The transition of the 30S initiation complex (IC) to the translating 70S ribosome after 50S subunit joining provides an important checkpoint for mRNA selection during translation in bacteria. Here, we study the timing and control of reactions that occur during 70S IC formation by rapid kinetic techniques, using a toolbox of fluorescence-labeled translation components. We present a kinetic model based on global fitting of time courses obtained with eight different reporters at increasing concentrations of 50S subunits. IF1 and IF3 together affect the kinetics of subunit joining, but do not alter the elemental rates of subsequent steps of 70S IC maturation. After 50S subunit joining, IF2-dependent reactions take place independent of the presence of IF1 or IF3. GTP hydrolysis triggers the efficient dissociation of fMet-tRNAfMet from IF2 and promotes the dissociation of IF2 and IF1 from the 70S IC, but does not affect IF3. The presence of non-hydrolyzable GTP analogs shifts the equilibrium towards a stable 70S–mRNA–IF1–IF2–fMet-tRNAfMet complex. Our kinetic analysis reveals the molecular choreography of the late stages in translation initiation. / Boehringen Ingelheim Fonds and the G¨ottingen Graduate School for Neurosciences, Biophysics, and Molecular Biosciences (to A.G.); Max Planck Society and grants of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (to M.V.R.); Peruvian Programa Nacional de Innovaci ´on para la Competitividad y Productividad [382-PNICP-PIBA-2014 (to P.M.)]. Funding for open access charge: Max Planck Society. / Revisión por pares

This study represents a case study of subtitling practices in the South African television broadcasting media, with reference to the soap opera, Generations. The aim of this research is to carry out a descriptive study to establish the actual practices of subtitling in the South African television broadcasting media, using the soap opera Generations as a case study; how these practices match international, theoretical and methodological practices; and whether they have been affected by changes in legislation calling for the status and use of indigenous languages to be enhanced. Although the research sets out to discuss the actual processes in the subtitling of Generations, it includes an analytical and evaluative component. It examines episodes of Generations for the years, 1999, 2003, 2005 and January 2006, looking at the languages spoken in these episodes, the percentage of subtitling in each episode, and the nature of subtitling in the soap opera. Finally, it assesses what progress has been made towards multilingualism, and subtitling since the two go hand-in-hand because whatever is spoken in the vernacular languages calls for subtitling. It was concluded that the level of multilingualism and, therefore, subtitling, is not yet up to the level envisaged although a lot of progress has been made.

PhD (Translation), Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 1998

MA, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 1993

MA, Translation, Faculty of Humanities, University of the Witwatersrand, 1993

Thesis advisor: Joseph Breines / During my five-month stay with in Rennes, France in the fall of my junior year, my French host parents took me to Normandy to visit the memorial museum in Caen and the D-Day beaches. Véronique and Gildas considered this trip “obligatoire” for any American in France, a sentiment that has been matched by virtually everyone I have spoken with since, both French and American. My visit was, however, disrupted by an experience of linguistic confusion that could have significantly limited my ability to appropriate the information presented in the museum. The guiding texts found on the walls of the museum, translated from French to English, lacked so acutely the idiomatic feel of native English that they would have obscured my understanding of the text, had I not also been fluent in French and able to read the originals. What began as a tourist’s frustration is today the subject of a project that has carried me back to France for another two months as well as into both translation and museum theory. I have created here a critical study as well as a retranslation of a selection of these texts, proposed with no other aim than to explore the importance of linguistic accuracy, and the implications of inaccuracy in translation. This work is meant to represent the chronological process by which I explored the original translations and ultimately determined my final retranslations. As such, I have attempted to reflect the results of the different stages of my work in the division of my five chapters. The first chapter is an introduction to the museum: its history, purported aims, and layout. In discussing the museum, I consider some applications of Vivian Patraka’s museum and performance theories to this site, eventually exploring the connection between the importance of these texts within their physical and cultural space and the importance of their proper translation. To further delve into the subject of translation theory and its implications to my project, I will invoke the work of David Bellos, Walter Benjamin, and others. After having laid this theoretical groundwork for my project in conjunction with a background of the museum, my second chapter will present the original translations of the texts from the portion of the museum devoted to D-Day, supplemented by my annotations. These annotations are prefaced with an explanation of the methodology that I used while sifting through these original translations, which I hope will help to at least primarily explain the categories into which I have chosen to group the errors and problems that I found. The third chapter is a deeper analysis of each of these categories, beginning with the most significant or global and descending all the way down to the purely technical. Each section of this commentary will include examples of pertinent cases of the problem or error and a discussion of the stylistic or cultural issue present. After having identified all the present errors in my second chapter and analyzing them by category in my third, I will present in my fourth chapter a complete retranslation of these selected texts My fifth and final chapter will serve to conclude the process, stating any changes or modifications to my theoretical or procedural approach I find appropriate after having completed the project. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: College Honors Program. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures Honors Program. / Discipline: Romance Languages and Literatures.

