In the coverage of the Mayan Train in the Southeast of Mexico, national newspapers have either ignored Indigenous peoples as the main stakeholders affected by this project or portrayed them as victims and enemies of modernization. The purpose of this study is to analyse how the Mexican newspapers, La Jornada & Reforma, have omitted or ‘othered’ Indigenous communities in their coverage of the Mayan Train between March and June 2022. Fifteen articles from each newspaper were chosen to be analysed to show how most of them collectivize Indigenous peoples into a minority that is represented as ignorant and in need. The language used to describe Mayan pueblos in these articles reduces Indigeneity to ideas related to the past, poverty and violence, among other concepts which evidence an ideological disconnection between environmental issues and Indigenous concerns. These media omissions and language choices do not only contribute to the othering of the Mayan identity and individuality which are already threatened by this project, but to a racist and discriminatory treat against them. This thesis aims to bring up questions about the representation of Indigenous peoples in national news media articles, as well as to think about how the rebuilding of these could help influence public mindset to incorporate Indigenous communities in environmental concerns in Mexico.

Positioneringssystem har en vital roll när det gäller att kontrollera säkra tågrörelser. Det finnsmånga olika typer av positioneringssystem. Det här arbetet behandlar hur axelräknare, communications-based train control (CBTC) och olika typer av spårledningar fungerar. Det innehåller ocksåen analys av växelströmsspårledningar och axelräknare med RAMS-parametrar (Reliability, Availability,Maintenance and Safety) som utgångspunkt för att dra slutsats om vilken typ som passar bästför Trafikförvaltningens spårburna banor. Genom intervjuer med erfarna personer inom järnvägsbranscheni Stockholm erhölls kunskap om för- och nackdelar med olika system. En felträdsanalys(FTA) utfördes för axelräknare och spårledningar för att åskådliggöra potentiellt farliga situationer.Felstatistik för två järnvägsbanor togs fram för att visa felfrekvens för en bana med axelräknare ochen bana med spårledningar. Resultatet är inte entydigt men visar ändå att axelräknare undvikerfelkällor som finns hos spårledningar. Det som tydligast kommit fram var att förvaltningen behöverstandardisera till färre typer av system för de olika banorna. Det skulle underlätta vid förvärvandetav personal med rätt kompetens som ska utföra underhåll. Det skulle också göra det lättare att säkerställatillgången till ersättningsprodukter. / Positioning systems have a vital role in securing safe movement of trains. There are many differenttypes of positioning systems. This thesis is about how axle counters, communications-based traincontrol (CBTC) and different kinds of track circuits operate. It also contains an analysis of AC-trackcircuits and axle counters with RAMS-parameters (Reliability, Availability, Maintenance and Safety)as guide points to make a conclusion of what type of system that best suits for Stockholm PublicTransports railway tracks. Through interviews with experienced persons within the railway industryin Stockholm knowledge of pros and cons of different systems was obtained. A fault tree analyses(FTA) was made for axle counters and track circuits to visualize potentially hazardous situations.Failure statistics were produced to show failure frequency for one track with axle counters and onetrack with track circuits. A clear result was not shown but it can be concluded that sources of failurethat are prone to track circuit systems can be avoided using axle counters. What became evident isthat the management need to standardize to a fewer amount of different positioning systems. Itwould make it easier to find available personnel with the required skills for doing maintenance. Thiswould also have a benefit when securing maintenance supplies.

Das Kolloquium Getriebetechnik findet seit 1995 im zweijährigen Turnus statt. Im aktuellen Tagungsband zum 9. Kolloquium in Chemnitz werden in 22 Fachbeiträgen aktuelle Lehr- und Forschungsschwerpunkte aus den Gebieten der Bewegungs-, Getriebe,- und Antriebstechnik, Berechnung und Simulation bis hin zu internetbasierten Wissensportalen vorgestellt. Besondere Themenschwerpunkte sind einerseits die aktuellen und zukünftigen Ausbildungsstrategien im Themengebiet der ungleichmäßig übersetzenden Getriebe an den Universitäten und Fachhochschulen. Andererseits werden die aktuellen F&E-Aktivitäten der einzelnen Professuren und Institute sowie Applikationen von Firmen präsentiert. Dabei stehen heute neben den mechatronischen Antriebssystemen auch verstärkt werkstofftechnisch bzw. bionisch geprägte Konzeptideen im Focus. Neben neuen und effizienten CAD-Lösungsstrategien zeigen die Beiträge ganzheitliche Lösungsansätze sowie den Einsatz der Mehrkörpersimulation und FEM im Umfeld der Getriebeentwicklung.

