Studies in Genre Analysis have been developed with the aim of exploring the typification of genres of the work environment and interpreting their funtions according to the discursive communities in which they operate. Some examples are studies carried out by Bazerman (2005) and Devitt (1991) on documents from professional contexts. In that regard, Bazerman (2005) discusses notions such as genre, genre sets, genre systems and activity systems. Language practices in professional contexts have also been the object of investigations among Brazilian research teams, for instance LAEL at PUC/SP and PUC/RJ, in efforts to understand how the participants of a communicative event interact and how their lexicogrammatical choices construe meaning. In that sense, the present study approaches the system of genres adopted in the selective process for hiring a salesperson, conducted by a cooperative company in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This system of genres comprises several texts: Want Ad, Presentation Letter, Curriculum Vitae and Interview. The objective of this study is to investigate the system of genres for job application from the perspective of language as social practice with a focus on practices circumsbribed to the work sphere. This way, the struture of the texts within this system of genres is analyzed using the framework of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (Halliday, 1994; 2004 and Halliday & Hasan, 1989). The texts are analyzed in their organizational patterns and clauses are classified considering the type of processes, according to the System of Transitivity. Besides, the communicative purposes as welll as the characterization of the participants in the activities system are identified. Contrary to initial expectations, the interview was pointed out in the results as the most relevant genre in evaluating the applicants. Overall, the results offer an understanding of the interaction as characterized by specific aims in a particular professional sphere and can be valid for language educators, mainly those who work with Portuguese as mother tongue for instrumental purposes with a focus on professional genres. / Estudos em Análise de Gênero têm sido desenvolvidos a fim de explorar a tipificação de gêneros do contexto do trabalho e interpretar suas funções de acordo com as comunidades discursivas em que operam. Alguns exemplos são os estudos desenvolvidos por Bazerman (2005) e Devitt (1991) sobre documentos de contextos profissionais. Em vista disso, Bazerman (2005) discute noções sobre gênero, conjunto de gêneros, sistema de gêneros e sistema de atividades. A linguagem voltada a contextos profissionais também tem sido objeto de análise para grupos de pesquisa brasileiros, por exemplo, o do LAEL da PUC/SP e o da PUC/RJ, no sentido de compreender como os participantes de um evento comunicativo interagem e como suas escolhas léxico-gramaticais constroem significado. Assim, o tema do presente estudo diz respeito ao sistema de gêneros de um processo seletivo para contratação de vendedor autônomo, realizado em uma empresa cooperativa do interior do Rio Grande do Sul. Esse sistema de gêneros acomoda vários textos: Anúncio de Emprego, Carta de Apresentação, Curriculum Vitae e Entrevista Pessoal. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o sistema de gêneros da seleção a emprego a partir da perspectiva de linguagem como prática social, com ênfase nas práticas relacionadas às esferas do trabalho. Desse modo, a estrutura dos exemplares desse sistema de gêneros é descrita a partir de propostas da Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1994; 2004 e Halliday e Hasan, 1989). São identificados os padrões de organização dos textos e classificados os processos das orações, conforme o Sistema de Transitividade. E, são identificados os propósitos comunicativos e o perfil dos participantes desse sistema de atividades. Na avaliação dos candidatos, contrariando a expectativa inicial, os resultados destacam a relevância maior para a Entrevista Pessoal. Enfim, a discussão aponta à compreensão de como se dá a interação, caracterizada por propósitos específicos em uma situação profissional e pode ser válida para os profissionais da linguagem, principalmente, àqueles que trabalham com o ensino instrumental da língua materna, voltado aos gêneros do contexto empresarial.

