This thesis deals with Czech translations from Romanian with emphasis on the translatological aspect of the topic. The theoretical part analyzes a list of translations created by the combination of a number of sources according to the original authors, the publishers of the translations, the year of publication of the Czech translation and the translators. The theoretical part also includes the outline of the development of Czech translation theories and a brief summary of modern directions in translatology. The practical part shows, using an analysis of the Czech translation of Țiganiada (Gypsiliad) by Ion Budai-Deleanu, how should look the analysis of the translation before the translator starts translating, or during his work. This part includes a practical analysis model with a division into individual segments. Each segment includes examples of potential problems and suggests a way to deal with them from a theoretical point of view.

Abstract This dissertation suggests a new approach to the translation of African literature, and more precisely African literature in English, considering that the English language has evolved. In most former colonies, New Englishes exist alongside standard varieties of English. This linguistic trend needs to be accompanied by well thought out and researched strategies, if translations are to match the success of the original versions. As a first step, the research report engages with a definition of New Englishes as well as of other important concepts in the research report: colonialism, post-colonialism, negritude, translation, nativisation and indigenisation. Examples of New Englishes are established through an analysis of The Famished Road. This is followed by a discussion of translation theory, with special focus on dynamic equivalence and functionalism. Finally, recommendations are made in relation to methods and strategies for translating a West African novel from English to French.

This study examines the availability of translated material into foreign languages, more specifically into French, at tourist destinations in South Africa. The Cradle of Humankind is chosen to carry out a case study and to show the lack of material available in languages other than English and the subsequent need for the development of a foreign-language policy. This study attempts to show the way forward by translating Maropeng’s miniguidebook into French based on a prior analysis of the original English text following Nord’s translation-relevant text analysis model. Furthermore, this study is not an end in itself but a step toward a better representation of official South African languages as an integral part of language policies throughout the country, as suggested by the Constitution.

This handbook of English Renaissance literature will serve as a reference for both students and scholars, introducing recent debates and developments in early modern studies. Using new theoretical perspectives and methodological tools, the volume offers exemplary close readings of canonical and less well-known texts from all significant genres between c. 1480 and 1660. Its systematic chapters address questions about editing Renaissance texts, the role of translation, theatre and drama, life-writing, science, travel and migration, and women as writers, readers and patrons. The book will be of particular interest to those wishing to expand their knowledge of the early modern period beyond Shakespeare.

This dissertation is a study of experimental retranslations of ancient Greek, Latin, and Classical Chinese lyric poetry by contemporary Anglophone poets. It is a contribution to the field of Translation Studies and the developing study and practice of Retranslation. The emerging field of Translation Studies has only begun to consider critically the phenomenon of retranslation, but these existing studies address retranslations of ancient Classical texts in passing, and only as far as to consider their role in canon formation, re-animating an older retranslation’s outdated language, correcting a previous version’s textual errors, and replacing an old version with a superior one. Studies of the useful contributions that experimental retranslations of Classical texts offer for re-evaluating the ancient originals have been altogether absent. A cross-cultural study such as my own acknowledges the recent surge in interest in Western Classics from Chinese readers and the globalization of Greco-Roman Classics as evidenced by efforts to translate the corpora of Vergil and Ovid into Chinese for the first time. My dissertation focuses on the 85 project’s experimental retranslations of Tang dynasty (618–907 CE) poetry by Wang Wei 王維 (699–759 CE), Li Bai 李白 (701–762 CE), and Du Fu 杜甫 (712–770 CE), Brandon Brown’s retranslations of poems 85 and 99 by Republican Roman poet Catullus (85–54 BCE), and Anne Carson’s “A Fragment of Ibykos Translated Six Ways” (5th c. BCE). My chapters each perform close readings and textual analysis, identify the unconventional retranslation strategies at work, and demonstrate how these strategies retain some core gestures of the original poem in retranslation. I project a future direction of experimental retranslation practice in a rapidly changing field, and a re-evaluation of how readers and writers might think about the possibilities in retranslating ancient Classical texts. I propose that these experimental retranslations offer the contemporary reader new ways of connecting with and appreciating the original text by expanding conventional expectations of what is traditionally acceptable in the practice of translation. Traditional Classical translation strategies favour focusing on a poem’s content and subject matter, usually including some representation of meter and form in a word-for-word and sense-for-sense production. The experimental retranslations I address in my study retranslate something other than the words and sense, going so far as to bring into English such elements as the vertical reading orientation of Classical Chinese poetry and a poem’s structural, rhetorical features, not its words or subject matter. Ultimately, this study shows how contemporary readers can be surprised by antiquity via fresh retranslations, and calls for collaboration among translators, creative writers, and academic scholars.

