Le Zhuang zi, ouvrage qui porte le nom de Zhuang zi, l’un des plus grands philosophes chinois vivant au IVe siècle av. J.-C. environ, a été universellement reconnu pour son imagination exubérante et sans limites, pour son style d’écriture plein d’humour, de même pour son usage efficace du « sanyan » (三言, les trois paroles) dans la construction des textes narratifs. Plus important encore, il présente une conception unique du cosmos et des dix mille êtres, ainsi qu’une observation perspicace du monde humain. Cet ouvrage a attiré, dès l’origine, bon nombre d’annotations et d’interprétations de la part des lettrés aux différentes époques en Chine. Incontestablement, les efforts scientifiques antérieurs ont permis au Zhuang zi de subsister durant une vaste étendue temporelle. C’est grâce à eux en effet qu’une base de données riche et précieuse a été mise en place pour sa réinterprétation et sa retraduction dans le contexte actuel de mondialisation. Néanmoins, le Zhuang zi per se étant un classique porteur de sens multiples est, par conséquent, susceptible d’interprétations diverses. En raison des approches variées adoptées par différents annotateurs, des malentendus, voire des interprétations erronées ont eu lieu dans leurs travaux d’érudition, ce qui fait peu ou prou obstacle à la diffusion intraculturelle et interculturelle du classique.La présente étude commence par un examen des principales découvertes sur le Zhuang zi, allant de la période pré-Qin jusqu’à l’époque contemporaine. Cette tentative de découvrir les traits saillants de ses interprétations dans différents contextes historiques de la Chine a pour but d’inspirer la retraduction intralinguale et interlinguale du classique. Ensuite, une discussion autour de la vision sur le rapport entre le langage et le sens du Zhuang zi, ainsi qu’autour de l’exemple des trois commentaires est déployée, suivie de l’observation de ses versions anglaises et françaises, y compris leurs réalités communicatives dans l’univers de la langue cible, d’où il résulte que les traductions intralinguale et interlinguale remplissent chacune des fonctions différentes dans la communication transtemporelle et trans-spatiale du Zhuang zi. Pour faire avancer la discussion, cette étude met l’accent sur l’aspect étymologique et sur le processus évolutif des trois notions philosophiques essentielles qui ont toutes, en faisant souvent l’objet de l’interrogation dans le milieu sinologique, une occurrence très élevée dans l’ouvrage, à savoir « dao » (道, le dao), « tian » (天, le ciel) et « de » (德, l’efficience). Cette partie expose principalement leurs usages dans les classiques confucianistes, dans le Lao zi et dans le Zhuang zi, avec l’analyse des gains et des pertes de leurs traductions, afin de mettre en lumière un cadre de référence pour une compréhension et une interprétation plus approfondie des notions philosophiques du Zhuang zi. Enfin, cette étude se réfère étroitement aux paragraphes et à leurs versions françaises/anglaise pour une interprétation multilingue des vues de Zhuang zi sur les questions telles que « la vie et la mort », « l’utile et l’inutile » et « le beau et le laid », dans l’intention d’illustrer une approche traductionnelle aux thèses philosophiques du Maître. Il est affirmé que les notions philosophiques dans l’ouvrage dépendent fortement du contexte et que la recontextualisation est donc essentielle pour le processus d’interprétation et de traduction. Il est également affirmé que les thèses philosophiques du Zhuang zi constituées à partir de perspectives variées mais complémentaires appellent ainsi l’utilisation du paratexte et de la traduction étoffée pour reproduire la réalité du classique dans les situations de traduction. Cette étude affirme aussi la valeur de la traduction multimodale dans la communication efficace du Zhuang zi. / The Zhuang zi adopts its name after Zhuang zi, one of the greatest Chinese philosophers who lived in about the fourth century BC. The classic has been universally recognized for its boundless and exuberant imaginations and its humorous style of writing, particularly as evidenced by its effective use of the “sanyan” (三言, the three words) in the structuring of the narrative content. More importantly, it presents a unique conception of the cosmos, the ten thousand things and an insightful observation of the human world. Since it was known to the public, it has been followed by a variety of annotations and interpretations from different scholars in the Chinese history. Unquestionably, previous academic efforts have made the Zhuang zi survive a vast space of time and accumulated a richness of valuable data for its reinterpreting and retranslation in the present-day context of globalization. Nevertheless, the Zhuang zi per se is a classic of great meaning potential; therefore, it is open to diverse interpretations. Since different annotators and interpreters took different attitudes and approaches to the classic, misunderstandings and misinterpretations have taken place in their works of scholarship, more or less impeding the intracultural and intercultural dissemination of the classic.The present study commences with a review of the major findings on the Zhuang zi, ranging from the pre-Qin period to the contemporary era, as an attempt to discover the salient features of interpretation in different historical contexts of China so as to inspire the intralingual and interlingual retranslation of the classic. Then, it moves on to a discussion of the Zhuang zi’s standpoint on the relation between language and meaning, and the example of three commentaries, which is backed up by an observation of its English and French versions and their communicative facts in the target language world, with the resulting claim that intralingual translation and interlingual translation perform different functions in the trans-temporal and trans-spatial communication of the Zhuang zi. To push the discussion forward, this study turns its focus to the etymological aspect and evolutionary process of the three key philosophical notions in the classic, that is, “dao” (道, the dao) “tian” (天, heaven) and “de” (德, potency), all of which record a high frequency of use and highlight the relevant activity of inquiry in the community of Chinese Studies. This section mainly explores their patterns of use through reference to the pre-Qin Confucian works, the Lao zi and the Zhuang zi, and analyses both the merits and demerits of their different translated versions so as to illustrate a frame of reference for a deep understanding and interpretation of the Zhuang zi’s philosophical notions. Finally, this study closely refers to the classic’s relevant paragraphs and their English/French versions for a cross-linguistic interpretation of the Zhuang zi’s views on questions like “life and death”, “useful and useless” and “beauty and ugliness” to illustrate a translation-based approach to the master’s philosophical theories. It is claimed that Zhuang zi’s philosophical notions are highly context-dependent and therefore recontextualization is essential to the process of interpretation and translation. It is also claimed that the Zhuang zi’s philosophical theories are made from varied but complementary perspectives and therefore call for the use of paratexts and thick translation methods to reproduce the reality of the classic in translation situations. This study affirms the value of multimodal translation in the effective communication of the Zhuang zi as well.