La dynamique des systèmes hyperboliques est considérée bien comprise du point de vue topologique aussi bien que du point de vue stochastique. S. Smale et R. Abraham ont donné un exemple montrant que, en général, les systèmes hyperboliques ne sont pas denses parmi tous les systèmes diffélrentiables. Dans les années 1970, M. Brin et Y. Pesin ont proposé une nouvelle notion: hyperbolicité partielle pour affaiblir la notion d’hyperbolicité. Un but de cette thèse est de comprendre la dynamique de certains systèmes partiellement hyperboliques du point de vue stochastique aussi bien que du point de vue topologique. Du point de vue stochastique, nous démontrons les résultats suivants: — Il existe un sous-ensemble U ouvert et dense de difféomorphismes non hyperboliques robustement transitifs loin de tangences homocliniques, tels que pour tout f ∈ U, il existe des mesures ergodiques non hyperboliques qui sont limite faible des mesures périodiques, avec un seul exposant de Lyapunov nul, et dont les supports sont la variété entière; — Il existe un sous-ensemble ouvert et dense de l’ensemble des difféomorphismes partiellement hyperboliques (mais non hyperboliques) de dimension centrale un dont les feuilletages forts sont robustement minimaux, de sorte que la fermeture de l’ensemble des mesures ergodiques est l’union de deux convexes qui sont la fermeture des ensembles de mesures ergodiques hyperboliques de deux s-indices différents respectivement; ces deux ensembles convexes se coupent le long de la fermeture de l’ensemble des mesures ergodiques non hyperboliques. Par conséquent, toute mesure ergodique non hyperbolique est approchée par des mesures périodiques. C’est le cas pour une perturbation robustement transitive du temps un d’un flot d’Anosov transitif, ou du produit fibré d’un difféomorphisme d’Anosov sur le tore par une rotation du cercle. Ces résultats sont basés sur des résultats locaux dont les démonstrations impliquent beaucoup de définitions techniques. Du point de vue topologique, pour tout flot d’Anosov non transitif sur des variétés de dimension 3 orientables, nous construisons de nouveaux difféomorphismes partiellement hyperboliques en composant le temps t des flots d’Anosov (pour t > 0 large) avec des twists de Dehn le long des tores transversaux. Ces nouveaux difféomorphismes partiellement hyperboliques sont robustement dynamiquement cohérents. Cela généralise dans un cas général le processus spécial dans [BPP] pour construire de nouveaux difféomorphismes partiellement hyperboliques. De plus, nous démontrons que pour les nouveaux difféomorphismes partiellement hyperboliques que nous avons construits, leurs feuilletages centraux sont topologiquement équivalentes aux flots d’Anosov utilisés pour les construire. En conséquence, la structure des feuilles centrales des nouveaux difféomorphismes partiellement hyperboliques est la même que la structure des orbites d’un flot d’Anosov. La présence de mesures ergodiques non hyperboliques montre la non hyperbolicité des systémes. Dans cette thése, nous cherchons également à comprendre: dans quelle mesure la présence de mesures ergodiques non hyperboliques peut-elle caractériser le degré de non-hyperbolicité des systèmes? Nous démontrons que, pour les difféomorphismes génériques, si une classe homoclinique contient des orbites périodiques d’indices différents et sans certaines dominations, il existe une mesure ergodique non hyperbolique avec plus d’un exposant de Lyapunov qui s’annule et dont le support est la classe homoclinique entière. Le nombre d’exposants de Lyapunov nuls montre combien d’hyperbolicité a été perdue dans un tel type de systèmes. / The dynamics of hyperbolic systems is considered well understood from topological point of view as well as from stochastic point of view. S. Smale and R. Abraham gave an example showing that, in general, the hyperbolic systems are not dense among all differentiable systems. In 1970s, M. Brin and Y. Pesin proposed a new notion: partial hyperbolicity to release the notion of hyperbolicity. One aim of this thesis is to understand the dynamics of certain partially hyperbolic systems from stochastic point of view as well as from topological point of view. From stochastic point of view, we prove the following results: — There exists an open and dense subset U of robustly transitive nonhyperbolic diffeomorphisms far from homoclinic tangency, such that forany f ∈ U, there exist non-hyperbolic ergodic measures as the weak*- limit of periodic measures, with only one vanishing Lyapunov exponent, and whose supports are the whole manifold; — There exists an open and dense subset of partially hyperbolic (but nonhyperbolic) diffeomorphisms with center dimension one whose strong foliations are robustly minimal, such that the