Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology / Ronette Gehring / Milk composition has a dynamic nature, and the composition varies with stage of lactation, age, breed, nutrition and health status of the udder. The changes in milk composition seem to match the changes in the expression of membrane proteins in secretory mammary epithelial cells that are needed for the movement of molecules from blood to milk and vice versa (Nouws and Ziv, 1982). Thus, an understanding of transporter expression, function and regulation in mammary epithelial cells can provide insight into mammary gland function and regulation. The goal of this project was to elucidate (molecularly and functionally) the role of drug transporters in the barrier function of an epithelial monolayer cultured from an immortalized bovine mammary epithelial cell line (BME-UV). To characterize the regulation (expression and function) of these drug transporters in BME-UV cells after exposure to cytokine TNF-α for selected periods of time. Representative members of drug transporters of the SLC (OCT and OAT) and ABC (P-glycoprotein) superfamilies were chosen for this project. In the first study, the involvement of a carrier-mediated transport system in the passage of organic cation (TEA) and anion (EsS) compounds was elucidated across the BME-UV monolayer. In the second study, molecular and functional expression of bOAT isoforms in BME-UV cells were studied. The final study characterized the effects of cytokine TNF-α on the expression and function of P-glycoprotein, an efflux pump, in BME-UV cells. Cytokine TNF-α exposure induced the expression of ABCB1 mRNA and increased P-glycoprotein production in BME-UV cells, resulting in a greater efflux of digoxin, a known P-glycoprotein substrate, back into the apical fluid. The expression, function, and regulation of these transporters in the mammary gland has important implications for understanding the barrier function of the mammary epithelium and, in more specific, for characterizing the role of these transporters in the accumulation and/or removal of specific substrates from milk and/or plasma. Moreover, this study provides an in vitro cell culture model of mammary epithelium to characterize mammary epithelial cell function during inflammation.

Background: Obesity-related diseases are arising as a major problem among children. inflammation has recently been identified to play an important role in the relationship between obesity.- as well as stunting-related diseases. Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between serum tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations and a variety of cardiometabolic and anthropometric indices of children in a township outside Potchefstroom, South Africa. Methods: Blood samples of 115 girls and 78 boys (mean age 15.6 ± 1.35) in the Physical Activity in the Young (PLAY) study were cross-sectionally analysed. Trained fieldworkers collected the demographic, Tanner growth stage and habitual physical activity information. Physiologists measured the children’s blood pressure. Anthropometric measurements were taken by. trained post-graduate students with level 1 or 2 qualifications in anthropometrics. A standard test battery was administered by trained postgraduate students in Human Movement Science to assess muscular strength. flexibility and endurance of the children. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged and stored frozen until further analyses. Results: Stunted girls had a significantly higher serum TNF-α concentration than the non-stunted girls (p=0.03). The factor analyses showed that the inflammatory. status clustered with the height for age-z-scores (HAZ) scores and the waist-hip-ratio (WHR). The HAZ-score of the over-fat boys (- 1.46) was significantly smaller than the lean boys (- 1.14, p=0.0 1). whereas the over-fat girls had a trend for a smaller HAZ-score (-1.07) than the lean girls (-0.89). No significant differences were found between the over-fat and the lean children-s inflammatory status. TNF-α and CRP levels tended to be higher in the over-fat children than in lean children. The girls' scrum IL-6 and CRP concentrations correlated significantly with their body mass index (BMI) and WHR (p<0.05 )and their TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations correlated significantly with their WHR (p<0.01 and p<0.05, respectively). Conclusion: In comparison to the non-stunted girls, stunted girls had a statistically significantly higher TNF-α concentration. Unusual fat distribution that is found in over-fat and stunted children may be associated with low-grade inflammation in children. More research is needed on these associations with markers of inflammation in a long-term longitudinal study. / Thesis (M.Sc. (Nutrition))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2007.

