Lipids from the fat body of queens of Bombus terrestris species in different life stages were studied using chromatographic methods. High-performance liquid chromatography - mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization was used to analyze all lipids from the tissue. Semi- preparative thin-layer chromatography was used to isolate triacylglycerols (TGs) from the fat body tissue. The TGs were subsequently analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography - atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Quantitative differences between different life stages have been found. Qualitative composition has not been changing significantly. Only minor differences have been found in the substances, which were present in amount less than 1%.

Introduction : La fibrose kystique (FK) est une maladie génétique qui atteint plusieurs organes dont le pancréas, le foie et les poumons. Elle s’exprime par une accumulation de mucus visqueux qui va entraîner une altération des fonctions de ces organes. Les progrès scientifiques ont permis d’améliorer la condition de vie et d’augmenter considérablement l’espérance de vie des patients atteints de FK. L’amélioration de l’espérance de vie des patients FK est associée à l’apparition d’anomalies de la tolérance au glucose précédant l’apparition du diabète associé à la FK (DAFK). Le DAFK présente des similitudes avec le diabète de type 1 [DT1] (faible poids, faible sécrétion d’insuline) et le diabète de type 2 [DT2] (intolérance au glucose, anomalies de la sensibilité à l’insuline), mais il est spécifique pour ses causes et ses conséquences. Le DAFK est associé à un risque accru de perte de poids, de réduction de la fonction pulmonaire et de mortalité précoce et touche 50 % des patients adultes. La principale cause de ce diabète est décrite par une sécrétion d'insuline réduite et retardée. Les facteurs de risque, menant au développement du DAFK et les conséquences de son apparition ne sont pas encore bien comprises. La diète (riche en lipides et en énergie) recommandée en FK visant à maintenir un poids adéquat pourrait être responsable de l’accumulation de graisse ectopique, de résistance à l’insuline, de stéatose hépatique et d’anomalies du bilan lipidique rapportés en FK. Pour les patients sans FK, ces anomalies sont associées au développement du DT2. Objectif : Le but de ce travail de thèse visait à l’identification de nouveaux facteurs de risque d’anomalies de la tolérance au glucose dans une population d’adultes atteints de FK. Méthode : Pour cela nous avons i) observé l’évolution de la sécrétion d’insuline chez les patients FK âgés ; ii) identifié l’association entre les enzymes hépatiques et la prévalence du DAFK ; iii) identifié la prévalence de dyslipidémie chez les patients FK adultes et l’association avec le risque de développement du DAFK. Résultats : Nos résultats ont montré que les patients FK adultes présentent une sécrétion d’insuline altérée, mais qu’elle ne se dégrade pas davantage sur une décennie. Par contre, sur la même période, les patients deviennent plus résistants à l’insuline. Nous avons mis en évidence l’existence d’une relation entre le niveau d’enzymes alanine aminotransférase (ALT) élevé et la prévalence de DAFK. Enfin, nous avons montré l’existence d’une forte prévalence de dyslipidémie en FK, mais ces anomalies ne sont pas associées à la survenue du DAFK. Conclusion : Ces travaux ont permis de mieux comprendre l’association entre différents facteurs de risque en lien avec les anomalies de la tolérance au glucose chez des patients adultes FK. Nous avons identifié un mécanisme et un possible biomarqueur du DAFK, les enzymes hépatiques ALT, chez les patients FK adultes. Ces données peuvent fournir un rationnel pertinent pour la poursuite d’autres études cliniques dans le but d’améliorer la qualité de vie des patients atteints de FK. / Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disorder that affects several organs including the pancreas, liver, and lungs. It is expressed by an accumulation of viscous mucus which will cause an impairment of the functions of these organs. Scientific advances have improved the condition of life and significantly increased the life expectancy of patients with CF. This improved life expectancy of CF patients is associated with the onset of glucose tolerance abnormalities before the onset of CF-associated diabetes (CFRD). CFRD has similarities with type 1 diabetes [T1D] (low body weight, low insulin secretion) and type 2 diabetes [T2D] (glucose intolerance, abnormal insulin sensitivity), but it is specific for its causes and consequences. CFRD is associated with an increased risk of weight loss, reduced lung function and early mortality and affects 50% of adult patients. The main cause of this diabetes is described as a reduced and delayed insulin secretion. The risk factors leading to the development of CFRD and the consequences of its appearance are not well understood. The diet (rich in lipids and energy) recommended in CF, that aims at maintaining an adequate body weight, could be responsible for the accumulation of ectopic fat, insulin resistance, fatty liver and abnormalities of the lipid balance reported in FK. For patients without CF these anomalies are associated with the development of T2D. Objective: The aim of this thesis work was to identify new risk factors for abnormal glucose tolerance in a population of adults with CF. Method: For this we have i) observed the evolution of insulin secretion in elderly CF patients; ii) identified the association between liver enzymes and the prevalence of CFRD; iii) studied the prevalence of dyslipidemia in adult CF patients and the association with the risk of developing CFRD. Results: Our results have shown that adult CF patients have impaired insulin secretion, but it has not degraded further over a decade. However, over the same period, patients become more resistant to insulin. We have highlighted a relationship between the high alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme level and the prevalence of CFRD. Finally, we have shown the existence of a high prevalence of dyslipidemia in CF but these anomalies are not associated with the occurrence of CFRD. Conclusion: This work has made possible to better understand the association between different risk factors linked to glucose tolerance abnormalities in adult CF patients. We have identified a mechanism and a possible biomarker, ALT hepatic enzyme, of CFRD in adult CF patients. These data may provide a relevant rationale for the pursuit of other clinical studies in order to improve the quality of life of patients with CF.

La stéatose hépatique non alcoolique (NAFLD) est une affection du foie qui est causée par l’accumulation hépatique de triglycérides. Elle présente plusieurs degrés qui vont de la stéatose hépatique seule à la stéatohépatite avec fibrose. L’obésité et les autres éléments du syndrome métabolique, dont le diabète et l’hypertriglycéridémie, sont des facteurs de risque importants de la NAFLD, laquelle touche entre 20% et 29% des Canadiens. Ces statistiques sont alarmantes, surtout en sachant qu’aucun traitement n’est actuellement disponible pour cette condition et prenant compte de l’augmentation de la prévalence de l’obésité. La lipoprotéine lipase (LPL) hydrolyse les triglycérides contenus dans les lipoprotéines de très basse densité (VLDL) et dans les chylomicrons. La LPL est très souvent régulée à la baisse dans le syndrome métabolique de sorte que certains patients présentent des taux de triglycérides sanguins de plus de 10 mmol/L, comme les patients avec hyperchylomicronémie multifactorielle (MCS pour multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome). Les chylomicronémies comprennent également celle causée par une déficience totale en LPL, appelée l’hyperchylomicronémie familiale (FCS pour familial chylomicronemia syndrome). La FCS et la MCS sont ainsi deux dyslipidémies caractérisées par une hypertriglycéridémie sévère, laquelle est associée à un risque augmenté de pancréatites. Toutefois, alors que la FCS est monogénique, la MCS est multifactiorielle et liée directement à l’expression du syndrome métabolique avec une influence importante de l’environnement. Les résultats de ce mémoire comparent l’expression de la NAFLD chez les patients atteints de FCS et MCS. L’évaluation par élastographie impulsionnelle de l’expression de la NAFLD a été effectuée chez 18 patients FCS et 18 patients MCS, appariés pour l’âge et le sexe. Des résultats du paramètre d’atténuation contrôlé (CAP) ≥ 280 dB/m, suggérant une NAFLD, ont été rencontrés chez 50% des FCS et 83,3% des MCS. La différence entre les degrés de stéatose hépatique chez les deux groupes est significative avec une valeur de p de 0,03. De plus, seulement 22,2% des patients FCS avec NAFLD sont obèses comparativement à 71,4% chez les patients MCS (p=0,001). Il est aussi intéressant de relever que les patients FCS présentent une NAFLD même en présence d’un indice de masse corporelle très faible (IMC < 18 kg/m2). Par ailleurs, le score de CAP chez les FCS serait négativement corrélé avec le nombre de 2 pancréatites aigues (p=0,004). Notre étude démontre que la NAFLD est fréquemment observée chez les patients FCS et chez les patients MCS. De plus, la NAFLD s’exprimerait indépendamment de l’IMC chez les patients FCS, contrairement à ce que l’on observe chez les patients MCS. Finalement, la NAFLD chez les patients FCS pourrait être associée à une fréquence plus faible de pancréatites aigues. / Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a disorder caused by hepatic triglyceride accumulation. It ranges from hepatic steatosis to steatohepatitis with fibrosis. Obesity and other elements of the metabolic syndrome, such as hypertriglyceridemia and type 2 diabetes, are risk factors for NAFLD, which affects between 20% and 29% of Canadians. These statistics are alarming, especially knowing that there is still no treatment for this condition and considering the increasing prevalence of obesity. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) hydrolyzes triglycerides contained in very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) and chylomicrons. LPL is often down-regulated in the metabolic syndrome and some patients may present triglycerides level higher than 10 mmol/L, as multifactorial chylomicronemia syndrome (MCS). Chylomicronemia also characterizes total LPL deficiency, known as familial chylomicronemia syndrome (FCS). FCS and MCS are two dyslipidemias associated with severe hypertriglyceridemia, which is associated with increased risk of recurrent acute pancreatitis. Whereas FCS is monogenic, MCS is polygenic and directly related to the metabolic syndrome with a significant influence of the environment. Results of the present study compare the expression of NAFLD in FCS and MCS patients. NAFLD was assessed using transient elastography performed in 18 FCS and 18 MCS patients matched for age and sex. Controled attenuation parameter (CAP) score ≥ 280 dB/m, suggesting NAFLD expression, were observed in 50% of FCS and 83.3% of MCS. The difference between degrees of hepatic steatosis in both groups is significant with a p-value of 0.036. In addition, only 22.2% of FCS with NAFLD are obese compared to 71.4% for MCS (p = 0.001). It is also interesting to note that FCS patients have NAFLD even in the presence of a very low body mass index (BMI<18 kg / m2). Besides, CAP score in FCS was negatively correlated with the number of acute pancreatitis (p=0.004). Our study shows that NAFLD was frequently observed in FCS and MCS but occurred independently of BMI and could be associated with a lower occurrence of acute pancreatitis.

Inledning: Övervikt och fetma är förknippat med flera ämnesomsättningssjukdomar. Kostens betydelse har blivit central i det förebyggande arbetet av övervikt och fetma. Periodisk fasta har under de senaste åren blivit ett populärt verktyg för viktnedgång och förbättring av den allmänna hälsan. Tidsbegränsat ätande (TRF) är en form av periodisk fasta där fastandet sker mellan 14–16 timmar per dygn och resterande timmarna är s.k ätfönster. Preliminära data från studier antyder att TRF som kosthållning för med sig en rad hälsofördelar såsom att förbättra den metabola hälsan och kan därmed förebygga en rad ämnesomsättningssjukdomar. Syfte: Syfte med detta litteraturarbete var att analysera ifall tidsbegränsat ätande (TRF) kan främja viktminskning och förbättra de metabola parametrarna hos människor som har övervikt eller lider av fetma. Metod: Sex experimentella studier analyserades. Studierna söktes i databasen PubMed med sökorden: ”time restricted feeding” OR ”time restricted eating”. De inkluderade studierna valdes på basis av fastställda inklusions- och exklusionskriterier. Resultat: Största delen av de inkluderade studierna visade att TRF har en positiv påverkan på viktminskning. De flesta studierna förbättrade inte fasteglukos hos TRF-gruppen i jämförelse med kontrollgruppen. Två studier visade en signifikant förbättring av några av glukosparametrarna. Två av studierna visade att fasteinsulin och HOMA-IR minskade signifikant. Endast en studie visade att faste-triglyceridvärdet minskade.  