closure of the set of ergodic measures is the union of two convex sets which are the closure of the sets of hyperbolic ergodic measures of two different s-indices respectively; these two convex sets intersect along the closure of the set of nonhyperbolic ergodic measures. As a consequence, every non-hyperbolic ergodic measure is approximated by periodic measures. That is the case for robustly transitive perturbation of the time one map of a transitive Anosov flow, or of the skew product of an Anosov torus diffeomorphism by a rotation of the circle. These results are based on some local results whose statements involve in lots of technical definitions. From topological point of view, for any non-transitive Anosov flow on orientable 3-manifolds, we build new partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms by composing the time t-map of the Anosov flow (for t > 0 large) with Dehn twists along transverse tori. These new partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms are robustly dynamically coherent. This generalizes the special process in [BPP] for constructing new partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms to a general case. Furthermore, we prove that for the new partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms we built, their center foliations are topologically equivalent to the Anosov flows used for building them. As a consequence, one has that the structure of the center leaves of the new partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms is the same asthe structure of the orbits of an Anosov flow. The presence of non-hyperbolic ergodic measures shows the non-hyperbolicity of the systems. In this thesis, we also attempt to understand: to what extent, can the presence of non-hyperbolic ergodic measures character how far from hyperbolicity the systems are? We prove that, for generic diffeomorphisms, if a homoclinic class contains periodic orbits of different indices and without certain dominations, then there exists a non-hyperbolic ergodic measure with more than one vanishing Lyapunov exponents and whose support is the whole homoclinic class. The number of vanishing Lyapunov exponents shows how much hyperbolicity has been lost in such kind of systems.

This study investigates the adjectival passive, in accordance with Beedham's (2005, 1982) analysis of the passive as an aspect, with the caveat that telicity is an optimal, not sufficient, condition. The affinity of the adjectival passive with attributive participles and the existence of implicit agents in adjectival passives has divided opinion amongst linguists. The thesis deploys grammaticality judgment questionnaires surveying 1043 2nd participles and a corpus-based study investigating 1035 2nd participles. A subsective gradience (Aarts 2007, 2006, 2004) is modelled on five morpho-syntactic properties of 2nd participles: attributive function without modification, attributive function with modification, adjectival, verbal and prepositional passive, measuring formally the ability of 2nd participles to function like adjectives. The thesis consists of seven chapters. Chapter one introduces the research questions, adjectival passives and theoretical background. Chapter two reviews the aspect analysis, telicity, offers a qualification, and sets the theoretical approach. Chapter three is about the data and methodology. Chapter four discusses the affinity between adjectival passive and attributive participles. Chapter five discusses subsective gradience. Chapter six discusses the implications of the findings. Chapter seven gives a summary and conclusion. The empirical findings in our study provide further evidence in support of a subsective gradience in 2nd participles indicative of how ‘adjectival' a participle can be, on a continuum or gradient ranging from ‘verby' 2nd participles – relatively low compatibility with adjectival properties – to very adjectival 2nd participles. 2nd participles in this study are shown to have an inherent meaning of ‘action + state'. 2nd participles which form adjectival passives function attributively and form verbal passives. However, a 2nd participle functioning attributively does not entail that it will form an adjectival passive. There is evidence that attributive un- participles can host manner adverbials. It was also found that the interpretation of attributive participles goes beyond a simple passive/perfect dichotomy, and there are cases whereby a 2nd participle modifies an NP that is not an argument of the corresponding verb. This study makes a contribution to the wider analysis of the adjectival passive and provides further support for the similarity between adjectival and verbal passives.