Esta investigação focou-se em elementos do desenvolvimento da competência tradutória (CT) atribuíveis a um treinamento em tradução desenhado para que estudantes universitários de Letras em estágios iniciais de aprendizagem de L2 pudessem \"captar princípios fundamentais da tradução\", começando a assimilar um método de trabalho adequado, conforme a meta formulada por Hurtado (1996) para um curso introdutório à tradução direta escrita \"geral\". Este recorte de pesquisa inseriu-se no interesse amplo de entender a CT e seu desenvolvimento, com auxílio de observações empíricas, tanto quanto de reflexões já elaboradas na literatura sobre esses temas. Estudos empíricos e reflexões teóricas foram reunidos da literatura e discutidos nos capítulos iniciais para justificar (1) nossa seleção dos ?princípios fundamentais que regem a tradução?; (2) os critérios para a seleção de materiais, pontos teóricos e procedimentos metodológicos; (3) as diretrizes para a coleta de dados e (4) os parâmetros para a análise dos dados coletados. Para observar os resultados do treinamento, reuniu-se um corpus de traduções de contos infantis da escritora argentina María Elena Walsh feitas por vinte e um sujeitos, distribuídos em três grupos: (a) grupo principal (oito participantes do treinamento, todos estudantes universitários de Letras-Espanhol, finalizando a disciplina básica de Língua Espanhola 2); (b) grupo de controle de estudantes (sete sujeitos de mesmo perfil que os primeiros, sem participação no treinamento); (c) grupo de controle de profissionais de Letras (seis sujeitos graduados e pós-graduados em Letras-Espanhol, profissionais experientes no ensino de Língua Espanhola e/ou Literaturas de Língua Espanhola). Para os dois grupos de estudantes, o corpus foi coletado longitudinalmente, de maneira sincronizada com o início, o meio e o término do treinamento, permitindo observar modificações no desempenho em tradução ao longo do tempo. Conforme a delimitação prévia de princípios tradutórios fundamentais e de indicadores de sua captação e operacionalização pelos sujeitos, a análise de resultados focou-se na detecção de problemas relacionados ao contexto e a requisitos de adequação funcional em dezoito fragmentos das traduções, assim como no desempenho dos sujeitos em termos de qualidade de adequação funcional atingida para os fragmentos selecionados. Os resultados foram favoráveis à hipótese central de que um curso introdutório à tradução direta escrita geral de bases funcionalistas, discursivas e cognitivas, que explore didaticamente a tradução subordinada, a tradução de função poética e de elementos culturalmente marcados, terá resultados importantes sobre a subcompetência estratégica, observáveis no produto e no processo tradutórios, mesmo no caso de estudantes ainda não proficientes na L2, no caso do par lingüístico português-espanhol. Contribuições mais amplas deste estudo seriam: (1) fornecer evidências empíricas de um importante ponto em que a CT se diferencia da competência bilíngüe; (2) oferecer elementos para sustentar que o princípio de prevalência do contexto é universal e central na tradução e é nuclear na subcompetência estratégica da CT; (3) apontar que as dificuldades da tradução subordinada e da tradução de função poética e de elementos culturalmente marcados são prototípicas do princípio de prevalência do contexto em tradução; (4) mostrar que o trabalho sobre esse tipo de material é eficaz para reformular esquemas mentais em cursos introdutórios à tradução geral; (5) propor que a tradução de função poética é um subtipo da tradução subordinada; (6) oferecer parâmetros para pensar a especificidade do par português-espanhol em tradução; (7) contribuir para o debate e o estudo do papel da explicitação de conceitos teóricos e dos conhecimentos ditos ?declarativos? na formação de tradutores. Além disso, o corpus coletado poderá abrir outras perspectivas interessantes de investigação empírica da CT / This research focused on elements of the development of translation competence (TC) ascribable to a translation training course designed so that undergraduate students of a Language and Literature Studies Program at basic levels of L2, could \"grasp overall principles which govern translation\" and begin to acquire appropriate translation working methods, according to the goals proposed by Hurtado (1996) for an introductory course of general direct written translation. This focus should be seen as a part of a broader concern to understand TC and its development by means of empirical observations integrated with theoretical reflections available in the literature. In this thesis, empirical findings and theoretical proposals were gathered from Translation Studies and discussed in the initial chapters to support (1) our selection of the \"overall principles which rule translation\"; (2) our choice of materials, theoretical issues and methodological procedures; (3) the guidelines on data collection and (4) the parameters to analyze the collected data. In order to observe the results of the training, a corpus of translations was formed. Children stories of the Argentine author María Elena Walsh were translated by twenty-eight volunteers distributed in three groups: (a) the main group (eight participants of the training, all of them majoring in Spanish, at the end of the basic subject Spanish Language 2); (b) a control group of students (seven students with the same profile as the main group, who did not take part in the training); (c) a control group of Language and Literature Studies professionals (six graduates of Spanish Language and Literature Studies, who work professionally as teachers of Spanish and/or Spanish Literature, and have completed a master\'s degree in the area). The data of the two groups of students were collected as a longitudinal corpus, in a synchronized way with respect to the start, the middle and the end of the pilot training course. This corpus allowed me to observe modifications in the performance of the students over time. According to the initial reflections on fundamental translation principles, I established indicators of the grasping and application of these principles by the subjects. The data analysis relied on these indicators, defined as the detection, in eighteen fragments of the translated stories, (a) of problems related to the context and (b) of functional appropriateness requirements. The performance of the subjects was also assessed in terms of the quality achieved in their translation solutions. The results of the analysis were in favor of our main hypothesis, according to which an introduction to general direct written translation based on functionalist, discursive and cognitive approaches to translation training and which deals with materials involving constrained translation and the translation of poetic and culture-specific elements would have important effects on the strategic subcompetence, which would be apparent in the translation product and process, even for students who were not highly proficient in the L2, in the case of the Spanish- Portuguese pair. This research also presents the following broader contributions: (1) providing empirical evidences of an important aspect in which TC differs from bilingual competence; (2) offering elements to argue that the principle of the hierarchical predominance of the context is universal and central in translation and that it is a core in the strategic subcompetence of TC; (3) pointing that the difficulties of constrained translation and translation of poetic function and culture specific elements are prototypically related to the predominance of context principle; (4) showing that working on this type of materials is an efficient way to reconstruct mental schemes about translation in an general introductory translation course; (5) proposing that the translation of poetic function is a subtype of constrained translation; (6) offering parameters to identify the specificity of the Portuguese-Spanish pair in translation; (7) contributing to the debate and the study of the role of theoretical concepts and of the so-called \"declarative\" knowledge in translation training. Finally, the collected corpus can open other interesting perspectives of empirical studies of TC and its development