Electrophysiological recordings are a valuable tool for neuroscience in order to monitor the activity of multiple or even single neurons. Significant insights into the nervous system have been gained by analyses of resulting data; in particular, many findings were gained from spike trains whose correlations can give valuable indications about neural interplay. But detecting, specifying, and representing neural interactions is mathematically challenging. Further, recent advances of recording techniques led to an increase in volume of collected data, which often poses additional computational problems. These developments call for new, improved methods in order to extract crucial information. The matter of this thesis is twofold: It presents a novel method for the analysis of neural spike train data, as well as a generic framework in order to assess the new and related techniques. The new computational method, the Snap Shot Score, can be used to inspect spike trains with respect to temporal dependencies, which are visualised as an information flow network. These networks can specify the relationships in the data, indicate changes in dependencies, and point to causal interactions. The Snap Shot Score is demonstrated to reveal plausible networks both in a variety of simulations and for real data, which indicate its value for understanding neural dynamics. Additional to the Snap Shot Score, a neural simulation framework is suggested, which facilitates the assessment of neural network inference techniques in a highly automated fashion. Due to a new formal concept to rate learned networks, the framework can be used to test techniques under partial observability conditions. In the presence of hidden units quantification of results has been a tedious task that had to be done by hand, but which can now be automated. Thereby high throughput assessments become possible, which facilitate a comprehensive simulation-based characterisation of new methods.

The main goal of the thesis is to evaluate the bus, train and air carriers when loss, theft or damage of luggage occurs. To analyze the best and the worst air carriers and to compare the reasons. To evaluate the experience of air traffic passengers with lost, damaged or delayed luggage; if they have ever had a cancelled or delayed flight and if they received any kind of compensation from the airline. To analyze six airlines based on the quality of their services provided and to compare the results between the airlines. The thesis uses questionnaires for research; open and closed questions were applied; the results are evaluated in both quantitative and qualitative way. The opening assumptions were mainly proved wrong. The quality of services provided in the means of transportation is the most important agent of satisfaction.

Transportval vid tjänsteresor är en viktig fråga då universitet och högskolor var en av de tre myndigheter med högst mängd utsläpp från tjänsteresor för året 2017. Det är särskilt viktigt för Linnéuniversitetet som är miljöcertifierat och har en Mötesoch Resepolicy för att minska sina utsläpp. Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på vilka faktorer som påverkar universitetsanställdas val av transportsätt vid tjänsteresor samt vad som krävs för att målgruppen ska välja de mer miljövänliga alternativen. Metoden som användes var en webbenkät i kombination med en conjointanalys för att få både kvantitativa och kvalitativa resultat. Den yrkesgrupp som var mest representerad av respondenterna var Teknisk- och Administrativ personal vars syfte med tjänsteresan främst var möten och konferenser. Resultaten från studien visade att de avgörande faktorerna för respondenterna var tid, kostnad, miljö, pålitlighet och inverkan på fritid. Det som respondenterna ansåg krävdes för att de skulle välja tåg över flyg var möjlighet till flextid under restiden, att övernattningar beviljas av universitetet samt förbättrad kollektivtrafik. / Transport choice for business travel is an important matter since universities and colleges were one of the top three authorities with the highest amount of emissions from business travels for the year of 2017. It is especially important for the Linnaeus University which has an environmental management certificate and has a Meeting-and Travel policy to reduce their emissions. The purpose of this study was to find out the factors which affect the choice of transport on business trips for university employees as well as what is required for the target group to choose the more environmentally friendly alternatives. The method that was used was a web survey in combination with a conjoint analysis to get both quantitative and qualitative results. The results from the study showed that the deciding factors for the respondents were time, cost, environment, reliability and impact on leisure time. The occupational group which was most represented by the respondents was Technical- and Administrative personnel whose purpose with the business trip mainly was meetings and conferences. That which the respondents deemed as required for them to choose train over plane was the possibility for flex during the travel time, for overnight stays to be granted by the university as well as improved public transport.

