Recently, the tendencies in the translation science have changed and the interest has been shifted towards the empirical investigations of the process of the translation. A wide span of research works was enhanced by the belief that the processes, which take place in the translator’s head while he or she is translating, are as important as the perception of translation as the final product of the translated text in relation to the source text. The translated text can provide a comparably incomplete and misleading assumptions about the process of translation, i. e. ignoring and eliminating both problems and successful strategies of the translation. Insofar as it is not possible to directly observe the human mind at work, a number of attempts have been made at indirectly accessing the translator’s mind. One such attempt, which has been steadily gaining ground in translation research, has been to ask the translators themselves to reveal their mental processes in real time while carrying out a translation task. Such a method of data collection is known as ‘thinking aloud’. Starting from 1980 Think Aloud Protocols (TAPs) have become a major instrument in process-oriented translation studies. The major early concern of researchers was the analysis of translation strategies using TAPs. Translation strategies range from a subject’s realization of a translation problem to its solution or to the subject’s realization of its insolubility for him or her. In this research, the... [to full text]

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Metaphors have long shaped the way pure translation studies describe and justify the translation phenomenon by discovering and consolidating underlying principles. Ultimately, by means of metaphor, something that dwells on the interaction of two seemingly distinct things, translation theorists have obtained a better understanding of the category of translation. Human beings are gregarious, and disputes are inevitable in every society, ancient or modern, primitive or civilized. In fact, conflict is one iron law of life that mankind has had to improvise ways of resolving, from such formal ones as litigation to private ones such as self-help. We may not be able to eliminate dispute altogether, but we can, however, resolve it through creative and civilized means. Translation can be approached in a similar context, except it concerns a metaphorical dispute between cultures and/or languages—and probably on a more intangible and subtle platform. Disparate cultures, religions and languages in a clash can be brought closer to each other with skillful translation, and hence, translation is a variation of dispute resolution. That never went totally unnoticed. Over the years, countless translation metaphors have been constructed and exploited with very different results, which indicates how interdisciplinary a subject translation studies really is. Yet, apparently, translation is most often metaphorized as mediation and negotiation but rarely as arbitration or litigation, and one cannot but wonder whether this happened out of sheer coincidence or because of some misunderstanding. Thus, much as I appreciate what theorists have accomplished with translation metaphors, in regard to didactics and heuristics, my primitive observation is that translation theorists and practitioners have never made full use of metaphorization in that they might have had an incomplete idea of dispute resolution theory in general. After all, a metaphor is, ideally, meant to facilitate active learning and full integration of new knowledge, but there still remains a missing piece that is part and parcel of our metaphorization of translation. Specifically, translators have always embraced the amicable terms of negotiation and mediation, distancing themselves from non-mainstream ones such as arbitration and litigation. To that end, in my thesis, I will explore and examine translation through slightly renewed lenses, demonstrating how and why our metaphor schema and mapping should originate in dispute resolution, and why litigation, and perhaps even arbitration as dispute resolution mechanisms, would serve as good a metaphor—if not a better one—for translation. It is my resolute belief that the translator is more qualified as a judge, a respectable professional vested with immense judicial power, than as a mediator, who is but a third-party neutral facilitating dialogue between two disputants. Only in this way can metaphors do translation theory a great service by furnishing it with a renewed and objective description of translation.

(in English): This diploma thesis Translations of Ukrainian literature into Czech 1989-2014 is devoted to the analysis of the development of the Czech-Ukrainian translation process after 1989. The basic objectives of the thesis are to prepare a complete bibliographic list of translations of Ukrainian literature into Czech in the period 1989-2014 based on various sources of information (books, magazines, internet portals), to record the authentic experience of the new generation of translators and to establish the basis for Ukrainian translatology. The introductory chapter is devoted to the history of Czech-Ukrainian literary relations, which are the basis for their development at present. The main part is the research of a modern translation process, which contains a list of translations, analysis of motivation of translators, publishing strategies of the publishing houses and the reception of Ukrainian literature in the Czech Republic. Greater attention is devoted to the publication of translations of Ukrainian literature in journals. Key words (in English): Ukrainian Literature, translation, Czech-Ukrainian literature relations, translation studies, translations of published books, translations published in journals, translations published on the Internet, reception of translation.