Masters of Art / The aim of this study was to develop isiXhosa terminology for diabetes brochures written in English or in medical terms, to enable diabetes patients to access information on their disease. Lefevere (1992a: xi) describes translation as “rewriting of an original text”. This study re-evaluated Lefevere's concept of translation by examining English brochures and translating them into isiXhosa brochures. In order to demonstrate how the translator of the English brochures transported the source text messages to the target language, literature was reviewed. Translation theories or approaches are discussed to assess their impact on the researcher’s attempt in translating diabetes brochures into isiXhosa. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, and analysed to assess and answer the problem statement and hypothesis posed by the researcher that there will always be a high death rate of people with diabetes in South Africa, due to a lack of access to materials translated into indigenous languages on how to manage the disease. Since the available information is written in English or medical terms, it is difficult to reach a large sector of people who cannot read, write and/or speak English. Also, diabetes patients who speak the isiXhosa language lack knowledge on diabetes because they do not have access to information written in isiXhosa, or there is no written information at all. The study also aimed to translate English terminology including signs and symptoms, and causes and management of diabetes as these are crucial elements to be understood by diabetes patients in order to monitor their health. Furthermore, the researcher is of opinion that isiXhosa-speaking diabetes patients will be at less risk of dying if they are well informed by means of information in their mother tongue. Language is the soul of people. Without access to information, people are left in the dark and are prone to danger. On this backdrop the research was focused on translating diabetes brochures as a means of disseminating information to diabetes patients whose language is isiXhosa. Challenges encountered during the translation process are highlighted.