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T15:07:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MariaKM_TESE.pdf: 3038556 bytes, checksum: 959c362d0d49e946b855e4fe4d1d94e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-04 / This research has as its theoretical and methodological assumptions (1) the Narrative Inquiry (CLANDININ; CONNELLY, 2011), (2) the Systemic Functional Grammar (HALLIDAY, 1985, 1994; THOMPSON, 2002; EGGINS, 1994; HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) and (3) the English for Specific Purposes Approach (ESP - HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1987; CELANI, 2005; RAMOS, 2005), and its overall objective is to survey the meanings construed by the participants who are ESP practitioners and have not received a specific education to teach this approach at their undergraduation. The field texts and therefore the analises were divided into two distinct groups: the first with data generated from a questionnaire applied to nine professors from a federal university in the northeast of Brazil, which contains open and closed questions about their training and their experiences in teaching ESP; the second group, focusing this time on the experiences of three professors from the first group who were still teaching ESP, with data generated from interviews with these participants in addition to the data generated from their autobiographies and from the researcher?s as well. The computational tool WordSmith Tools 6.0 (SCOTT, 2012) was used to select, organize, and quantify data to be analyzed in the first group of texts, identifying the types of Processes and Participants through the Transitivity System (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004). The Processes which were more used by the professors in the questionnaire were the Material, followed by the Relational and then the Mental ones, indicating that most professors reported their actions related to the teaching of ESP, rated or evaluated the approach, their training to teach it and their experiences, hence, rarely showing their thoughts and emotions about teaching ESP. Most of the nine professors say they carry out needs analysis, but not all do it according to the authors cited by them or the ones that are considered a reference in this area, such as the ones used in this research as reference. Similarly, their definitions and conceptions of ESP, in most cases, differed from these authors. All the professors claim not having had specific education to teach ESP at the undergraduation. When examining the stories of the four teachers, in the second group of the field texts, based on meaning composition according to Ely, Vinz, Downing and Anzul (2001), it was revealed that the kind of knowledge they report using when they teach ESP is related to their Personal Practical Knowledge and their Professional Knowledge (ELBAZ, 1983; CLANDININ, 1988). In their autobiographies, metaphors were also identified and they represent their concepts of teaching and being a teacher. Through this research, we hope to contribute to the understanding of what teaching ESP might mean for professors in the researched context and also to the continuing education of ESP practitioners, as well as to a review of the curricula in the English language undergraduate courses and of the role of ESP in the training of these professionals / A presente pesquisa tem como pressupostos te?rico-metodol?gicos (1) a Pesquisa Narrativa (PN CLANDININ; CONNELLY, 2011), (2) a Gram?tica Sist?mico-Funcional (GSF HALLIDAY, 1985, 1994; THOMPSON, 2002; EGGINS, 1994; HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004) e (3) a abordagem de ensino de Ingl?s para Fins Espec?ficos (IFE HUTCHINSON; WATERS, 1987; CELANI, 2005; RAMOS, 2005), com o objetivo geral de fazer um levantamento dos sentidos constru?dos pelos professores participantes sobre o IFE, a forma??o espec?fica que receberam para ministr?-lo e a sua experi?ncia em ensin?-lo no n?vel superior. Os textos de campo e, por conseguinte, as an?lises, foram organizados em dois grupos distintos: o primeiro com dados gerados a partir de um question?rio aplicado a nove professores de uma institui??o p?blica no nordeste brasileiro, contendo perguntas abertas e fechadas a respeito de sua forma??o e de suas experi?ncias em ministrar a disciplina de Ingl?s Instrumental e o segundo grupo, a partir do enfoque nas experi?ncias de tr?s professoras do primeiro grupo que continuavam ensinando IFE, com dados gerados por entrevistas com essas participantes e por suas autobiografias, al?m dos dados gerados pela autobiografia da pr?pria pesquisadora, tamb?m participante da pesquisa. Foi usada a ferramenta computacional WordSmith Tools 6.0 (SCOTT, 2012) para selecionar, organizar e quantificar os dados a serem analisados no primeiro grupo de