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L’objectif de ce mémoire est de réfléchir aux différentes implications du récit de soi lorsqu’il nous parvient de façon fragmentée. J’ai souhaité penser la création de liens et de relations à travers la mise en distance, la discontinuité et le détour et j’ai proposé pour cette raison que ces aspects sont centraux à l’économie du récit et à l’établissement d’un rapport à soi. J’ai donc privilégié l’étude de deux livres, Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes (1975) et The Argonauts (2015) par Maggie Nelson, qui offrent un portrait éclaté du sujet. Ces ouvrages sont liés l’un l’autre par une image que Maggie Nelson emprunte à Barthes, soit le vaisseau Argo. Métaphore de la métaphore pour George Kliebenstein, l’image de l’Argo permet de naviguer à travers ces récits dont les fragments se superposent plutôt qu’ils ne s’enchaînent. Cette métaphore offre une compréhension des textes dans un hors temps, au contact d’une destination à définir. Des liens s’établissent néanmoins au fil de la lecture entre l’auteur.ice et soi-mêmes. Ce dispositif littéraire constitue le projet d’étude du mémoire que j’associe à l’incarnation. Ainsi, l’écriture de soi peut être entrevue comme un acte qui permet la construction d’un rapport à soi. Le mémoire est divisé en trois sections. Dans un premier temps, les récits sont interrogés afin d’en comprendre la composante biographique tout en explorant la discontinuité de leurs présentations. Par la suite, le corps et ses représentations sont examinés dans les deux récits, ce qui permet une première apparition de l’incarnation dans ce mémoire. Enfin, la troisième section établit le rôle de la langue et de ses marges. / This study aims to examine the many implications of self-writing when it comes in a fragmented form. My intention was to consider the creation of links and relationships through distancing, discontinuity and digressions and I suggested those aspects are crucial to the narrative and giving an account of oneself. I therefore chose to focus on the study of two books, Roland Barthes par Roland Barthes (1975) and Maggie Nelson’s The Argonauts (2015), which offer a fragmented portrayal of the subject. These works are linked to each other by an image that Nelson borrows from Barthes, the Argo ship. A metaphor’s metaphor for George Kliebenstein, the image of the Argo allows a navigation between those narratives in which fragments overlap rather than following each other. This metaphor offers an out of time understanding of the texts heading to an undefined destination. Links are nonetheless established throughout the reading between the authors and themselves. This literary device constitutes the core of this study which I link to embodiment. Thus, self-writing can be seen as an act allowing the building of a relationship with oneself. The study is divided in three sections. Firstly, narratives are looked into in order to understand their biographical foundation while also exploring their discontinuous form. Secondly, the body and its representations are examined, enabling a first understanding of embodiment. Finally, the third section establishes the function of language and its margins.

This study investigates the diachronic shift of revised card texts in the tabletop collectible card game ‘Magic: The Gathering’.  The lexicogrammatical patterns found are compared to theories on comprehension and learning, and to the development of the game. To answer how the texts have changed, a sample of twenty cards with old and revised texts has been analysed according to systemic functional linguistics. The metafunctions used for the SFL analysis are interpersonal, ideational and textual. Additionally, a descriptive analysis has been conducted to answer how the changes in the linguistic metafunctions relate to comprehension and development. The analysis shows that there are general patterns within all the investigated metafunctions, which correspond to research on learning, language development and notions on text cohesion. Furthermore, the findings correlate to the game development and functions in the gameplay. While the sample size is limited in comparison to all available cards in the game, the diachronic shifts are distributed over a variety of card types matching the available cards overall, and with the initial interconnections found it is assumed that the patterns are generalisable. Further research could explore the findings in relation to general games development, games as a source of learning or genre and discourses.