Protein synthesis in all organisms is catalyzed by a highly-conserved ribonucleoprotein macromolecular machine known as the ribosome. Prior to each round of protein synthesis in the cell, a functional ribosomal complex is assembled from its component parts at the start site of a messenger RNA (mRNA) template during the process of translation initiation. In bacteria, rapid and high-fidelity translation initiation is promoted by three canonical initiation factors: IF1, IF2, and IF3. In this thesis, I report the use of single-molecule fluorescence methods to study the role of the initiation factors and ribosome-factor interactions in regulating molecular events that occur during late stages of the translation initiation pathway. In Chapter 1, I provide a structural and biochemical framework for understanding one of the key events of the initiation pathway: docking of the large (50S) ribosomal subunit with the small subunit 30S initiation complex (30S IC). The 50S subunit joining reaction is catalyzed by GTP-bound IF2 and results in formation of a 70S initiation complex (70S IC) that contains an initiator transfer RNA (tRNA) and is primed for formation of the first peptide bond. During 50S subunit joining, IF2-GTP establishes interactions with RNA and protein components of the 50S subunit's GTPase-associated center (GAC), which play an important role in subunit recruitment as well as the subsequent activation of GTP hydrolysis by IF2. In Chapter 2, I describe the development of a single-molecule fluorescence resonance energy transfer (smFRET) signal to monitor the interactions between IF2 and the ribosome's GAC during real-time 50S subunit joining reactions. Specifically, the role of the L11 region, comprising ribosomal protein L11 and its associated ribosomal RNA (rRNA) helices, was investigated. The L11 region is a prominent structural component of the GAC that is believed to undergo large-scale conformational changes during protein synthesis; however, the nature and timescale of these conformational dynamics, and their role in regulating the biochemical activities of IF2 during initiation, are not known. I demonstrate that my smFRET-based 50S subunit joining assay is sensitive to conformational rearrangements between IF2 and L11 within the 70S IC and can thus be used as a tool for characterizing GAC dynamics and elucidating their function during initiation. Furthermore, my smFRET approach is shown to provide information on the rate of 50S subunit joining as well as the rate of IF2 dissociation from the 70S IC. Notably, IF2-dependent GTP hydrolysis was found to influence the extent of 70S IC conformational dynamics as well as the dissociation rate of IF2. The role of IF3 in regulating 50S-subunit joining dynamics is discussed in Chapter 3. IF3 plays an important role in ensuring the fidelity of translation initiation by preventing the formation of initiation complexes containing a non-initiator tRNA and/or a non-canonical mRNA start codon. Inclusion of IF3 within the 30S IC in the smFRET experiments was found to render the IF2-catalyzed 50S subunit joining reaction highly reversible. Direct observation of repetitive docking and undocking of the 50S subunit with the 30S IC indicates that IF3 may modulate translation initiation efficiency by influencing the stability of the 70S IC. The individual 50S subunit docking events were found to result in the formation of very different classes of 70S IC, characterized by different stabilities and unique patterns of IF2-L11 interactions. I propose that these dynamics reflect an underlying conformational equilibrium of the IF3-bound 30S IC that is read out during 50S subunit joining, and that this equilibrium could be modulated in order to regulate the efficiency of translation initiation. Following initiation-factor mediated assembly of the 70S IC, the first aminoacyl-tRNA is delivered to the ribosome in ternary complex with elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and GTP. Accommodation of aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome's peptidyl transferase center leads to formation of the first peptide bond, which signals the end of initiation and entry into the elongation phase of protein synthesis. The ternary complex binding site on the ribosome overlaps with that of IF2 at the GAC; a question of key mechanistic importance in understanding how the ribosome coordinates the transition from initiation to elongation thus concerns the relative timing of ternary complex binding with respect to IF2 dissociation from the 70S IC. In Chapter 4, I present preliminary results from two- and three-color fluorescence co-localization experiments aimed at characterizing the timing of these events at the single-molecule level. The data strongly suggest the occurrence of simultaneous occupancy of the ribosome by IF2 and ternary complex, implying that the ribosome is structurally capable of recruiting ternary complex prior to IF2 release from the 70S IC. The observation that the ribosome can accommodate more than one translation factor at a time may have important implications for understanding how it efficiently coordinates factor binding and release throughout protein synthesis, and opens the door to mechanistic studies of the ribosomal L7/L12 stalk, presumed to play a prominent role in these processes.

Driven by Moore's Law, many computer architectures - ARM, x86, MIPS, PowerPC, SPARC - have evolved from 32-bit to 64-bit. To support existing applications, these have all kept support for a 32-bit compatibility mode. However, this comes at a cost in hardware complexity, power consumption and development time. Dynamic binary translation - recompiling binaries into the new instruction set at runtime - can be used instead of specific hardware for this purpose. While this approach has previously been used to assist architecture transition, these translators have all traded-off performance and transparency, a measure of how accurately they emulate the 32-bit environment. This thesis addresses ARM's transition from AArch32 to AArch64 through MAMBO-X64, a dynamic binary translator developed to support this transition. A range of novel optimizations were devised to improve translation performance while maintaining strict transparency. This follows a common theme of exploiting existing hardware features such as hardware return prediction, virtual memory and virtualization extensions to offset translation overheads. HyperMAMBO-X64 - a variant of MAMBO-X64 integrated in a hypervisor - was also developed to support system-level translation while remaining transparent to guest operating systems. Results demonstrate that the cost of binary translation is reduced, delivering performance competitive with the manufacturer's hardware. Performance in several benchmarks even exceeds that from the integrated compatibility mode. Thus MAMBO-X64 not only provides a means for architectural upgrade, but also an alternative to the expense of the legacy support currently employed.