textos, identificando-se os tipos de Processos e os Participantes, pelo Sistema de Transitividade (HALLIDAY; MATTHIESSEN, 2004), sendo que os Processos mais usados pelos professores no question?rio foram os Materiais, seguidos dos Relacionais e em terceiro lugar os Mentais, indicando que a maioria relatou mais suas a??es com rela??o ao ensino de IFE, classificou ou definiu a abordagem, sua forma??o e suas experi?ncias do que demonstrou seus pensamentos e emo??es a respeito de ensinar IFE. A maioria dos nove professores afirma fazer a an?lise de necessidades, mas nem todos a fazem de acordo com o que estabelecem os autores por eles citados ou outros autores considerados refer?ncia nessa ?rea, tais como os que usamos nesta pesquisa. Do mesmo modo, suas defini??es e concep??es sobre IFE, na maioria das vezes, diferem das desses autores. Todos os professores participantes alegam n?o ter tido forma??o espec?fica para ensinar IFE na licenciatura. Ao analisar os relatos das quatro professoras do segundo grupo de textos de campo, com base na composi??o de sentidos segundo Ely, Vinz, Downing e Anzul (2001), percebeu-se que o tipo de conhecimento que estas referem usar para ministrar IFE est? relacionado ao Conhecimento Pr?tico Pessoal e ao Conhecimento Profissional (ELBAZ, 1983; CLANDININ, 1988). Em seus relatos, foram identificadas tamb?m imagens que representam suas concep??es a respeito de ensinar e ser professora. Esperamos, atrav?s desta pesquisa, contribuir tanto para a compreens?o do que pode significar ensinar IFE para os professores do contexto pesquisado, como para a forma??o continuada de professores de IFE, assim como para uma revis?o nos curr?culos de Letras e do papel do IFE na forma??o do professor de l?ngua inglesa

Cette thèse propose une étude transversale des principales réalisations de DO dans l'anaphore verbale en anglais, à savoir : do this/that/it, do so, ellipse post-auxiliaire (EPA) et DO britannique. Chaque anaphorique fait l'objet d'une étude approfondie fondée sur un échantillon de plusieurs centaines d'occurrences authentiques prélevées dans le BNC et le COCA, ainsi que le corpus de Bos & Spenader (2011). Plusieurs variables sont analysées, notamment le registre, la nature grammaticale de DO, les propriétés sémantiques et syntaxiques du déclencheur d'antécédent, l’identité de sujet et d'état de choses, les alternances de polarité, de modalité, d'aspect, de temps et de voix ainsi que la présence éventuelle d'adjoints contrastifs ou non contrastifs.Une attention particulière est portée au DO britannique, c'est-à-dire l'emploi de formes non finies de DO anaphorique essentiellement limité au registre conversationnel de l'anglais britannique, qui n'a jamais fait l'objet d'une étude empirique auparavant. A partir d’un échantillon de 483 occurrences prélevées dans la composante orale du BNC et vérifiées systématiquement à l'écoute, cette étude met en lumière certaines caractéristiques socio-culturelles et situationnelles qui favorisent son utilisation, en plus de ses propriétés linguistiques et discursives. Ainsi, cette étude aboutit à la conclusion que le DO britannique constitue une réalisation particulière de l'EPA, qui met en œuvre des formes non finies du DO auxiliaire. / This dissertation presents research across the main types of verb-phrase anaphora involving DO, viz. do this/that/it anaphora, do so anaphora, post-auxiliary ellipsis (PAE) and British English DO. Each anaphor underwent close analysis based on a sample of several hundreds of occurrences retrieved from the BNC and the COCA, as well as Bos & Spenader's (2011) corpus. Different variables were studied including register, the grammatical status of DO, semantic and syntactic properties of antecedent triggers, identity of subjects and states of affairs, the presence or absence of contrastive and non-contrastive adjuncts, as well as polar, modal, aspectual, temporal and voice alternations.One item of particular interest involves British English DO which bears a strong resemblance to PAE, except that it involves non-finite forms of DO and is generally restricted to British conversational English. Unlike PAE, British English DO has never before been the focus of study based on empirical data. In this research, 483 naturally-occurring examples taken from the Spoken component of the BNC as well as the accompanying metadata and recorded material were fully examined. Sociolinguistic and situational information was investigated, as were the linguistic properties and discourse conditions that make the use of British English DO felicitous. The result has led to a far better understanding of the phenomenon. In particular, it was found that British English DO can be considered a sub-type of PAE, which involves non-finite forms of auxiliary DO.