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Research on museum policy often focuses on provincial or national museums, which are typically government agencies. These institutions are directly accountable to government and have an articulated role in an explicit federal or provincial museum policy. However, most Canadian museums are community museums – that is, nonprofit or municipal museums that collect and interpret locally relevant materials and have public programs targeting the community in which they are based. Community museums’ relationships with government(s) differ due to their legal structures (municipal, nonprofit), relatively small budgets, and limited number of staff. Within museum policy, community museums are distinct because they lack a direct relationship with a provincial or national government. Yet, in Canada, all levels of government are involved in their governance through regulatory and supportive activities. In particular, provincial governments have included community museums in museum policies, which tend to focus on professionalization, standards of operation, and simplifying access to resources. In other words, policies targeting community museums often subject them to norms, aiming to establish parameters and best practices for their operations. These actions seek to define and shape community museums, which raises the question: how are these policies (re)created, (re)assembled, and coordinated? Using archival research and interviews, this thesis documents community museum governance in Ontario, where provincial museum advisors and associations emerged as museum professionals embedded in policy development and implementation in the 1950s. Considering the advisors and associations’ service delivery and advocacy activities, actor-network theory (ANT) is used to discuss their work assembling and coordinating policy for Ontario’s community museums. Their work distinguishes community museum governance from the governance of national or provincial institutions because they define and establish norms, contribute to change in governance, and enact ongoing change as they (re)assemble resources for community museums. The advisors and associations have facilitated relationships between museums and actors related to museums’ work as educational institutions, sites of local action, tourism operators, agents of social change, and collecting institutions, resulting in multiple configurations of actors supporting and regulating museum activities. This thesis has found the advisors and associations historically worked for a museum community to address its needs, resulting in written policy and museums’ inclusion in government instruments. These established instruments have, to some extent, reduced the need for ongoing advocacy by targeting museums with a clear objective and normalizing museums’ participation in policy areas outside of culture. However, these instruments also reflect and reinforce historic inequities in community museum governance, privileging municipal museums with historic access to provincial support and, as a result, the capacity to advocate for their own interest through an association. Responding to growing government disinterest, the provincial museum association has refocused its efforts from defining a community in need to defining a sector that contributes to society and the economy through partnerships that can address diverse policy objectives.

The translator’s workplace (TW) has undergone radical changes since microcomputers were introduced on the market and, as a result, digitization increased enormously. Existing translation-related technologies, such as machine translation (MT), were enhanced and others, such as translation memory (TM) systems, were developed. It is a noteworthy fact that implementing new translation-related technologies in the TW is done in various conditions according to specific goals that subsequently define new work conditions for translators. These new work conditions affect translators’ satisfaction with their job, and their satisfaction will influence career development and employee retention in the translation industry over the long term. In the past two decades, Language Service Providers (LSPs) have started integrating MT into TM systems to benefit from MT suggestions when TM is not helpful. Neither TM nor MT is unfamiliar to the translation industry, but the combination, i.e. TM+MT, is fairly new. So far, there have been few studies on translators’ satisfaction with TM+MT. This study consists of an ethnographic research project on seven translators in a Canada-based company where TM+MT is used. Observations, semi-structured interviews, and in-house document analysis have been used as data collection methods. The data obtained has been analyzed and discussed based on Rodríguez-Castro’s task satisfaction model (2011). This model addresses intrinsic and extrinsic sources of translators’ satisfaction with the activities they do in their job. Investigating the factors and variables of her model in the aforementioned company, I concluded that those sources of satisfaction cannot be considered separately from the job-context factors, such as the company’s policies in implementing TM+MT.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第20022号 / 情博第617号 / 新制||情||107(附属図書館) / 33118 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 田中 克己, 教授 河原 達也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM

This paper analyses the reframing strategies (Baker, 2006) and transfer of communicational functions (Nord, 2010) in some news translated by state-owned Peruvian News Agency Andina (Agencia Peruana de Noticias Andina) from Spanish to English. This media platform uses translation to expand its readership to foreigners that might be interested in visiting and investing in Peru (Andina, 2016, par. 14), thus helping the nation's economy to grow. The study is based on a bilingual corpus of 114 news articles published in the economics and tourism sections during 2019. The contrastive text analysis showed how Andina reframes the translations to adapt them into a new sociocultural context, reflecting the discourse of the Peru brand. Andina translations reveal the use of reframing strategies to recontextualize events having an impact on Peruvian economy, to herald a "patriotic" discourse that highlights government's achievements, targeting Peruvian readership, and to provide information related to Peruvian tourist attractions. The changes in communicative functions inform change in text type focus in a set of translated news towards a tourism genre.

During the last few decades, the translation of metaphors has been a popular focus for examination. Seemingly, the challenges that metaphors and metonymies pose have urged several scholars to compile sets of translation strategies in order to meet them or at least attempt to describe how they tend to be met. This study contributes to the research of how metaphors and metonymies are translated by examining the retention of conventional metaphors and metonymies and the distribution of different translation strategies in a Swedish translation of an excerpt from a Scottish travel guide. According to previous studies, metaphors are powerful instruments of persuasion, especially in travel literature, which essentially serves to sell a destination to its readers. The findings show that translating a metaphor or metonymy into a non-metaphorical or non-metonymical paraphrase is the most frequently utilized strategy, indicating that the images evoked by the metaphors and metonymies are difficult to transfer intact into a target text. Restrictions of semantic relationships and differences in cultural associations are among the possible factors found to influence the choice of strategies. Nevertheless, reproduction of source text metaphors and metonymies, and compensation were found to be the second and third most frequent strategies. While reproduction was expected due to the cultural similarities between English and Swedish, the relative frequency of compensations was less so, but perhaps motivated because of the overall loss of metaphors and metonymies in the translation.

Understanding the process and the dynamics involved in news translation, as well as the challenges news translators face in my country of origin - The Gambia- has been a long-held goal, considering my background and experience as a former bilingual editor for Kuwait Oil Company and a senior news translator for Al-Watan Daily in Kuwait. The quest to unravel the enigmas surrounding news translation practices has always been a subject of great interest to me. With the intent of proffering pragmatic solutions to the attendant challenges of news translation in the Gambia, my focus is on providing well-researched recommendations. The study specifically seeks to answer questions regarding news translation processes and practices and how they have evolved over time in the Gambia. Furthermore, this study sheds light on the manifold professional and technical obstacles that confront news translators in the Gambia as they endeavour to render news content originally produced in English into Mandinka, which is one of the prominent Indigenous languages. It also delves into the broader linguistic landscape in the Gambia and other colonized territories from an indigenous perspective. Colonialism looms large over my study, considering the fact that news is translated from English, a minority colonial language imposed on the majority speakers of indigenous languages. The legacy of colonialism still lingers, with the news still being read in English first before it gets rendered in indigenous languages. Using qualitative methodology, my research explores the evolution and importance of news translation in the Gambia and the underlying factors behind the professional and technical challenges that Gambia’s news translators continue to wrestle with. Dowling, Lloyd, and Suchet-Pearson (2016) posit that this methodology is employed to comprehend the spatialities, interpretations, and experiences of social life. The undertaken field study has availed me of the opportunity to have a deeper understanding of some of those challenges and come up with recommendations that might hopefully address them, including language planning, the development of a monolingual Mandinka dictionary, translator training, the development of unique Mandinka writing systems, among others. My research participants were enthused to participate in the study, affirming that it was the first time ever a researcher approached them to have an idea about the dynamics of their work and include their findings in a thesis—an assertion that sustained the momentum throughout the journey.

The goal of this thesis is to discuss Clarice Lispector in the Polish context and address the potential gaps in the reception of her oeuvre. Since the principal vehicle of popularizing her writing outside of the Portuguese-speaking world is translation, my thesis also examines the current situation of the Polish translations of Lispector’s work. Based on my research, I contend that the angle of interpretation related to Lispector’s literary awareness has not been well explored in Poland. Given that the perspective related to the creation process constitutes a recurrent characteristic of Lispector’s narrative, I provide a textual analysis of four short stories which specifically deal with this aspect of her writing: “O ovo e a galinha” [The Egg and the Chicken], “A quinta história” [The Fifth Story], “Seco estudo de cavalos” [Dry Sketch of Horses], and “O relatório da coisa” [Report on the Thing]. In order to address and promote this sphere of Lispector studies in Poland, I propose a translation of the above-mentioned four short stories, followed by a description of the challenges I have encountered as a translator of Lispector’s complex poetics. A survey of the most influential translation theories contextualizes both the suggested translations of Lispector’s stories and my own translation experience. With this project, I aim to reintroduce, revitalize, and rewrite – in the form of the presented textual analyses and the proposed translations – Clarice Lispector’s work in the Polish context.

How I applied the Licentiate curriculim in English at the Universidad Nacional de México to my 30-year experience in book-publishing. / Licenciatura en Letras Inglesas