O expressivo crescimento do setor ferroviário com o processo de privatizações das operações a partir de 1996, fez com que a modalidade aumentasse sua participação na matriz de transportes brasileira. Porém, essa expansão, obtida essencialmente com a substituição e aumento de locomotivas e vagões, juntamente com a modernização do sistema de controle de tráfego, deverá em breve encontrar limites impostos pela geometria e superestrutura da malha ferroviária. O objetivo da dissertação é analisar como esses fatores afetam a capacidade de processamento de trens através de uma linha ferroviária singela. Para alcançar este objetivo desenvolveu-se um modelo capaz de identificar as características da via que restringem as velocidades e o headway das composições ferroviárias. O modelo proposto permite, através da análise de desempenho em cada um dos arcos de um trecho de linha ferroviária, obter uma medida de desempenho global no trecho e identificar os gargalos. O método adotado para determinar a capacidade do trecho para cenários operacionais alternativos é o da utilização de diagramas espaço-tempo. Os diagramas espaço-tempo são elaborados através de um algoritmo em MatLab que soluciona os conflitos nos cruzamentos para um determinado tempo de cruzamento nas estações e efetua a contagem de pares de trens. O desempenho dos trens em cada um dos arcos, dado de entrada do algoritmo, é adquirido através de um modelo de simulação de desempenho de trens elaborado pela Association of Amerian Railroads (AAR). Como aplicação prática apresenta-se uma análise de capacidade para um dos principais corredores de exportação, um trecho da Brasil Ferrovias S.A. entre as cidades de Santa Fé do Sul e Araraquara no estado de São Paulo. A análise dos resultados mostra que o principal fator limitante da velocidade média no espaço dos trens é a atual condição da superestrutura ferroviária e que, uma vez eliminada esta restrição, a supressão de passagens de nível e a relocação de estações de cruzamento, produzem ganhos expressivos. / The expessive growth of the railway sector due to the privatization of the operations since 1996, is increasing the participation of this mode in the brazilian transport matrix. However, this growth is obtained mainly from the replacement and increase of the rolling stock and the modernization of the traffic control system, and will soon reach some important limits imposed by the railway geometry and superstructure. The thesis objective is to analyze how these factors affect the capacity to process trains through a single track railroad line. To reach this objective, a model that identifies the restrictions that impose limits to the speed and headways of the trains was developed. Through the performance analysis on each arc of a railway segment, the model obtains a global performance measure for the whole segment and identifies the bottlenecks. Time-space graphs are developed to determine the capacity of the segment for different operating scenarios. To build the space-time graphs, solve the conflicts at the crossings for a given time to cross and count the trains per day, an algorithm using the MathLab software was developed. The train performance on each arc is obtained through a simulation model developed by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). As a practical application, a capacity analysis of one of the most important export corridors is presented, a segment of the Brasil Ferrovias S.A. network between the cities of Santa Fé do Sul and Araraquara in the state of São Paulo. The analysis of the results shows that the present railway superstructure condition is the main train average space speed limiting factor and, once this restriction is eliminated, the supression of at grade crossings and the relocation of the crossing stations produce expressive gains.