MA (Xitsonga) / M.E.R. Mathivha Centre for African Languages, Arts and Culture / Xikongomelonkulu xa ndzavisiso lowu i ku xopaxopa maendli ya mfambo yo pfumala xiendliwa eka Xitsonga. Maendli ya mfambo ma nga aviwa hi mitlawantsongo mimbirhi ku nga maendli ya mfambo yo tsutsuma na maendli ya mfambo yo khunguluka. Ndzavisiso lowu wu kongomisa eka maendli ya mfambo yo tsutsuma. Swi nga tlhela swi koteka ku ava maendli ku ya hi tinhlamuselo leti ma ti paluxaka, tanihi maendli ya xihlovo na maendli ya mpakaniso. Eka ndzavisiso lowu, ku kaneriwa hi maendli ya mfambo ehansi ka mitlawa mimbirhi ya maendli ma mfambo lama paluxaka maendlelo na maendli lama endzeni ka wona ma nga na nhlamuselo leyi kongomisaka eka tlhelo. Eka ntirho lowu ku kaneriwa maendli mo ringana 24. Mitlawa leyi ya tinxaka ta maendli ya mfambo yi tlhela yi aviwa hi mitlawantsongo ya mune ku nga maendli ya mfambo lama nchumu wu fambaka hinkwawo ku suka eka ndhawu yo karhi ku ya eka yin’wana, maendli ya mfambo lawa ku fambaka xirho xa nchumu wo karhi ntsena, maendli ya mfambo lama ku fambaka nchumu hi ndlela yin’we na maendli ya mfambo ya muhulahula. Mahungu ya ndzavisiso lowu ma hlengeletiwa hi ku tirhisa yin’wana ya maendlelo ya phurayimari leyi vuriwaka endlelo ra nhlokohlo (elicitation), laha ku tirhisiwaka swivulwa leswi nga vumbiwa hi swichudeni leswi dyondzaka Xitsonga swa lembe ra vunharhu eYunivhesiti ya Vhenda. Ndzavisiso lowu wu endliwa ehansi ka thiyori ya thitha (theta-theory), ku nga thiyori leyi tirhanaka na vuxaka bya riendli ni swiphemu swa swivulwa leswi ri tirhaka na swona, leswi kumekaka eka tindhawu ta nhlokomhaka na swiendliwa. Hi ku ya hi thiyori leyi, agumente yin’wana ni yin’wana yi fanela ku nyikiwa nhlamuselo (ntirho) yo karhi hi riendli. Tinhlamuselo ta kona ti katsa leti landzelaka: muendli, nkongomelo, ndhawu, muamukeri, muvabyi, tlhelo, nkarhi, mukhuva ni tin’wana na tin’wana. Eka ndzavisiso lowu ku tirhisiwa tindlela timbirhi ku xopaxopa mahungu. Ndlela yo sungula i leyi vuriwaka nxopaxopo wa nkoka hi ku landza mikongomelo (thematic qualitative analysis), kasi ya vumbirhi yi vuriwaka manyikelo ya tinhlamuselo eka tiagumente ta swivulwa hi riendli (theta-role assignment). Tiagumente hinkwato leti nga eka swivulwa swa ndzavisiso lowu, leti katsaka tinhlokomhaka, swihetisi na swilandzelandzhaku, ta kombisiwa kasi na tinhlamuselo leti tiagumente ti nyikiwaka tona hi riendli ti paluxiwa.

In this essay, I analyze and compare the representation of social actors in six different author presentations from the teaching aid Svenska Impulser 2, (2012). More specifically, I investigate similarities and differences in the representation of men and women and, thus, what meanings are ascribed to these gender categories. Consequently, these presentations belong to three different literary epochs or -isms: the enlightenment (Jean-Jaques Rousseau and Anna Maria Lenngren); romanticism (Percy Bysshe Shelley and Mary Shelley), and modernism (James Joyce and Virginia Woolf). The analysis is further grounded on Judith Butler’s theory on performative gender and systemic functional grammar as developed and defined by Michael Halliday. The method of analysis is critical discourse analysis (CDA) where I quantify and analyze different types of representational strategies and process and participant functions (transitivity). In addition, these two sections of quantifications are each followed by a qualitative analysis with a certain focus on different epiteths, attributes, general descriptions, and agency. My findings show that the presentations of women are more populated and, that they are portrayed as dependent on men, whereas men are portrayed as independent explorers, innovators, influencers, rebels or radical political debaters and thinkers. While some of these qualities are implied, however more or less muted, in the presentations of women, they are explicated or, by other means, more evident in the presentations of men. Moreover, my analysis shows that the women’s gender identity is marked and thus emphasized in their presentations to a significantly greater degree than the men’s gender identity is in their presentations.