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In this dissertation, I investigate various aspects of object marking and how these manifest themselves in the signed modality. The main focus is on Swedish Sign Language (SSL), the national sign language of Sweden, which is the topic of investigation in all five studies. Two of the studies adopt a comparative perspective, including other sign languages as well. The studies comprise a range of data, including corpus data, elicited production, and acceptability judgments, and combine quantitative and qualitative methods in the analyses. The dissertation begins with an overview of the topics of valency, argument structure, and object marking, primarily from a spoken language perspective. Here, the interactions between semantics and morphosyntax are presented from a typological perspective, introducing differential object marking as a key concept. With regard to signed language, object marking is discussed in terms of both verbal and nominal strategies. Verbal strategies of object marking among sign languages include directional verbs, object handshape classifiers, and embodied perspective in signing. The first study investigates the use of directionality and object handshapes as object marking strategies in Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language (ABSL), Israeli Sign Language (ISL), and SSL. It is shown that the strategies generally display different alignments in terms of the types of objects targeted, which is uniform across languages, but that directionality is much more marginal in ABSL than in the other two languages. Also, we see that there is a connection between object marking strategies and the animacy of the object, and that the strategies, object animacy, and word order preferences interact. In the second and third studies, SSL is investigated with regard to the transitive–reflexive distinction. Here, we see that there are interactional effects between object handshapes and the perspective taken by the signer. This points to intricate iconic motivations of combining and structuring complex verb sequences, such as giving preference to agent focusing structures (e.g., agent perspective and handling handshapes). Furthermore, the use of space is identified as a crucial strategy for reference tracking, especially when expressing semantically transitive events. Nominal strategies include object pronouns and derivations of the sign PERSON. The fourth study provides a detailed account of the object pronoun OBJPRO in SSL, which is the first in-depth description of this sign. It is found that the sign is in widespread use in SSL, often corresponds closely to object pronouns of spoken Swedish, and is argued to be grammaticalized from the lexical sign PERSON. In the final study, the possible existence of object pronouns in other sign languages is investigated by using a sample of 24 languages. This analysis reveals that the feature is found mostly in the Nordic countries, suggesting areal contact phenomena. However, the study also shows that there are a number of derivations of PERSON, such as reflexive pronouns, agreement auxiliaries, and case markers. The use of PERSON as a source of grammaticalization for these functions is attributed to both semantic and phonological properties of the sign. This dissertation is unique in that it is dedicated to the topic of object marking in the signed modality. It brings a variety of perspectives and methods together in order to investigate the domain of object marking, cross-linguistically and cross-modally.

Cette étude linguistique et didactique s’articule autour de la comparaison du système déterminatif en arabe écrit (AE) et parlé (AP) d’une part, avec le français d’autre part. Trois arguments relatifs au système déterminatif sont mis en oeuvre dans cette thèse en faveur de la théorie de la détermination progressive : la continuité de la détermination, la négativité comme moteur de la détermination, les marqueurs Dét et l’agentivité. La détermination continue se comprend au travers de la construction référentielle par deux éléments : un stable et un autre variable comme une action, un attribut ou un référent spécificateur. Or, la stabilité du référent est relative à la subjectivité de l’énonciateur. En effet, l’énonciateur utilise « la négativité » – un terme de Saussure  comme un facteur permettant au référent stable dans un énoncé d’être un variable dans un autre énoncé. La négativité est le facteur qui crée le système de différences dans la langue, une différence que nous repérons dans le comportement syntaxique des marqueurs féminins et dans le mode factuel en arabe. Les marqueurs Dét assurent la variabilité dérivationnelle sur la base de la même racine en arabe dans le cas de l’expression quantitative et du schème verbal. Ils contribuent également à la diversité en matière de rôle thématique. L’agentivité est le facteur qui véhicule la circulation de l’action via les marqueurs Dét dans le cas de la transitivité. Sur le plan didactique, cette étude s’appuie sur un corpus de dissertations écrites en français par des apprenants arabophones syriens et met brièvement la lumière sur la pédagogie de l’erreur en général et dans la pensée critique arabe. / This linguistic and pedagogical