Orientador: Cristina Carneiro Rodrigues / Banca: Leila Cristina de Mello Darin / Banca: Alvaro Luis Hattnher / Resumo: A produção de significados pelo tradutor não se dá de maneira aleatória, mas ele, como sujeito sócio-historicamente constituído, faz escolhas e traça caminhos para produzir textos que sejam apropriados em relação à contextualização dada ao texto traduzido na cultura de chegada. Tal contextualização pode ser entendida como os parâmetros ���� os objetivos que se tem para ela, o público-alvo da publicação e o contexto de inserção dos leitores ���� que subjazem às opções estratégicas do tradutor. A discussão acerca da contextualização da tradução é relevante para a prática do profissional de tradução, na medida em que as especificidades de cada texto exigem que as estratégias do tradutor sejam ajustadas para que o texto possa ser considerado apropriado e admissível na cultura de chegada para um públicoalvo específico. O presente trabalho pretende mostrar que a contextualização da tradução determina o estabelecimento das estratégias pelo tradutor, tal que suas escolhas resultem num texto que esteja de acordo com os parâmetros estabelecidos. Busca-se, também, analisar as diferentes possibilidades de leitura que podem ser relacionadas ao uso de uma ou outra estratégia. Para isso, selecionaram-se para análise traduções direcionadas de Viagens de Gulliver para o português do Brasil. Acredita-se que esse tipo de reflexão é relevante para o ensino de tradutores aprendizes, já que, durante sua formação, muitas vezes a prática tradutória se dá de maneira descontextualizada e, em sua vida profissional, os textos terão contextualizações diferentes e o desenvolvimento de diferentes estratégias pode levar o leitor a fazer diferentes interpretações, que também são de responsabilidade do tradutor / Abstract: Translator's production of meanings is not random, but as a social constituted subject, translator chooses his ways for producing texts that are suitable to the contextualization given to the translated text in target culture. This contextualization may be seen as the parameters ����the purposes for the text in target culture, translation's audience and the context in which its readers may be inserted ����which underlie translator's strategic choices. The discussion about translation contextualization is relevant in translator's activity as the specificities of each text ask for adjustments in translator's strategies in order to the target text could be considered suitable and admissible in the target culture for a specific target audience. The present work seeks to show that translation contextualization determine the strategies usage so that the target text can be in accordance to the established parameters. It also aims to analyze the different possible readings that could be related to the use of one or another strategy. To do it, Gulliver's Travels specific translations into Brazilian Portuguese were selected for the analysis. It's believed that this kind of reflection is relevant to translator's teaching as in his professional life texts will be differently contextualized and the development of strategies for text production may lead the reader to different readings, which are also translator's responsibility / Mestre

Orientador: Maria José R. F. Coracini / Acompanha 1 DVD-ROM o esemplar de tese do IEL / Tese (doutorado) - Universdiade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-16T00:38:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Olher_RosaMaria_D.pdf: 1152095 bytes, checksum: 4296c116a922eaf4cff4dd687b2b9047 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral ampliar as discussões sobre as representações de tradução, no contexto de ensino superior de literaturas estrangeiras, com base na visão discursivo-desconstrucionista. Para a análise e discussão, foram entrevistados professores de literaturas estrangeiras de nível superior, no Brasil e nos Estados Unidos da América, os quais responderam questões relacionadas à tradução, ao ensino de literatura e à leitura de textos literários estrangeiros. A hipótese de que o contexto de ensino superior de literaturas estrangeiras coloca a tradução como secundária é discutida e problematizada através da relação que se estabelece entre original e tradução e da discussão das representações que os sujeitos envolvidos têm de tradução, a partir de suas posições discursivas de professores e de leitores. Os resultados das discussões mostraram que as representações sobre tradução, no contexto brasileiro investigado, são construídas a partir de noções como: (in)fidelidade, autoria e originalidade, bem como da preferência pelo uso da língua estrangeira e pela leitura do texto original, problematizadas como resultado do lugar "entre-línguas" ocupado pelos sujeitos entrevistados. No contexto norte-americano específico e amostrado, as regularidades estão associadas à tradução como diferença, necessidade, dependência e suplemento, discutidas como resultado da hegemonia cultural da língua inglesa e da fragmentação identitária do sujeito pós-moderno, aqui chamado de sujeito traduzido. O aspecto comum, no resultado de análise dos dois contextos, foi observado no imbricamento do discurso institucional maior (discurso científico e institucionalizado) com as formações discursivas dos sujeitos ali constituídos / Abstract: The aim of this research study is to enhance discussions on translation representation in foreign literature teaching, based on a discursive-deconstructionist view. Some professors of foreign literature were interviewed in Brazil and in the United States of America. The questions provided were specifically related to translation, foreign literature teaching in higher education and reading of foreign literary text. The hypothesis that translation is relegated to a secondary role, in the context of foreign literature teaching, is argued through the relationship established between original text and translated text and also through the discussion of the interviewees? representations of translation as professors and as readers. Some results of the discussion showed that, in the Brazilian teaching context under analysis, the representations were mostly related to: (un)fidelity, authorship and originality, as well as to the preference for the use of the foreign language and for the reading of the original text, which were discussed as a result of the "inter-language" place which interviewees interact with. In the North American context, representations of the interviwees were summarized as: translation as difference, necessity, dependency and supplement, argued as a result of the English language cultural hegemony and of the individual?s identity fragmentation in postmodern society. A common point was observed in both contexts: the overlapping of larger institutional discourse (institutionalized scientific discourse) with the individuals? discursivety constituted in and by that academic context / Doutorado / Teoria, Pratica e Ensino da Tradução / Doutor em Linguística Aplicada