Diskussion: Sammanfattningsvis visar de flesta studierna att TRF ger viktminskning utan kaloribegränsning och därmed skulle TRF kunna fungera som ett bra verktyg för viktnedgång. Vidare verkar längden på ätfönstret (4-12 timmar) och tiden på dagen (morgon och förmiddag) när matintaget sker viktigt både för att ge viktminskning och för att förändra de metabola parametrarna. TRF skulle därför kunna användas som ett möjligt redskap för att förebygga fetma och därmed förbättra olika metabola parametrar som i sin tur kanske kan förhindra/skjuta upp insjuknande i metabola syndromet, diabetes typ 2 samt hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar. / Introduction: Overweight and obesity are associated with several metabolic diseases. The importance of diet has become central in the preventive work of overweight and obesity. Periodic fasting has in recent years become a popular tool for weight loss and improvement of general health. Time-restricted eating (TRF) is a form of periodic fasting where the fasting window is between 14–16 hours per day and the remaining hours are so-called eating windows. Preliminary data from studies suggest that TRF contributes to a number of health benefits, improves metabolic health, and thus can prevent a number of metabolic diseases. Aim: The aim of this review was to analyze whether time-restricted eating (TRF) can promote weight loss and improve the metabolic parameters of overweight and obese people. Method: Six experimental studies were analyzed. The studies were searched in the PubMed database; the keywords were: "time restricted feeding" OR "time restricted eating". The included studies were selected on the basis of established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Most of the included studies showed that TRF has a positive effect on weight loss. Most studies showed no significant improvement in fasting glucose in the TRF group compared to the control group. Two studies showed a significant improvement in some of the glucose parameters. Two of the studies showed a significant reduction in fasting insulin and HOMA-IR. Only one study showed a significant reduction in the fasting triglyceride value. Discussion: In summary, most studies showed that TRF provides weight loss without calorie restriction, and thereby TRF could work as a good tool for weight loss. Furthermore, the length of the eating window (4-8 hours) and the time of day (morning and before noon) when food intake takes place are important both to provide weight loss and to change the metabolic parameters. TRF could therefore be used as a possible tool to prevent obesity and thereby improve various metabolic parameters that may prevent / delay the onset of metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease.

No description available.

Introdução: Estudos têm demonstrado a associação de doença arterial coronária (DAC) grave com triglicérides (TG) pós prandial. No entanto, a relação entre a aterosclerose leve a moderada e TG pós prandial não está bem estabelecida. No presente estudo avaliamos a relação entre TG pós prandial e DAC detectada por angiografia coronária por tomografia computadorizada (TC cor). Material e Métodos: Foram incluídos 130 pacientes (85 com DAC detectado pelo TC cor coronária e 45 sem DAC), submetidos a um teste de tolerância oral de gordura. Estudamos a lipemia pós prandial medindo TG de T0h para T6H com intervalos de duas horas, e analisamos a mudança TG ao longo do tempo através de um modelo linear misto multivariável longitudinal, utilizando como desfecho primário o log normal do TG. Resultados: Os pacientes com DAC eram mais velhos (56,5 ± 6,8 vs. 50,4 ± 7,1 anos, p < 0,001), predominantemente do sexo masculino (68,2% vs. 37,8%, p < 0,001) e com HDL-colesterol (HDL-C) menor (49 ± 14 vs. 54 ± 12 mg / dl, p = 0,015). A maioria dos indivíduos com DAC tinha aterosclerose leve com doença não obstrutiva (63,5%). Pacientes com DAC tiveram uma depuração mais lenta TG pós prandial de 4h a 6h (p < 0,05) em comparação com pacientes sem DAC. Estes resultados permanecerem significativos mesmo após ajuste para o TG de jejum, idade, sexo, índice de massa corporal e glicemia de jejum. No entanto, essas diferenças não foram significativas após o ajuste para o HDL-C de jejum. Conclusão: Os pacientes com DAC leve e moderada detectados pelo TC cor demonstraram alteração do metabolismo de TG pós prandial, com remoção mais lenta de TG, especialmente entre 4h e 6h quando comparados a indivíduos sem DAC. Esta diferença foi explicada em parte pelo menor HDL-C de jejum no grupo com DAC. Assim, embora TG pós prandial possa contribuir para o desenvolvimento de DAC, esta associação é parcialmente relacionada com a menor concentração de HDL-C em indivíduos com DAC / Background: Studies have demonstrated the association of severe coronary artery disease (CAD) with