This paper presents an interpretation of an archaeological problem where Viking age treasure hoards on Gotland are discussed in relation to the provision of the morning gift in the medieval Guta law. There are around 700 treasure hoards found on Gotland and many of them contains what can be interpreted as female coded jewelry. In this essay Gender theory and the theory of performativity is used as a method to analyze treasure hoards with female coded jewelry and its purpose is to investigate jewelry in relation to gender. This study will take a closer look on eleven treasure hoards which have been selected based on jewelry identified as typically female. This might indicate that women were the ones who deposited their jewelry in the ground. The Guta law narrates women's political and social situation in the medieval society and it is possible that it can tell us about some social practices in the Viking society. This law is a great source to recount women’s rights and obligations when it comes to marriage and heritage. The law contains a provision about hogsl oc iþ which is interpreted to be the morning gift. The morning gift intended that a husband was to give his new wife a gift in relation to their marriage. The law stated that a woman had the right to her morning gift which could suggest that women could control this property and have ownership over it. This study investigates what the mentioned medieval law dictated in regard to what a morning gift should constitute of and if this have any connection to what can be found in Viking age treasure hoards. This study is performed by analyzing treasure hoards with jewelry identified as typically female, as well as analyzing the Guta Law which allow one interpretation of why there are so many deposited treasures on Gotland. The interpretation which is presented in this study is that women had ownership of their morning gift and they could have deposited it in the ground to protect themselves and their property.

Thesis (MPhil (Ancient Studies)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006. / The question that this thesis aims to examine is how the motifs of the myth of Demeter and Persephone have been perpetuated in three modern works of fiction, which are Treasure at the Heart of the Tanglewood by Meredith Ann Pierce, Chocolat by Joanne Harris and House of Women by Lynn Freed. It is the aim of this work to substantiate that the issues that the ancient myth of Demeter and Persephone highlights, are still of value in this modern world and that the same human issues that women had to come to terms with then, continue to be relevant today. Briefly, the myth of Demeter and Persephone is about Demeter, the Olympian goddess of agricultural fertility, whose daughter Persephone is abducted by Hades, the god of the Underworld. The myth tells of Demeter’s grief at the loss of Persephone, and her desperate search for her daughter. Due to her grief, she stops all plants from growing which could be fatal to the mortals, and would have repercussions for the immortals that they serve. Demeter and Persephone are eventually reunited and the earth flourishes with growth once more. However for one-third of the year Persephone must descend to the Underworld to be at the side of Hades, at which time it is winter and plants do not grow. Then for two-thirds of the year she ascends to be with her mother, Demeter, and plants blossom and ripen, and it is the time of spring and summer. The impact of myth is not dead.

Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) is one of Sweden’s most well-known and prominent authors. The field of research connected to both her personal life and her body of work is certainly immense. However there are still gaps in the research concerning Lagerlöf’s social critique through her literature. Alongside her authorship she was active in the peace- and women’s movement, and particularly so in women’s suffrage. Simultaneously, as the women’s movement gained momentum at the turn of the 20th century, there was a domestic armament in Sweden. It was at this point when Lagerlöf wrote Herr Arne’s Hoard/The Treasure (1903). The purpose of this study is to examine the connections between manliness and violence in Selma Lagerlöf’s Herr Arne’s Hoard/The Treasure. This is achieved by means of reparative reading using gender theory from the Nordic historic masculinity studies. The reparative reading is based on a model of interpretation, first promoted by Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, and is not about hidden meanings but rather what the text explicitly represents. The analysis shows that the text criticizes a certain fit for military service type of manliness. This particular manliness is characterized by self-interest and vindictiveness, which is tied to an archaic barbarity and social stagnation. At the same time it is connected to positions of power. The analysis also shows, through the critic, a feminine desire for justice, a movement towards change and the subversive potential of sympathy. / Selma Lagerlöf (1858-1940) är en av Sveriges namnkunnigaste och mest prominenta författare. Forskningsfältet kring hennes person och produktion är närmast oöverskådligt. Det finns emellertid fortfarande luckor i forskningen gällande hur samhällskritisk Lagerlöf egentligen var i sitt författarskap. Vid sidan av sitt författarskap var hon också aktiv inom freds- och kvinnorörelsen, i synnerhet i kampen för kvinnlig rösträtt. Samtidigt som kvinnorörelsen tog fart kring sekelskiftet 1900, genomfördes en inhemsk militär upprustning i Sverige. Under denna tidsperiod skriver Lagerlöf berättelsen Herr Arnes penningar (1903). Den här studien undersöker kopplingen mellan manlighet och våld i Selma Lagerlöfs Herr Arnes penningar. Studien genomför en reparativ läsning utifrån ett genusvetenskapligt perspektiv med teorier hämtade från den nordiska historiska manlighetsforskningen. Den reparativa läsningen är baserad på en tolkningsmodell som först lanserades av Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick och som handlar om att inte se till vad en text döljer utan till vad den vill. Analysen påvisar att texten kritiserar en särskild vapenför manlighet. Denna manlighet karakteriseras av egennytta och hämndbegär, som förbinds med ett arkaiskt barbari och samhällelig stagnation. Samtidigt förbinds det med maktpositioner. Analysen synliggör utifrån kritiken också ett kvinnligt begär efter rättvisa, en rörelse mot förändring och sympatins subversiva potential.

Les trésors de vaisselle précieuse de l’Antiquité tardive dans les îles britanniques présentent un corpus d’étude digne d’intérêt à la fois grâce à leur nombre important, à la variété des objets réunis et aux métaux employés. En effet, de nombreux ensembles de vaisselle précieuse ont été ensevelis entre le 3ème et le 5ème siècle en Bretagne romaine, tandis que d’autres dépôts issus de butins de pillage ont été trouvés en dehors des frontières de l’Empire (Écosse et Irlande actuelles). En outre, alors que les grands services d’argenterie y tiennent une part assez exceptionnelle, cette province se démarque du reste de l’Empire par une grande richesse en dépôts constitués de petits objets variés en métaux précieux (or et argent). Enfin, cette région voit se développer de façon quasiment exclusive, dès le 3ème siècle, l’industrie de l’"étain" (un alliage d’étain et de plomb dans des proportions variables), qui se prête bien à l’imitation des plats d’argenterie, donnant ainsi la possibilité à des familles moins aisées de posséder des services entiers de vaisselle de table.À partir de la constitution d’un catalogue de 229 dépôts et objets isolés, cette étude s’ouvre par une analyse typologique de la vaisselle d’argent et d’étain, comprenant l’observation des formes, des éléments décoratifs et de l’iconographie. S’ensuit l’analyse comparative du contenu de ces ensembles et de leur contexte d’enfouissement, menant à l’élaboration de tableaux typologiques et de cartes de répartition géographique. Des différenciations sont ainsi mises en évidence et permettent de tenter une interprétation de ces dépôts, témoins matériels d’une époque bouleversée. / Several hoards of precious vessels come from Roman Britain, some of them were found outside imperial boundaries (Scotland and Ireland) and represent loots of pirates. They were deposited during all Roman period, especially during the 3rd to the 5th centuries. Though large silver treasures are very rare there, this region is very rich in hoards of small precious objects of gold and silver (spoons, strainers, toothpicks, jewellery, coins, ingots…). In the meantime pewter industry flourishes from the 3rd century and vessels of this matter are produced in great quantity and diffused through the entire island, imitating silver vessels of the same period. It is often called the "poor man's silver".Through a descriptive catalogue of 229 Roman pewter and silver vessels hoards and single finds from the British Isles, this study starts with a typological and stylistic analysis of precious vessels and their imitations (forms, decoration, and techniques). It continues with a classification of all treasures and hoards that contain silver or pewter vessels, through a comparison of what they contained and where they were buried. Some of them could be of votive origin, inherited from Bronze Age.