research is devoted to the comparaison of determinative systeme in both French and Arabic written and spoken. This comparaison is done through the question of written error in French and investigates three arguments related to determinative system in favor of the progressive determination’s theory : the continuity of the determination, the negativity as a motivator of the determination process, Det markers and agentivity. The continuous determination is most understood through reference’s construction by two elements : a stable one and variable one like an action, an attribute or a specifier referent. However, the stability of a referent relates to the speaker’s subjectivity. Indeed, the speaker uses “negativity” – a term by Saussure – as a factor by which a stable referent can be made variable in another sentence. Also, negativity is the principle to represent language as a difference’s system. The difference is, for example, the description of the syntactic behavior of female markers and so of factual mood in Arabic. Det markers assure the derivational variability by the same root, in Arabic, in the case of quantificational expression and verb scheme. Also They contribute to the diversity of thematic roles. Agentivity is the criteria which motivates the transmission of action’s information through Det markers in the case of transitivity. With regard to didactic approach, this analysis is based on a corpus of essays written in French by Syrian Arabic students, and it sheds some light on the pedagogy of error and the critical Arabic thinking towards it.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:23:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcia Assumpcao.pdf: 736936 bytes, checksum: fba75ef33702cbba8c1d9b6c142c6236 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-25 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The aim of this research is to identify the representations of professional women built in articles published in Brazilian and North-American magazines and newspapers. Women have achieved more participation in the labor market and have been more active in the society. The way in which women are represented by the media portrays the society and, at the same time, acts upon it affecting women, their identities and their daily lives. The lexical choices used in an article are not arbitrary and carry the identity of the writers, their values and beliefs. Representations are expressed through the discourse and are intrinsically linked to identity formation; therefore, a better understanding of this discourse is fundamental to help reflect on both the world we live in and our role in society. In order to identify the representations of professional women built by the printed media, this research uses Systemic Functional Linguistics analyzing the data in terms of the Transitivity System (Halliday, 1994, 2004) to understand how values and representations are unveiled through language. The corpus consists of 332 Brazilian and North-American newspaper and magazine articles submitted to a corpus linguistics treatment with the use of the WordSmith tools (Scott, 1996). Results show the media analyzed tends to represent the woman in terms of advances and difficulties. The advances are realized mainly through material processes creating the representation of a woman that does things and, the difficulties are often realized through relational processes creating the representation of the woman in terms of being, i.e., as carrier of negative characteristics / Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar as representações que a mídia impressa constrói sobre a mulher profissional por meio da análise de artigos sobre mulheres publicados em jornais e revistas brasileiras e norte-americanas de grande circulação. Nas últimas décadas, a mulher tem conquistado um espaço mais atuante na sociedade e no mercado de trabalho. A forma como a mulher é representada pela mídia retrata a sociedade e atua nela ao mesmo tempo, o que afeta essas mulheres, suas identidades e seus cotidianos. As escolhas lexicais utilizadas em um artigo não são arbitrárias e carregam a identidade dos escritores, seus valores e representações; uma análise lexical pode, portanto, identificar essas representações por revelarem essas escolhas. As representações expressas pelo discurso estão intrinsecamente ligadas à formação da identidade do indivíduo, portanto, compreender melhor esse discurso e essas representações é fundamental, pois torna possível refletir sobre o mundo em que vivemos e sobre quem somos na vida social. Para poder identificar as representações que a mídia impressa brasileira e norte-americana constroem sobre a mulher, este estudo usa como teoria de base a Lingüística Sistêmico-Funcional (Halliday, 1994, 2004), analisando os dados em termos do Sistema de Transitividade a fim de compreender como os valores e representações são revelados por meio da linguagem. O corpus consiste em 332 artigos de revistas e jornais brasileiros e norte-americanos de grande circulação, submetidos a um tratamento de lingüística de corpus por meio do instrumento computacional WordSmith Tools (Scott, 1996). Os dados evidenciam que a mídia analisada tende a representar a mulher em termos de avanços e dificuldades. Os avanços são, em geral, realizados por meio de processos materiais, construindo a representação de uma mulher que atua, e as dificuldades são mais realizadas por processos relacionais, construindo a representação da mulher na ordem do ser, no caso como portadora de características negativas