postprandial triglycerides (TG). Nevertheless the relationship between less severe atherosclerosis and postprandial triglycerides is less established. Objective: to study the relationship between postprandial TG and CAD detected by coronary computed tomographic angiography (CTA). Material and Methods: We enrolled 130 patients, (85 with CAD detected by coronary CTA and 45 without); who underwent an oral fat tolerance test. We studied the postprandial lipemia measuring TG from T0h to T6h with 2 hour intervals, and analyzed the TG change over time using a longitudinal multivariable linear mixed effects model with the log normal of the TG as the primary outcome.Results: Patients with CAD were older (56.5 ± 6.8 vs. 50.4 ± 7.1 years, p < 0.001), predominantly male (68.2% vs. 37.8%, p < 0.001) and had lower HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) (49 ± 14 vs. 54 ± 12 mg/dL, p=0.015). The majority of individuals with CAD had mild atherosclerosis with non-obstructive disease (63.6%). Patients with CAD had a slower clearance of postprandial TG change from 4h to 6h (p < 0.05) compared to patients without CAD. These results remained significant after adjustment for fasting TG, age, gender, body mass index and glucose. However, those differences did not reach statistical significance after adjustment for fasting HDL-C. Conclusion: Patients with mild and moderate CAD detected by coronary CTA had an impaired postprandial metabolism, with a delayed TG clearance, when compared to individuals with no CAD. This difference was partially explained by the lower HDL-C. Thus, though postprandial TG may contribute to the development of CAD, this association is partially related to the low HDL-C in individuals with CAD

Universidade Federal do Cearà / O presente trabalho relata o estudo quÃmico dos constituintes volÃteis das folhas e frutos de Myrcia sp., coletados no municÃpio de Amontada-CE em marÃo de 2005 e a obtenÃÃo de fraÃÃes e substÃncias provenientes do decocto das folhas frescas e do extrato etanÃlico das folhas secas de Cissus verticillata, bem como o estudo concomitante do seu potencial farmacolÃgico como hipoglicemiante atravÃs de testes realizados com a fraÃÃo solÃvel em metanol, fraÃÃo rica em tiramina e com a tiramina, obtidos de C. verticillata. Os Ãleos essenciais de Myrcea sp. foram analisados por cromatografia gÃs-lÃquido acoplada à espectrometria de massa (CGL/EM) e, quantitativamente, atravÃs do uso de CGL acoplada a detector do tipo FID. A anÃlise do Ãleo essencial das folhas de Myrcia sp. (GAOFOLHAS), permitiu a identificaÃÃo de treze componentes: d-elemeno, b-elemeno, trans-cariofileno, a-humuleno, b-chamigreno, germacreno D, b-selineno, a-guaieno, a-selineno, a-Z-bisaboleno, d-cadineno, epi-a-murolol e a-cadinol. O Ãleo essencial dos frutos de Myrcia sp. (GAOFRUTOS) permitiu a identificaÃÃo de onze componentes: d-elemeno, b-elemeno, trans-cariofileno, a-guaieno, a-humuleno, germacreno D, b-selineno, a-selineno, germacreno A, d-cadineno e germacreno B. O estudo fitoquÃmico do decocto de C. verticillata resultou na fraÃÃo rica em tiramina (CVFDSM-F19-24) que apÃs fracionamento cromatogrÃfico permitiu o isolamento da substÃncia tiramina, inÃdita no gÃnero Cissus. Os testes realizados com esta fraÃÃo e com a tiramina, em ratos com diabetes aloxan-induzida, mostraram reduÃÃo na glicemia, colesterol total, triglicÃrides e nÃveis de VLDL e aumento nos nÃveis de HDL. O fracionamento cromatogrÃfico da fraÃÃo hexÃnica, proveniente do extrato etanÃlico das folhas secas de C. verticillata, permitiu o isolamento dos esterÃides, b-sitosterol e b-sitosterol-glicosilado. A caracterizaÃÃo estrutural das substÃncias isoladas de C. verticillata foi realizada atravÃs do uso de tÃcnicas espectroscÃpicas, tais como, infravermelho e RMN de 1H e 13C, incluindo tÃcnicas uni e bidimensionais (HMBC e HMQC), bem como a comparaÃÃo com dados descritos na literatura. / The present work reports on the volatile constituents from leaves and fruits of Myrcia sp. collected in Amontada County-Cearà State, in march/2006. It also reports on the phytochemical analysis of the decoction solution from fresh leaves, and the ethanol extract of dried leaves of Cissus verticillata in a concomitant study of its pharmacological potential as hipoglycemiant. GLC/MS and GLC/FID analysis of the essential oil from leaves (GAOFOLHAS) allowed the identification of 13 components: d-elemene, b-elemene, trans-caryophyllene, a-humulene, b-chamigrene, germacrene