<p>MATLAB to C code translation is of increasing interest for science and industry. In</p><p>detail two MATLAB to C compilers denoted as Matlab to C Synthesis (MCS) and</p><p>Embedded MATLAB C (EMLC) have been studied. Three aspects of automatic code</p><p>generation have been studied; 1) generation of reference code; 2) target code generation;</p><p>3) floating-to-fixed-point conversion. The benchmark code used aimed to cover</p><p>simple up to more complex code by being viewed from a theoretical as well as practical perspective. A fixed-point filter implementation is demonstrated. EMLC and MCS</p><p>offer several fixed-point design tools. MCS provides a better support for C algorithm</p><p>reference generation, by covering a larger set of the MATLAB language as such. More</p><p>suitable for direct target implementation is code generated from EMLC. As a result</p><p>of the need to guarantee that the EMLC generated C-code allocates memory only</p><p>statically, MATLAB becomes more constraint by EMLC. Functional correctness was</p><p>generally achieved for each automatic translation.</p>

Replication of HIV-1 requires nuclear export and translation of the incompletely spliced 4 and 9 kb classes of HIV-1 mRNA, which encode the structural and enzymatic proteins of the virus. HIV-1 Rev binds to the Rev-responsive element (RRE) contained in the introns of incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs and mediates their nuclear export via the Crm1 pathway. Sam68C, is a C-terminal deletion mutant of the endogenous human protein Sam68, and has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of Rev-dependent reporters. In this study we have performed deletion analysis of Sam68C, and determined the minimal mutant required for inhibition of Rev-dependent expression is Sam6814(45-54)-300. Sam68C inhibition is specific to RRE/Rev/Crm1 transported mRNAs: the Rev/Crm1 exported reporter construct GagRRE is inhibited while the Tap/p15 transported GagCTE reporter construct is not. Previous work from our lab showed that Sam68C co-localized with the Rev-exported mRNAs in perinuclear bundles. Further investigation has shown that Sam68C inhibition of incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs is independent of the perinuclear bundling of the viral mRNA. We go on to show that Sam68C specifically inhibits the translation of the incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs. Translational inhibition by Sam68C is correlated with a loss of PABP1 binding with no attendant change in abundance, polyadenylation or polyadenosine tail length of the affected mRNAs. The selective inhibition of Crm1 exported HIV-1 mRNAs by Sam68C suggests that it is able to recognize unique characteristics of these viral mRNPs. We show that Rev and the RRE are required, but individually neither is sufficient for complete Sam68C inhibition. Study of the incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNP revealed that the nuclear cap binding complex, CBP20/80, is not exchanged for eIF4E. Additionally, in cells expressing the HIV-1 provirus, CBP80 relocalizes to the cytoplasm and co-sediments with polysomes. This supports the hypothesis that incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs are translated in an eIF4E-independent, CBP20/80-dependent fashion. This property of the 9kb and 4kb HIV-1 mRNAs could be utilized to develop new therapeutic approaches to controlling HIV-1 infection.