A análise das traduções para o nheengatu realizadas pela New Tribes Mission fornece dados históricos sobre um dos textos mais presentes na escrita das línguas indígenas, as escrituras bíblicas. Como o Novo Testamento em Nyengatu (1973) pode ser compreendido numa história da tradução bíblica para as línguas indígenas? Quais os possíveis impactos sociais da tradução de um livro bíblico para uma língua indígena em vias de construir uma tradição escrita? Quais foram os agentes das traduções analisadas? Quais métodos se destacam neste percurso tradutório da NTM? Foram levantados os diferentes agentes envolvidos na rede de textos a que o Novo Testamento em Nyengatu e o Livro de Cânticos (s/d) estão articulados. As propostas metodológicas de Pym (1998 e 2005) e Milton (2009) foram base para a descrição destas fontes primárias e para a explicação sobre as mesmas, por meio das fontes secundárias, constituídas pelas biografias e demais textos de missionários. As questões levantadas serão desenvolvidas com vistas à compreensão das relações entre os debates racionalistas do século XVII e alguns métodos de tradução protestantes. Além disso, haja vista a complexa história social da língua geral amazônica, foram destacados aspectos de ruptura e continuidade destas traduções da NTM em comparação à documentação histórica do nheengatu, sobretudo nos séculos XIX e XX, contida na chamada Filologia Tupi, com vistas a contribuir para uma melhor compreensão sobre a transição de uma língua supra-étnica a uma língua materna. / The analysis of translations to the nheengatu made by New Tribes Mission provides historical data on the most present texts written in indigenous languages, namely the biblical scriptures. How the Novo Testamento em Nyengatu (1973) can be understood in the Bible translation history for indigenous languages? What are the social impacts of the translation of a biblical book to an indigenous language in the process of being built a writing tradition? What were the agents of translations analyzed? What methods are highlighted in this translational path of NTM? The different agents, involved in the network of texts to the Novo Testamento em Nyengatu (1973) and the Livro de Cânticos (s/d), are articulated will be quoted. The methodology employed Pym (1998 and 2005) and Milton (2009) were the basis for the description of these primary sources and then for explanation on them by means of secondary sources, formed by missionary biographies and other texts. The issues raised will be developed with a view to understanding the relationship between the rationalists discusses of the seventeenth century and some Protestant translation methods. Moreover, given the complex social history of the Amazon general language, will be highlighted aspects of rupture and continuity of these translations of NTM compared to historical documentation nheengatu, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, contained in the so called Tupi Philology, with the aim to contribute to explain the changes from a general language to a ethnic language.