Cardiovascular diseases represent the most important health risk factors because they are responsible for more than 50% of total mortality. Among them, the ischemic heart disease is leading cause of mortality. From the whole spectrum of different cardioprotective phenomena we have selected: 1) adaptation to chronic normobaric hypoxia (CNH) as the traditional experimental model in our laboratory area and 2) protective effect of exercise which in recent years represents promising and clinically relevant protective mechanism. The whole thesis is based on two studies. Aim of the first study was to characterize the expression of the main pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, in hearts of rats adapted to CNH. Chronic TNF-α inhibition by infliximab was used for discovering of certain role of TNF-α in CNH. We showed that increased myocardial level of TNF-α during adaptation to CNH was contributed via its receptor TNFR2 and nuclear factor κB-dependent activation of protective redox signalling with increased antioxidant defence. This adaptive pathway participates on the infarct size-limiting effect of CNH. Aim of the second study was find out whether exercise training and CNH could play synergy in cardiac protection in rats model. We reported that CNH and exercise reduced infarct size but their combination...

A mucosite oral (MO) constitui uma condição dolorosa que se desenvolve entre 47% e 100% dos pacientes submetidos a transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH), impactando enormemente em sua qualidade de vida. Investigar fatores preditivos para MO por meio de exames não invasivos faz-se necessário, visando melhorar a qualidade de vida dos pacientes. O objetivo do estudo foi investigar a relação dos regimes de condicionamento e dos níveis salivares de Interleucina 6 (IL- 6) e Fator de Necrose Tumoral alfa (TNF-?) com a MO, bem como investigar o impacto destes na qualidade de vida. Foram selecionados 82 pacientes submetidos a TCTH, que foram avaliados em 4 momentos diferentes: no início do condicionamento para o TCTH (M1), no dia da infusão das células (M2), após 12/20 dias do início do condicionamento para transplante autólogo e alogênico, respectivamente (M3), e após 30 dias ou na alta hospitalar para ambos (M4). Nestes momentos, foi avaliado clinicamente o grau de MO segundo critérios da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS), coletada saliva total e aplicados 3 questionários de avaliação de qualidade de vida em relação à MO e à saúde bucal: PROMS, OHIP-14 e OMQoL. As informações clínicas e laboratoriais foram correlacionadas através do STATA 13.0 com 5% de nível de significância. Verificou-se que a maior incidência e intensidade de MO, os piores índices de qualidade de vida e os maiores níveis de IL- 6 e TNF-? foram registrados no M3, porém não houve correlação entre as citocinas e graus de MO. Houve associação entre altos níveis salivares de IL-6 e maiores pontuações no PROMS. O regime de condicionamento mieloablativo (ML) foi relacionado à MO intensa (graus 3 e 4) e à maiores pontuações nos 3 questionários de qualidade de vida, e os escores dos questionários foram maiores conforme maior foi intensidade da MO (p<0,05). / Oral mucositis (OM) is a painful condition that develops between 47% and 100% of patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), impacting greatly on their quality of life. Investigation of predictive factors for OM through noninvasive exams is necessary, in order to improve the quality of life of patients. The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship of conditioning regimens and salivary levels of Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-?) with OM, and to investigate their impact on quality of life. We selected 82 patients undergoing HSCT, which were assessed at four different moments: at the start of conditioning for HSCT (M1), on the cell infusion day (M2), after 12/20 days of the start of conditioning for autologous and allogeneic transplantation, respectively (M3), and after 30 days or at hospital discharge for both (M4). In these moments, it was clinically evaluated the degree of OM according to criteria of the World Health Organization (WHO), collected whole saliva and applied 3 questionnaires of assessment of quality of life related to OM and oral health: PROMS, OHIP-14 and OMQoL. Clinical and laboratorial data were correlated using STATA 13.0 in a 5% significance level. It was found that the highest incidence and intensity of OM, the worst indices of quality of life and higher IL-6 and TNF-? levels were found in M3, but there was no correlation between cytokines and levels of OM. There was an association between high levels of salivary IL-6 and higher scores in PROMS. The myeloablative conditioning regimen (ML) was related to intense OM (grades 3 and 4) and to highest scores in the 3 questionnaires of quality of life, and the scores of questionnaires were higher as higher was the intensity of OM (p<0,05).