This dissertation uses a functional systemic approach to language to examine the construction of the respective first-person narrators of nine of the most popular, commercially successful and therefore influential African American slave narratives published between 1837 and 1862 (Roper, Grandy, Douglass, Brown, Bibb, Northup, Ball, Jacobs, Picquet). This corpus of more than 410,000 words was scanned for various linguistic features such as transitivity of verbs, nominalizations, and several syntactic features. The texts chosen differ as to their methods of production. Some of them were written by the first person narrators themselves, while others were either extensively edited, dictated to an amanuensis, or in some other way controlled. The dialectics of creation and representation through language results in the leading question in this study: how do the first-person slave narrators identify and create a personality for themselves through their texts? This dissertation thus focuses on the linguistic means by which the first-person slave narrator creates what is defined as a “discoursal self”, which helped the narrators to achieve one of their most important goals, namely, to be accepted as reliable. The dissertation consists of six chapters. Chapter 1 introduces a sociohistorical account of slavery, resistance against slavery, abolition, and the development of the slave narrative. The chapter shows that the African American slave narrative was not a completely new and original genre but an amalgamation of a variety of preexisting white and black literary forms. The second chapter is more theoretical and deals with discourse, power, and ideology in the slave narrative. Chapter 3 approaches the language of the slave narrative. The small corpus of scholarly texts that tackle language and style in this genre is reviewed. As an alternative to these approaches, critical discourse analysis (CDA) according to Norman Fairclough is suggested. It eliminates the a priori categorization of specific linguistic features as stylistically significant, because it is based on a functional view of language that perceives linguistic expression as choice on various levels. Every choice is considered meaningful and, according to its presence, absence, or clustering in a given co-text, potentially stylistic. Michael Halliday’s systemic functional grammar is introduced as the basis for the ensuing text analysis. Chapter 4 introduces the first quantitative observations about the density and distribution of the first-person singular pronoun in the narratives. This characteristic is then placed in relation to syntactic condensation in the forms of ellipsis, finiteness and nominalization, all of which are reviewed quantitatively. Finally, this chapter introduces the system of transitivity according to Halliday, Matthiessen, and others. It explains the distinction between the individual process types and provides a quantitative overview of the individual transitivity profiles within each narrative. Chapter 5 represents the main part of this dissertation. Each of the nine narratives is analyzed individually as to the presence of the I-pronoun in the text and the use and distribution of process types. In this way patterns of foregrounded or favored usages against absences of others emerge and contribute to the discoursal selves that the individual narrators present/construct of themselves. These preferred usages in general as well as in their local distributions are examined in detail. The quantitative observations supply the basis for further qualitative analyses derived from a large number of examples from the texts. Thus it is possible to show that each of the narratives is linguistically unique, which results in an individual construction of the respective I-narrator. The use of pronouns, process types and syntactic reconfigurations reveals how control over the activities as well as over the text is constructed, which can be directly related to issues of power. The Summary provides a synopsis of the previous quantitative and qualitative analyses and associates the quantitative results with characteristics of written and oral texts in general. Finally, it thus becomes possible to rank the nine narratives on a cline between predominantly oral and chiefly written characteristics.