Replication of HIV-1 requires nuclear export and translation of the incompletely spliced 4 and 9 kb classes of HIV-1 mRNA, which encode the structural and enzymatic proteins of the virus. HIV-1 Rev binds to the Rev-responsive element (RRE) contained in the introns of incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs and mediates their nuclear export via the Crm1 pathway. Sam68C, is a C-terminal deletion mutant of the endogenous human protein Sam68, and has been shown to be a potent inhibitor of Rev-dependent reporters. In this study we have performed deletion analysis of Sam68C, and determined the minimal mutant required for inhibition of Rev-dependent expression is Sam6814(45-54)-300. Sam68C inhibition is specific to RRE/Rev/Crm1 transported mRNAs: the Rev/Crm1 exported reporter construct GagRRE is inhibited while the Tap/p15 transported GagCTE reporter construct is not. Previous work from our lab showed that Sam68C co-localized with the Rev-exported mRNAs in perinuclear bundles. Further investigation has shown that Sam68C inhibition of incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs is independent of the perinuclear bundling of the viral mRNA. We go on to show that Sam68C specifically inhibits the translation of the incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs. Translational inhibition by Sam68C is correlated with a loss of PABP1 binding with no attendant change in abundance, polyadenylation or polyadenosine tail length of the affected mRNAs. The selective inhibition of Crm1 exported HIV-1 mRNAs by Sam68C suggests that it is able to recognize unique characteristics of these viral mRNPs. We show that Rev and the RRE are required, but individually neither is sufficient for complete Sam68C inhibition. Study of the incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNP revealed that the nuclear cap binding complex, CBP20/80, is not exchanged for eIF4E. Additionally, in cells expressing the HIV-1 provirus, CBP80 relocalizes to the cytoplasm and co-sediments with polysomes. This supports the hypothesis that incompletely spliced HIV-1 mRNAs are translated in an eIF4E-independent, CBP20/80-dependent fashion. This property of the 9kb and 4kb HIV-1 mRNAs could be utilized to develop new therapeutic approaches to controlling HIV-1 infection.

The generation of high affinity, selective, and in vivo-stable peptide-based drugs is currently a major challenge in the field of drug development. Technologies exist that permit the generation of a vast diversity of chemical and conformational space and an example of such a technology is mRNA display, which utilizes protein translation machinery to produce a wide array of polypeptides starting from a combinatorial library of mRNA templates. The intention of this research was to bridge mRNA display to a reconstituted translation system using protein synthesis using recombinant elements (PURE) system for a new drug discovery platform. We hypothesized that it is possible to generate mRNA-peptidomimetic fusions using reconstituted translation system and chemo-enzymatically charged tRNAs, to incorporate unnatural amino acids into mRNA-peptidomimetic fusions. Upon demonstating that the reconstituted system was functional, we have synthesized hexapeptide fusion products containing four alanine residues and one biocytin residue. Fusions were assayed using urea-PAGE in the presence of streptavidin which allowed for unambiguous evaluation of the full length fusion fraction. It was determined that overall more fusion product was generated with template that codes for biocytin early in the coding sequence, but that the percent of biocytin-containing product stays similar regardless of the biocytin place in the coding region. We have also found that the change in template untranslated region length does not improve incorporation of biocytin in dipeptide fusions within the tested range. Finally, after first unsuccessful attempts to make sarcosine hexapeptide fusions, we investigated the effect of magnesium ion concentration on the translation reaction. As a result of four series of experiments performed involving both alanine and sarcosine fusion synthesis in parallel, we concluded that an increase in magnesium concentration from 5 mM to 20 mM coincided with enabling of the reconstituted system in making hexapeptide fusions with sarcosine in a significantly high number of cases. This research work arises from the need to enable a new drug discovery tool that will allow both synthesis and affinity maturation of peptide-based compounds. It represents our pioneering efforts to develop a new technology and ultimately help bring to existence compounds of significant therapeutic value.

Academic scientific language is characterized by an impersonal and objective style. Due to this and the typical high information density of academic language, this style typically contains a high rate of noun phrases and passive structures. This is also true for the German scientific study Gefühlte Opfer, Illusionen der Vergangenheitsbewältigung by Ulrike Jureit and Christian Schneider. The first aim of this essay was to translate one chapter from the aforementioned book into Swedish and adapt the target language to culturally match a reader who would appreciate a text on German post-war history and sociology. The second aim was to quantify and analyse all occurrences of passive voice and similar structures. More specifically, the following research questions were investigated: How is the passive formed in the source and target language respectively? How often is a corresponding passive used in the translation? How often is a passive sentence translated into an active structure? There are many different ways of expressing the passive in German: the so-called Vorgangspassiv featuring the auxiliary werden, the so-called Zustandspassiv with sein, and finally passive-like constructions. There are corresponding ways to form the passive in Swedish, that is, structures with the auxiliaries bli and vara, but the more common way to express the passive voice is the morphological s-passive. Passive-like constructions can be found in Swedish as well. The most common passive structure in the source text, the werden-passive, was in most cases translated into the typical Swedish s-passive. The sein-passive was more often translated into a similar structure in the target text. All in all, almost a third of the passive voice sentences were translated into active structures. Keywords: translation, passive voice, academic language