É cada vez maior a demanda pela eficiência dos sistemas ferroviários. A confiabilidade do material rodante é um dos fatores de desempenho mais importantes para a eficiência global dos trens de passageiros. Para que índices satisfatórios de confiabilidade, disponibilidade, mantenabilidade e segurança (CDMS) sejam alcançados, deve-se considerar esses fatores desde a elaboração da especificação técnica do material rodante até a operação da frota, incluindo projeto, fabricação, testes, comissionamento e garantia. No presente trabalho foram pesquisados os principais requisitos, normas e boas práticas empregadas na indústria ferroviária mundial para o gerenciamento da confiabilidade em projetos de material rodante, levando-se em conta os aspectos práticos e científicos. Para isso, foram inicialmente apresentadas algumas especificidades do setor ferroviário assim como alguns dos principais tipos de veículos ferroviários e seus sistemas, para que se tenha uma visão geral do contexto em que o trabalho está inserido. Em relação ao gerenciamento de CDMS propriamente dito, são mencionadas as principais tarefas a serem realizadas, de acordo com as referências consultadas. Foi dada uma atenção especial às especificações técnicas de CDMS, levando-se em conta a classificação das falhas e a determinação de parâmetros contratuais. Também foram abordados os aspectos teóricos e práticos das principais ferramentas e métodos de análise de CDMS empregados, tais como alocação de metas, predição de confiabilidade, diagrama de blocos, FMECA, FTA, monitoramento da confiabilidade em campo, etc. / Demand for efficiency in railway systems is increasing through the years. Rolling stock reliability is one of the most important performance factors for the global efficiency of passenger trains. To attain satisfactory reliability, availability, maintainability and safety (RAMS) figures, these factors must be considered from the elaboration of rolling stock technical specifications up to the operation of the fleet, including design, manufacturing, tests, commissioning and warranty. In the present work a research on main requirements, standards and good practices applied in worldwide railway industry for managing reliability in rolling stock designs was carried out, taking into account practical and scientific aspects. Some specificities of railway industry as well as some of the main railway vehicles types and related systems were presented, so that one can have an overview of the context where this work is inserted. Related to RAMS management, the main tasks to be done are presented, according to the references. Special attention was paid to RAMS technical specifications, considering failure classifications and determination of contractual parameters. The theoretical and practical aspects of the main tools and analysis methods of RAMS applied to the rolling stock design, such as apportionment of targets, reliability predictions, reliability block diagrams, FMECA, FTA, monitoring of field reliability, etc., were also covered.

A Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP) com mais de 18 milhões de habitantes realizando por dia 39 milhões de viagens, sendo 25 milhões motorizadas e 14 milhões a pé, convive com problemas diários que dificultam os deslocamentos necessários da sua população. O crescimento desordenado da região exigiu mais e maiores deslocamentos, contribuindo para deteriorar a qualidade do transporte coletivo. Os indivíduos, insatisfeitos com essa condição, buscaram suprir suas necessidades de transporte, invariavelmente, com o uso do automóvel (os que podem), o que aumenta a dependência por esse modo e contribui para a inviabilidade do transporte público segregando espacialmente os mais pobres. Assim, temos a caracterização de uma forma de exclusão social proporcionada pela insuficiência dos meios de transportes na RMSP, que pode se agravar à medida que o custo financeiro crescente do deslocamento em função da distância, transbordos tarifados etc., atinja diretamente os usuários de menores rendas. Há uma associação muito estreita entre mobilidade urbana e renda, ou seja, a renda familiar é um fator determinante da mobilidade. Diante disto, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a mobilidade da população de baixa renda da Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), usuária do Trem Metropolitano. Esta analise se dará pela comparação dos dados das pesquisas Origem e Destino de 1997, realizada pela Companhia do Metropolitano de São Paulo (CMSP), e a de Acesso e Difusão de 2005, realizada pela Companhia Paulista de Trens Metropolitanos (CPTM). Desta forma, busca-se entender os padrões de viagens da população de baixa renda estudada, em face das suas limitações de renda e da eventual segregação espacial e, posteriormente, diante dos resultados obtidos, propor programas de Gerenciamento da Mobilidade, que potencializem a sua mobilidade. / The São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP) with more than 18 million inhabitants carrying through per day 39 millions trips, shared in 25 millions motorized and 14 millions walking, coexists daily problems that make it difficult the necessary displacements of its population. The disordered growth of the region demanded more and bigger displacements contributing to decrease the quality of the collective transport. The individuals, unsatisfied with this condition, had searched to supply its transportation necessities, invariably, with the use of the automobile (the ones that can), what it increases the dependence for this way and contributes for the unfeasibility of the public transport, propelling the poorer to a spatial segregation. Thus, we have the characterization of a form of proportionate social exclusion for the insufficience of the transports modes in the RMSP that can be aggravated to the measure that the increasing financial cost of the displacement in function of the distance, cost modes transferences etc., and directly reaches the users of lesser incomes. It has a very narrow association between urban mobility and income, that is, the familiar income is a determinative factor of mobility. Ahead of this, this work has as objective to analyze the mobility of the low income population of the São Paulo Metropolitan Region (RMSP), user of the Metropolitan Train. This analyzes will give for the comparison of the data of the research Origin and Destination of 1997, carried through for the Company of the Metropolitan of São Paulo (CMSP), and of Access and the Diffusion of 2005, carried through for the São Paulo Company of Metropolitan Trains (CPTM). In such a way, one searchs to understand the standards of trips of the studied low income population, in face of its limitations of income and eventual spatial segregation e, later, ahead of the overcome, to consider programs of Management of Mobility, that improve its mobility.