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-04-11T11:52:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria do Socorro Suzano Montinegro.pdf: 995846 bytes, checksum: 6035b8aa6025e1f60217e675a40f3f8e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T11:52:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maria do Socorro Suzano Montinegro.pdf: 995846 bytes, checksum: 6035b8aa6025e1f60217e675a40f3f8e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Missa do Galo is a tale by Machado de Assis (1893) that deals with the dialogue between Nogueira, a young pensioner, and Conceição, the hostess, on a Christmas night. The focus of the narrative is not on actions, but on an unusual approach, in which a simple conversation can present a sublime and indirect game, apparently banal, but that intrigues Nogueira. It is assumed that nothing happened between the two, but the genius of Machado de Assis invites us to read the text in its underlings. By the way, the search for an implicit meaning in the text, but perhaps present in the discourse, requires the support of theories that make possible this relation, to reveal a camouflaged intention. In this sense, this study has the support of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (SLF), which offers a specific analytical instrument for the systematic examination of the motivations, purposes, assumptions and interest of the text producers. The objective of this dissertation is the critical analysis of the lexicographic choices made in the Missa do Galo tale in order to unravel what underlies the dialogue between Conceição and Nogueira. Guided by proposals from Critical Linguistics and with the support of the analytical context offered by SLF, the research examines two dimensions of the grammar of prayer: transitivity and Appraisal, associated respectively with the ideational and interpersonal functions of language, complemented by frame and intersubjectivity theories. In order to do so, the research tries to answer the following questions: (a) what can the lexicographic choices made by Machado de Assis in Missa do Galo, in terms of ideational and interpersonal metafunctions, reveal about the dialogue between Conceição and Nogueira? (b) what is the role of relational reading and meta-relations in this process? (c) how important is frame theory to explain the behavior of the protagonists? The analysis reveals a problem for the attribution of positive or negative attitude, since the same situation - say a tremor - is interpreted by Conceição as resulting from the physical contact with the boy, while for him, the tremor would be the result of the cold of the environment. And it is precisely this misunderstanding of interpretations that intrigues and arrests the reader / Missa do Galo é um conto de Machado de Assis (1893) que trata do diálogo entre Nogueira, um jovem pensionista, e Conceição, a hospedeira, em uma noite de Natal. O foco da narrativa não está nas ações, mas numa aproximação inusitada, em que uma simples conversa pode apresentar um jogo sublime e indireto, aparentemente banal, mas que intriga Nogueira. Supõe-se que nada aconteceu entre os dois, mas a genialidade de Machado de Assis convida-nos a ler o texto nas suas subjacências. A propósito, a procura de um sentido implícito no texto, mas talvez presente no discurso, exige o apoio de teorias que possibilitem essa relação, para revelar uma camuflada intenção. Nesse sentido, este estudo tem o apoio da Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional (LSF), que oferece um instrumento analítico específico para o exame sistemático das motivações, propósitos, suposições e interesse dos produtores do texto. O objetivo desta dissertação de mestrado é a análise crítica das escolhas lexicogramaticais feitas no conto Missa do Galo com o fim de desvendar o que subjaz ao diálogo entre Conceição e Nogueira. Guiada por propostas da Linguística Crítica e com o apoio do contexto analítico oferecido pela LSF, a pesquisa examina duas dimensões da gramática da oração: transitividade e avaliatividade, associadas respectivamente com as funções ideacional e interpessoal da linguagem, complementadas pelas teorias de frame e de intersubjetividade. Para tanto, a pesquisa procura responder às seguintes perguntas: (a) o que podem as escolhas lexicogramaticais feitas por Machado de Assis em Missa do Galo, em termos das metafunções ideacional e interpessoal, revelar sobre o diálogo entre Conceição e Nogueira? (b) qual é o papel da leitura relacional e das metarrelações nesse processo? (c) que importância tem a teoria do frame para explicar o comportamento dos protagonistas? A análise revela um problema para a atribuição de atitude positiva ou negativa, já que uma mesma situação – digamos um tremor – é interpretada por Conceição como resultante do contato físico com o rapaz, enquanto para ele, o tremor seria resultado do frio do ambiente. E é justamente esse desencontro de interpretações que intriga e prende o leitor