D, b-selinene, a-guaiene, a-selinene, a-Z-bisabolene, d-cadinene, epi-a-murolol and a-cadinol, while the essential oil from fruits (GAOFRUTOS) allowed the identification of 11 components: d-elemene, b-elemene, trans-cariophylene, a-guaiene, a-humulene, germacrene D, b-selinene, a-selinene, germacrene A, d-cadinene and germacrene B. The silica-gel chromatography analysis of the decoction solution of fresh leaves of C. verticillata allowed the separation of a fraction rich in tyramine, and from it, pure tyramine. Pharmacological tests on rats with aloxan-induced glycemia with both the tyramine rich fraction and pure tyramine allowed reduction on the glycemia levels, as well as for total cholesterol, triglycerids and VLDL, but HDL increasing. Silica-gel chromatography analyses of the ethanol extract from dried leaves of C. verticillata allowed the isolation of b-sitosterol and its glucoside derivative. Structure determination of all substances of C. verticillata was accomplished by means of spectroscopic techniques such as IR, 1H and 13C NMR, including uni and bi-dimensional pulse sequences (HMBC and HMQC) ad comparison with data from the literature.

Reduction in dopamine receptor D2, has been associated with insufficient brain reward, food addiction, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to assess whether the genetic variability responsible for this reduction is associated with poor dietary compliance and life style habits in T2D patients. Genetic-analysis was done for 109 T2D individuals who completed a 24-week randomized clinical trial and were assigned to follow either a low-GI or a high-fibre diet. Polymorphisms of TaqIA and C957T were compared with physical and biochemical measures. Regardless of dietary treatments, individuals with the C957T-T allele and the TaqIA-A2 allele were significantly associated with blood pressure reduction. Carriers of the T allele significantly lowered their body mass index (BMI) over the 24-week trial. Our findings suggest that the presence of the TaqIA-A2 allele is associated with a decrease in blood pressure. The C957T-T allele was associated with decrease in pressure and body weight.

Reduction in dopamine receptor D2, has been associated with insufficient brain reward, food addiction, obesity, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our aim was to assess whether the genetic variability responsible for this reduction is associated with poor dietary compliance and life style habits in T2D patients. Genetic-analysis was done for 109 T2D individuals who completed a 24-week randomized clinical trial and were assigned to follow either a low-GI or a high-fibre diet. Polymorphisms of TaqIA and C957T were compared with physical and biochemical measures. Regardless of dietary treatments, individuals with the C957T-T allele and the TaqIA-A2 allele were significantly associated with blood pressure reduction. Carriers of the T allele significantly lowered their body mass index (BMI) over the 24-week trial. Our findings suggest that the presence of the TaqIA-A2 allele is associated with a decrease in blood pressure. The C957T-T allele was associated with decrease in pressure and body weight.

Sheep breeding is nowadays a developing branch of agriculture again. There is a lot of different breed and they react distinctly on the same conditions of the enviroment. Sheep of breeds charollais, suffolk, šumavská ovce and valaška bred in similar conditions were observed in spring and autumn of years 2007 and 2008. In these seasons were taking blood samples (from {$\pm$}7{--}24) ewes and lambs and were analyzed in hematology laboratory. There were determined haemoglobin level, haematocrit indicator, erytrocytes and leucocytes levels, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides levels, urea and plasmatic proteins, activity of ALP and GMT enzymes, phosphor, calcium, magnesium, zinc and copper levels. The main objective of this project was determine seasonal changes in observed parametres. Next objectives were determine different changes in blood parametres in different breeds and different aimes of breeds. There were recognized that all the observed breeds don`t react the same way on similar conditions. There were not provably determined seasonal changes in observed parametres, but average Hb level was higher in autumn than in spring. Urea level was conversely higher in spring season than in autumn. The demostrable fact is, that the similar conditions induce different answers not only in different breeds but also in different aimes of breeds.