No description available.

Abstract The empirical material for studying children's creative writing was collected in Taivalkoski, Lapland (a basic education course at Päätalo Institute, ten girls), and Oulu, Northern Finland (a creative writing project in a hospital school, two girls and two boys), in spring 2000. I was the instructor at the courses as well as the researcher. The children were 8–13 years in age. The subject of my study consists of the stories written by the children: what sort of stories they write and how creative writing suits hospital and school environments. I also look into bibliotherapy conducted among children and young people. In my study I describe, analyse and interpret by means of qualitative research the courses in creative writing offered by Päätalo Institute and the hospital school. As case studies, these two are stand-alone studies independent of each other. By qualitative approach in this work I mean that I describe how I build my interpretation as a researcher. The stories written by children provide material externalised from the subconscious as stories and writings which it is possible to interpret from a depth-psychological point of view. Sigmund Freud's understanding of dreams as manifestations of subconscious fears and hopes acquires a new form in the horror stories children write. The child works his or her activated energy charge through manipulating the dream-like and violent elements in stories in a controlled manner: by writing. In bibliotherapy, one studies one's own feelings, thoughts and memories and compares them to the experiences of others. This sort of work on feelings, thoughts and memories seemed to take place especially in the writer projects of the hospital school children: they worked on emotional processes while writing. On the basis of my study, creative writing and bibliotherapy offer a child or a young person a means for working out, at both conscious and subconscious levels, matters relating to the present stage of his or her development and current life condition. While writing, the child deals with his or her relations to friends, parents and the self. He or she treats hobbies and other topics of interest but problems as well. Studies already provide information as to the positive effects of bibliotherapy – reading and writing both have therapeutic effects – but more in-depth research is required. My dissertation shows that groups using bibliotherapy can function in the field of paediatric and adolescent psychiatry in homes for children and adolescents. They can also function in the environment of youth clubs and schools with bibliotherapy as a creative literary art activity to deter problems and foster growth and development. The method I developed, the Fantasy Treasure Chest (Fantasian aarrearkku), is one that can be taken in more general use for both instructing creative writing and collecting research material. / Tiivistelmä Lasten luovan kirjoittamisen tutkimuksen empiirinen aineisto kerättiin keväällä 2000 Taivalkoskella (Päätalo-instituutin sanataiteen perusopetuksen jakso, 10 tyttöä) ja Oulussa (sairaalakoulun luovan kirjoittamisen projekti, 2 tyttöä, 2 poikaa). Toimin itse sekä tutkijana että kurssien ohjaajana. Lapset olivat 8–13-vuotiaita. Tutkimuskohteina olivat lasten kirjoittamat tarinat: millaisia tarinoita he kirjoittavat, ja miten luova kirjoittaminen sopii sairaala- ja koulukontekstiin. Tein myös katsauksen lasten ja nuorten parissa toteutettuun kirjallisuusterapiaan. Tutkimuksessani kuvaan, analysoin ja tulkitsen laadullisen tutkimuksen keinoin Päätalo-instituutin ja sairaalakoulun luovan kirjoittamisen kursseja. Nämä ovat tutkimustapauksina itsenäisiä, toisistaan riippumattomia kokonaisuuksia. Laadullinen lähestymistapa työssäni on sitä, että kuvaan, miten tutkijana rakennan tulkintaani. Lasten kirjoittamista tarinoista löytyy tiedostamattoman materiaalia ulkoistuneina tarinoiksi ja kirjoituksiksi, jotka avautuvat syvyyspsykologisesta näkökulmasta tulkittuina. Sigmund Freudin käsitykset unista pelkojen ja toiveiden tiedostamattoman ilmentyminä saavat uudenlaisen muotonsa esimerkiksi lasten kirjoittamissa kauhukertomuksissa. Tarinoiden unenomaisten ja väkivaltaisten elementtien kautta lapsi käsittelee aktivoitunutta energialataustaan hallitussa muodossa: kirjoittamalla. Kirjallisuusterapiassa tutkitaan omia tunteita, ajatuksia ja muistoja, ja näitä verrataan toisten kokemuksiin. Tätä tunteiden, ajatusten ja muistojen käsittelyä näytti tapahtuvan etenkin sairaalakoulun lasten kirjoittajaprojektissa: lapset työstivät kirjoittamisen ohessa psyykkisiä prosessejaan. Tutkimukseni perusteella lasten luova kirjoittaminen ja kirjallisuusterapia tarjoavat lapselle ja nuorelle väylän työstää meneillään olevaan kehitysvaiheeseen ja elämäntilanteeseen liittyviä asioita sekä tietoisella että tiedostamattomalla tasolla. Lapsi käsittelee kirjoittaessaan suhdettaan kavereihin, vanhempiinsa ja itseensä. Hän käsittelee kirjoittamalla harrastuksiaan ja mielenkiinnonkohteitaan mutta myös ongelmiaan. Tutkimukset kertovat kirjallisuusterapian myönteisistä vaikutuksista – lukemisella ja kirjoittamisella on terapeuttinen vaikutus – mutta tarvitaan vielä perusteellisempia tutkimuksia. Väitöskirjani osoittaa, että kirjallisuusterapeuttisia ryhmiä voi toimia lasten- ja nuorisopsykiatriassa ja lasten- ja nuorisokodeissa sekä sanataidetoimintana ennaltaehkäisevänä, kasvua ja kehitystä tukevana ryhmätoimintana kerhoissa ja kouluissa. Kehittelemäni Fantasian aarrearkku -menetelmä on yksi keino käyttöön otettavaksi niin luovan kirjoittamisen ohjaukseen kuin tutkimusmateriaalin keräämiseenkin.