The rising demand for powerful oncolytic virotherapy agents has led to the identification of Maraba virus, one of the most potent oncolytic viruses from Rhabdoviridae family which displays high selectivity for killing malignant cells and low cytotoxicity in normal cells. Although the virus is readied to be used for clinical trials, the interactions between the virus and the host cells is still unclear. Using a newly developed interferon-sensitive mutant Maraba virus (MG1), we have identified two key regulators of global translation (4E-BP1 and eIF2α) responsible for the inhibition of protein synthesis in the infected cells. Despite the translational arrest upon viral stress, we showed an up-regulation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL protein that provides a survival benefit for the host cell, yet facilitates effective viral propagation. Given the fact that eIF5B canonically regulates 60S ribosome subunit end joining, and is able to replace the role of eIF2 in delivering initiator tRNA to the 40S ribosome subunit upon the phosphorylation of eIF2α, we have tested whether eIF5B mediates the translation of target mRNAs during MG1 infection. Our results show that the inhibition of eIF5B significantly down-regulates the level of Bcl-xL steady-state mRNA, thus indirectly attenuates viral propagation.

Metaphors have long shaped the way pure translation studies describe and justify the translation phenomenon by discovering and consolidating underlying principles. Ultimately, by means of metaphor, something that dwells on the interaction of two seemingly distinct things, translation theorists have obtained a better understanding of the category of translation. Human beings are gregarious, and disputes are inevitable in every society, ancient or modern, primitive or civilized. In fact, conflict is one iron law of life that mankind has had to improvise ways of resolving, from such formal ones as litigation to private ones such as self-help. We may not be able to eliminate dispute altogether, but we can, however, resolve it through creative and civilized means. Translation can be approached in a similar context, except it concerns a metaphorical dispute between cultures and/or languages—and probably on a more intangible and subtle platform. Disparate cultures, religions and languages in a clash can be brought closer to each other with skillful translation, and hence, translation is a variation of dispute resolution. That never went totally unnoticed. Over the years, countless translation metaphors have been constructed and exploited with very different results, which indicates how interdisciplinary a subject translation studies really is. Yet, apparently, translation is most often metaphorized as mediation and negotiation but rarely as arbitration or litigation, and one cannot but wonder whether this happened out of sheer coincidence or because of some misunderstanding. Thus, much as I appreciate what theorists have accomplished with translation metaphors, in regard to didactics and heuristics, my primitive observation is that translation theorists and practitioners have never made full use of metaphorization in that they might have had an incomplete idea of dispute resolution theory in general. After all, a metaphor is, ideally, meant to facilitate active learning and full integration of new knowledge, but there still remains a missing piece that is part and parcel of our metaphorization of translation. Specifically, translators have always embraced the amicable terms of negotiation and mediation, distancing themselves from non-mainstream ones such as arbitration and litigation. To that end, in my thesis, I will explore and examine translation through slightly renewed lenses, demonstrating how and why our metaphor schema and mapping should originate in dispute resolution, and why litigation, and perhaps even arbitration as dispute resolution mechanisms, would serve as good a metaphor—if not a better one—for translation. It is my resolute belief that the translator is more qualified as a judge, a respectable professional vested with immense judicial power, than as a mediator, who is but a third-party neutral facilitating dialogue between two disputants. Only in this way can metaphors do translation theory a great service by furnishing it with a renewed and objective description of translation.

La presente investigación es un estudio de caso que analiza la representación de personajes pertenecientes a comunidades “otras” en la traducción inglés-español (doblaje y subtitulación) de la serie Glow (Flahive & Mensch, 2017). Glow es una producción de Netflix que supone una relectura de los estereotipos de la sociedad estadounidense de los años ochenta. Se caracteriza la traducción de esta serie como un medio difusor de ideologías, ya que mediante el lenguaje empleado por los personajes se trasmiten estereotipos propios de un contexto cultural distinto al de la audiencia meta. El estudio asume un enfoque cualitativo para analizar de manera inductiva los diálogos en los que el lenguaje se utiliza como medio de representación de la alteridad de los personajes. De este modo, se realizará un análisis contrastivo de las representaciones obtenidas a partir del texto fuente con los diálogos doblados y subtitulados del inglés al español por la industria Netflix. / This article is a case study analyzing the characters representation belonging to “other” communities in the English-Spanish translation (dubbing and subtitling) of the Glow series (Flahive & Mensch, 2017). Glow is a Netflix production that re-reads the stereotypes of American society in the 1980s. The translation of this series is characterised as a means of disseminating ideologies, since the characters’ language is used to transmit the typical stereotypes belonging to a different cultural context of the target audience. This study adopts a qualitative approach to analyze inductively the characters dialogues in which language is used as a means of representing their alterity. In this sense, the representations obtained from the source text will be compared with the dialogues dubbed and subtitled from English to Spanish by the Netflix industry. / Trabajo de investigación