Scientists have reached a consensus that human activities have contributed to global climate change, yet its outcomes affect societies disproportionately. Often the least responsible countries are the most vulnerable to the effects of climate change. This study will therefore be looking at vulnerable countries and highest carbon emitters, by engaging in a critical discourse analysis of climate change representations in the U.S and Nigerian news. Through the analysis of the Nigerian floods in 2018 and the U.S Campfires in 2018, functions of systemic functional linguistics and critical discourse analysis such as frame analysis, transitivity analysis, deemphasis/emphasis were used as tools to investigate how responsibility was discursively constructed in the media. The analyses show that the media coverage of Nigerian floods present frames of ‘government accountability’ and ‘victim accountability’ while the U.S Camp Fires media coverage present frames of ‘heroism’ and ‘victims’. No explicit mention of climate change is present in the texts and responsibility is discursively constructed away from climate change and human activities as a responsible agent and towards the actual fires themselves, government, or victims.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den morphosyntaktischen und derivationellen Eigenschaften von Nominalisierungen im modernen Hebräisch und ihrer strukturelle Repräsentation. Eine zentrale Fragestellung im Rahmen von ‚hybriden‘ Wortbildungen wie Nominalisierungen ist die Ähnlichkeit bzw. die Unähnlichkeit zu den ihr zugrundeliegenden Verben. Unter Heranziehung des Hebräischen, einer Sprache mit reicher morphologischer Markierung, sowohl bei Verben als auch bei Nominalisierungen, werden mehrere Divergenzen zwischen Verben und entsprechenden Nominalisierungen im Bereich der Argument- und Ereignisstruktur eliminiert. Ausgehend von der einflussreichen These der Gleichsetzung von Nominalisierung und Passivierung untersucht diese Studie die syntaktische Struktur und deren Interaktion mit dem Wortbildungsprozess der Nominalisierung und zeigt, dass Eigenschaften, die für Passivformen typisch sind, in Nominalisierungen fehlen. Dabei präsentiert diese Studie mit der Untersuchung morphosyntaktischer Faktoren und deren Beziehungen zu Nominalisierungen, der Inkonsistenzen aufzeigt. Durch einen Vergleich von etwa 3000 Verben auf Basis der Verbklassenmorphologie ergibt sich eine signifikante Asymmetrie zwischen Nominalisierungen, die eine mediale/intransitive Markierung tragen, und Nominalisierungen, die als aktiv markiert sind, wobei sich die mediale Form in zwei klar definierten syntaktischen Kontexten als weniger produktiv erweist. Dies zeigt sich auch dadurch, dass alternierende Wurzeln, also Wurzeln die sowohl aktive als auch mediale Verbformen ausbilden können, bilden ihre Nominalisierungen auf Basis ihrer aktiven Form. Auf Basis der Konzepte von Konkurrenz und Markiertheit werden diese paradigmatischen Lücken nicht als grammatisch bedingte Inkompatibilitäten analysiert, sondern als eine generelle Präferenz für weniger markierte Formen (aktiv-markierte Nominalisierungen) gegenüber komplexeren (medial-markierte Nominalisierungen), wie in der Performanz häufig zu beobachten. / This study is concerned with the properties, structural representation and derivational patterns of deverbal nouns (DNs) in Modern Hebrew. A recurring question arises in the context of such ‘hybrid’ formations: precisely how similar or far-apart are these derivatives from the verbs from which they originate? Enlisting Hebrew, a language with rich morphological marking on both verbs as well as DNs, several loci of divergence between verbs and respective DNs in the domain of argument- and event-structure are eliminated. Taking as a point of reference the influential view which equates the processes of nominalization and passivization, this study scrutinizes syntactic structure and its interaction with nominalization, showing that behaviours typical of passives are absent from DNs. a finding which weakens long-standing beliefs bearing on this class. A novel area of exploration offered in this study is the examination of morpho-syntactic factors and their interaction with nominalization, a domain where inconsistencies do arise. What emerges from a comparison of some 3000 verbs based on verb-class (templatic) morphology is a significant asymmetry between DNs carrying Middle (intransitive) marking and DNs marked as Active, wherein Middle forms are found to be less productive in two well-defined syntactic contexts. Not entirely absent, however, the same roots which fail to surface with Middle morphology are perfectly licit when derived from the corresponding Active verb (in case of alternating roots). Building on the notions of competition and markedness, such paradigmatic gaps are analysed not as grammatically-determined incompatibilities, but as a consistent preference for less-marked forms (Active-marked DNs) over more complex ones (Middle-marked DNs), a trend which lies within the realm of performance. As such, Hebrew DNs constitute a case study of the interrelations between the syntactic and morphological modules, and pragmatics.