ein intraoperativ inseriertes ON-Q® PainBuster® Kathetersystem. Patienten der Verumgruppe erhalten über 72 Stunden postoperativ Ropivacain 0,375 % über das lokale Wundkathetersystem mit einer Flussrate von 5 ml/h, Patienten der Placebogruppe zum Vergleich Natriumchloridlösung 0,9 %. Als Basisanalgesie werden alle Patienten mittels eines oralen Nicht-opioid Analgetikum und intravenösem Piritramid therapiert. Im postoperativen Verlauf von 5 Tagen werden die visuell analoge Schmerzskala bei unterschiedlichen Aktivitäten und der Bedarf von intravenös applizierten Piritramid über die PCA-Pumpe als Ergebnisse evaluiert. Diese Ergebnisse werden mit den aktuellen Analagesieverfahren im Rahmen der Thorax- und Kardiochirurgie verglichen und diskutiert. Mögliche Alternativen werden abschließend aufgezeigt.:BIBLIOGRAPHISCHE BESCHREIBUNG 4 ABKÜRZUNGSVERZEICHNIS 5 1. DIE EINLEITUNG 7 1.1. DAS FAST-TRACK-THERAPIEKONZEPT 7 1.2. DAS POSTOPERATIVES SCHMERZMANAGEMENT 7 1.3. DIE ZIELSETZUNG DER ARBEIT 9 2. DAS MATERIAL UND DIE METHODEN 10 2.1 DAS STUDIENDESIGN 10 2.2 DAS NARKOSEVERFAHREN 10 2.3 DAS ON-Q® PAINBUSTER® KATHETERSYSTEM 13 2.4 DIE LABORANALYSEVERFAHREN 14 2.5 DIE STATISTISCHE AUSWERTUNG 14 3. DIE ERGEBNISSE 15 3.1. DAS PATIENTENKOLLEKTIV 15 3.2. DIE SCHMERZSCORE-ERGEBNISSE 16 3.3. DIE ERGEBNISSE DES PIRITRAMIDBEDARFES 20 3.4. DIE ERGEBNISSE DER ANGEFORDERTEN ZUSATZMEDIKATIONEN 21 3.5. DIE ERGEBNISSE DES ALPHA-1-SAURE-GLYKOPROTEINS UND DER ROPIVACAINSERUMSPIEGEL22 4. DIE DISKUSSION 23 4.1. DIE METHODENKRITIK 23 4.1.1 DAS STUDIENKONZEPT 23 4.1.2 DIE STICHPROBENMENGE UND DIE AUSFALLQUOTEN 23 4.1.3 DIE STATISTISCHE AUSWERTUNG 24 4.1.4 DIE KATHETERLAGE 25 4.1.5 DAS LOKALANÄSTHETIKUM ROPIVACAIN 26 4.1.6 DIE ZUSATZANALGETIKA 26 4.2. DIE ERGEBNISKRITIK 27 4.2.1 URSACHEN FEHLENDER WIRKSAMKEIT 27 4.2.2 DIE ROPIVACAINPLASMAKONZENTRATIONEN 30 4.3. VERGLEICH DER ERGEBNISSE MIT DER LITERATUR 31 4.3.1 DIE FAST-TRACK-KARDIOANÄSTHESIE 31 4.3.2 DAS PERIOPERATIVE SCHMERZMANAGEMENT 32 4.3.2.1 Die rückenmarksnahen Verfahren 33 4.3.2.2 Die peripheren Katheterverfahren 35 4.3.2.2 Die parenterale Opioidapplikation 38 4.3.2.4 Die orale Nicht-Opioidgabe 38 4.4. DIE FALSIFIZIERUNG DER ARBEITSHYPOTHESE 39 4.5. DER AUSBLICK 39 5. DIE ZUSAMMENFASSUNG UND DAS FAZIT 41 3 ANLAGEN 43 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS 44 ABBILDUNGS- UND TABELLENVERZEICHNIS 55 ERKLÄRUNG ÜBER DIE EIGENSTÄNDIGE ABFASSUNG DER ARBEIT 56 LEBENSLAUF 57 DANKSAGUNG 58