My thesis examines social conceptions framing rights and obligations by reviewing how possessions are used and exchanged in the poems of MS Junius XI. I identify several major additions to the scriptural source material of the poetic narrative where the poems present a unique treatment of possessions in a social environment. These poetic additions often feature novel combinations of events and even entirely new sub-stories. In reviewing these departures I focus specifically on possessions and examine how they frame the rights and obligations within social interactions. Focusing on objects of social exchange enables the discussion of the literary narrative to relate to secondary historical literature on possessions as well as social conceptions. This has not yet been done for the poems of Junius XI. This thesis is divided into four thematic chapters ordered from the most tangible to the most abstract: moveable objects, landed possessions, degrees of possession of people, and abstract notions of authority framing social interactions tied to holding and exchanging possessions. In chapter two moveable possessions will be discussed in relation to social status, cultural identity, exchange and hierarchy. The third chapter will examine the interplay between the allegorical and practical notions of land possession. The fourth chapter will discuss social hierarchy framed as a range of rights and obligations discussing to what degree people are themselves treated as possessions. The discussion will examine what types and levels of relative personal freedom is detectable in the Junius XI poems. The final chapter will amalgamate findings and issues of the previous chapters by examining how the exchange and treatment of possessions impact various types of authority which frame social interactions, hierarchies and values.

The purpose of this bachelor’s thesis is to examine the libraries' view of their own role and its relation to democracy, to identify any obstacles to the library's mission on being an inclusive public space. We do this through a qualitative content analysis, based on intersectional theory, on the proposal for a National Strategy for Libraries, The Treasure Trove of Democracy. We conclude that depictions of libraries and librarianship represented in the empirical material limits the ability to break down discriminatory structures within the institution.

No description available.

Treasure is a feature-length narrative fictional film directed by Chris Williamson as part of the requirements for earning a Master of Fine Arts in Entrepreneurial Digital Cinema from the School of Visual Arts and Design at the University of Central Florida. This thesis is a documentary record of the film production from concept to completion. In this thesis the concerns of authorship are explored from the perspective of the author as the executive producer, writer, and director of the film.