O expressivo crescimento do setor ferroviário com o processo de privatizações das operações a partir de 1996, fez com que a modalidade aumentasse sua participação na matriz de transportes brasileira. Porém, essa expansão, obtida essencialmente com a substituição e aumento de locomotivas e vagões, juntamente com a modernização do sistema de controle de tráfego, deverá em breve encontrar limites impostos pela geometria e superestrutura da malha ferroviária. O objetivo da dissertação é analisar como esses fatores afetam a capacidade de processamento de trens através de uma linha ferroviária singela. Para alcançar este objetivo desenvolveu-se um modelo capaz de identificar as características da via que restringem as velocidades e o headway das composições ferroviárias. O modelo proposto permite, através da análise de desempenho em cada um dos arcos de um trecho de linha ferroviária, obter uma medida de desempenho global no trecho e identificar os gargalos. O método adotado para determinar a capacidade do trecho para cenários operacionais alternativos é o da utilização de diagramas espaço-tempo. Os diagramas espaço-tempo são elaborados através de um algoritmo em MatLab que soluciona os conflitos nos cruzamentos para um determinado tempo de cruzamento nas estações e efetua a contagem de pares de trens. O desempenho dos trens em cada um dos arcos, dado de entrada do algoritmo, é adquirido através de um modelo de simulação de desempenho de trens elaborado pela Association of Amerian Railroads (AAR). Como aplicação prática apresenta-se uma análise de capacidade para um dos principais corredores de exportação, um trecho da Brasil Ferrovias S.A. entre as cidades de Santa Fé do Sul e Araraquara no estado de São Paulo. A análise dos resultados mostra que o principal fator limitante da velocidade média no espaço dos trens é a atual condição da superestrutura ferroviária e que, uma vez eliminada esta restrição, a supressão de passagens de nível e a relocação de estações de cruzamento, produzem ganhos expressivos. / The expessive growth of the railway sector due to the privatization of the operations since 1996, is increasing the participation of this mode in the brazilian transport matrix. However, this growth is obtained mainly from the replacement and increase of the rolling stock and the modernization of the traffic control system, and will soon reach some important limits imposed by the railway geometry and superstructure. The thesis objective is to analyze how these factors affect the capacity to process trains through a single track railroad line. To reach this objective, a model that identifies the restrictions that impose limits to the speed and headways of the trains was developed. Through the performance analysis on each arc of a railway segment, the model obtains a global performance measure for the whole segment and identifies the bottlenecks. Time-space graphs are developed to determine the capacity of the segment for different operating scenarios. To build the space-time graphs, solve the conflicts at the crossings for a given time to cross and count the trains per day, an algorithm using the MathLab software was developed. The train performance on each arc is obtained through a simulation model developed by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). As a practical application, a capacity analysis of one of the most important export corridors is presented, a segment of the Brasil Ferrovias S.A. network between the cities of Santa Fé do Sul and Araraquara in the state of São Paulo. The analysis of the results shows that the present railway superstructure condition is the main train average space speed limiting factor and, once this restriction is eliminated, the supression of at grade crossings and the relocation of the crossing stations produce expressive gains.