The large-scale, mid-latitude circulation in the upper troposphere is dominated by Rossby waves. The jet stream flows along the wave structure and surface cyclones can be found ahead of the troughs of the waves, propagating eastward. This propagation is here estimated as the zonal phase speed which is quantified using spectral analysis, producing a unique, global daily value for each day of the winter season (DJF) between 1979 and 2019. From this data set phase speed events are defined as periods of more than four consecutive days of the top or bottom 5\% phase speed values, resulting in 15 low phase speed events and 22 high phase speed events. During events of low phase speed the 2m temperature is higher than the climatology at high latitudes and lower over Europe and Siberia. Zonal wind speed at 10m and 250hPa is also found to be lower than the climatology over both the Pacific and Atlantic storm track. Furthermore, low phase speed events are found to be occurring when blocking is present on either one or both storm tracks. During high phase speed events there is an overall increase in zonal wind speed both at 10m and 250hPa over both storm tracks as well as total magnitude of wind over western Europe. These findings suggest a link of high phase speed events to windstorms over Europe. A subjective classification indicates that at the onset of high phase speed events blocking is found mainly in two regions, one at high latitudes outside the Siberian coast and one at low latitudes outside the coast of Japan, suggesting enhanced temperature gradients at the entrance of the Pacific could cause these events. / Den storskaliga cirkulationen över mellanbredderna i den övre troposfären domineras av Rossbyvågor. Dessa är en vågstruktur som formas från Jordens rotation och vorticitet och associeras med det starka flödet från jetströmmen som återfinns längs vågstrukturen. På grund av vorticiteten uppstår cykloner framför vågornas tråg och hela systemet propagerar österut. Propageringen uppskattas här som fashastighet och kvantifieras med spektralanalys, en metod där interpolering från ett spektrum används snarare än teoretiska beräkningar. Detta producerar ett unikt och globalt dygnsmedel under vintersäsongen (December, Januari, Februari) mellan 1979 och 2019, där vintern väljs på grund av den stora variabiliteten i fashastighet som observeras då. Från denna data definieras fashastighetsevent som fyra eller fler dagar i sträck med de högsta eller lägsta 5 \%-värdena, vilket resulterar i 15 event med låg fasthastighet och 22 event med hög fashastighet. Under eventen med låg fashastighet är temperaturen vid 2m högre än klimatologin vid höga breddgrader och lägre över Europa och Sibirien. Den zonala vinden vid 10m och 250hPa är också lägre än klimatologin över både lågtrycksbanan över Stilla havet och Atlanten. Vidare så fann vi att låg fashastighet uppstår i samband med atmosfärisk blockering över en eller båda lågtrycksbanor. Under event med hög fashastighet observeras en ökning i zonal vindstyrka både vid 10m och 250hPa över båda lågtrycksbanorna samt en ökad styrka i den totala magnituden av vinden över västra Europa. Dessa fynd tyder på en länk mellan hög fashastighet och vindstormar i Europa. Vid starten av event med hög fashastighet återfinns atmosfärisk blockering främst i två regioner, en vid höga breddgrader utanför den Sibiriska kusten och en vid låga breddgrader utanför Japans kust, vilket tyder på att ökade temperaturgradienter vid början av lågtrycksbanan över Stilla havet kan orsaka dessa event.

The purpose of this project was to evaluate the effectiveness of adopting clinical care bundles for the enhanced recovery program (ERP) at the project site. The practice-focused questions explored whether care bundles from the enhanced recovery program (ERP) would achieve positive postoperative patient care experiences when compared to the traditional surgical care pathways. The concepts, models, method, and theories used for this project include the Iowa model, the plan-do-study-act model, lean methodology, Donabedian's framework, and Watson's theory of caring. The sources of evidence included the facility site analysis report to evaluate surgical inpatient complications, morbidity, and mortality rates. Over 100 items related to surgical postoperative inpatient details were retrieved from the facility site database. Using descriptive analysis of 31 postoperative surgical inpatients' demographics, body mass index data, 30-day readmission, and comorbidities, the findings indicated that the ERP is an efficient, cost-effective program with positive postoperative inpatient outcomes in comparison to traditional surgical care pathways. The impact of the evaluation of the ERP predominately improves patient outcomes, which is a positive social change to postoperative inpatients, families, clinical staff, and the project site operational and clinical performance. The implications of this study for nursing practice and positive social change include standardization of quality and patient safety in a dynamic healthcare environment.

Balancing the needs of family with career ambitions is often challenging for women who pursue science, technology, engineering, or mathematics (STEM) careers, particularly in academia. In these male-dominated workplaces, few incentives exist for women who decide to manage both work and family. In this basic qualitative research study, a modified approach combining in-depth interviewing with life-history interviewing was used to examine the work-life balance experiences of 12 tenured and tenure-track women engineering faculty who have children. The research question addressed participants' perceptions of engineering academia and experiences regarding family formation, child-raising, and the tenure process. Data were analyzed using the constant comparison method. The conceptual lens consisted of identity formation, feminine ethic of care, procedural knowing, and social learning. Four themes or key findings surfaced from this study: Participants experienced gender stereotyping in engineering academia, participants recognized overlap between the tenure and biological clocks, participants expressed a default arrangement in assuming the burden of childcare, and participants revealed that work-life balance is a false concept. The most significant finding was that the notion of work-life balance was inconsistent with participants' experiences with managing childcare and career; they described their experiences to be more about work-life integration. Implications for positive social change include improving gender diversity and the representation of women in engineering academia. Senior leaders and administrators at institutions of higher education may use study findings, for instance, to undertake program reform to recruit more women into engineering academia.