As complicações hepáticas secundárias à infecção crônica pelo vírus da hepatite C (HCV) são uma importante causa de morte em portadores da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV). Pacientes com coinfecção HIV/HCV apresentam progressão acelerada da fibrose hepática, na qual há participação da resposta inflamatória do sistema imunológico, e requerem maior atenção no tratamento da hepatite C e de suas reações adversas. Assim, os objetivos principais do estudo foram tipificar e comparar os polimorfismos -607 e -137 da interleucina-18 (IL-18), +874 do interferon gama (IFN-?? e -308 e -238 do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF- ?? em quatro grupos (coinfecção HIV/HCV, monoinfecção pelo HIV, monoinfecção pelo HCV e controles saudáveis); investigar a associação dos alelos e genótipos desses polimorfismos com a resposta ao tratamento da hepatite C (respondedor e não respondedor), graus de atividade necroinflamatória (METAVIR A0A1 vs. A2A3) e de fibrose hepática (METAVIR F0-F2 vs. F3F4) em portadores do HCV e identificar os sinais e sintomas relacionados às reações adversas do tratamento da hepatite C. Os dados foram coletados nos prontuários médicos e no sistema informatizado do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto e os polimorfismos tipificados pela técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase com iniciadores de sequência específica. Participaram do estudo 400 indivíduos, distribuídos em quatro grupos de 100, predominantemente constituídos por homens com idade média entre 33 e 50 anos. Na avaliação geral, os genótipos -238 G/G (TNF-?? e +874 A/A (IFN-?? foram mais frequentes no grupo coinfecção HIV/HCV em relação ao monoinfecção pelo HCV. O genótipo -308 G/A e o alelo -308 A (TNF-?? foram associados com a susceptibilidade à coinfecção HIV/HCV e o genótipo -308 G/G e o alelo -308 G (TNF-?), com proteção. No grupo coinfecção HIV/HCV, a frequência do genótipo - 137 G/C (IL-18) foi maior nos sujeitos com atividade necroinflamatória A0A1 que nos com A2A3. Nos pacientes com fibrose F3F4, o genótipo -238 G/G (TNF-?? foi mais frequente no grupo coinfecção HIV/HCV que no monoinfecção pelo HCV e naqueles com F0-F2, o genótipo +874 A/A (IFN-?? também foi mais frequente no grupo coinfecção HIV/HCV. A frequência do genótipo +874 T/T (IFN-??, dentre os pacientes do grupo coinfecção HIV/HCV, foi maior naqueles com fibrose F3F4 que nos com F0-F2. Não foram encontradas associações estatisticamente significantes entre as frequências alélicas e genotípicas e os tipos de resposta ao tratamento da hepatite C nos pacientes do grupo coinfecção HIV/HCV; nos do monoinfecção pelo HCV, houve diferenças nas frequências alélicas e genotípicas (posição -238 do TNF-?) entre pacientes respondedores e não respondedores. Os principais sinais e sintomas relacionados às reações adversas do tratamento da hepatite C foram mialgia, febre, fraqueza, cefaleia e hiporexia. Anemia, hiporexia e vômito foram mais frequentes no grupo coinfecção HIV/HCV. Conclui-se que há relação dos alelos e genótipos de citocinas com a gravidade da doença hepática e resposta ao tratamento da hepatite C. Adicionalmente, algumas reações adversas ao tratamento foram mais pronunciadas em coinfectados HIV/HCV / Hepatic complications secondary to chronic infection by hepatitis C virus (HCV) are a major cause of death in people infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Patients with HIV/HCV coinfection present rapid progression of liver fibrosis, with involvement of the immune system\'s inflammatory response, and require more attention in hepatitis C treatment and its adverse reactions. The main goals of this study were to typify and compare the polymorphisms -607 and -137 of the interleukin-18 (IL-18), +874 of the interferon gamma (IFN-?? and -308 and -238 of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-?? in four groups (HIV/HCV coinfection, HIV monoinfection, HCV monoinfection and healthy controls), to investigate the association of the alleles and genotypes of these polymorphisms with response to hepatitis C treatment (responder and non-responder), degrees of necroinflammatory activity (METAVIR A0A1 vs. A2A3) and of liver fibrosis (METAVIR F0-F2 vs. F3F4) in HCV patients and to identify the signs and symptoms related to adverse reactions of hepatitis C treatment. Data were collected on medical records and on the computerized system of the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Ribeirão Preto Medical School and the polymorphisms were typified using the polymerase chain reaction technique with sequence specific primers. The study included 400 individuals, distributed in four groups of 100, predominantly consisting of men with an average age between 33 and 50 years. In the overall evaluation, genotypes -238 G/G (TNF-?? and +874 A/A (IFN-?? were more frequent in the HIV/HCV coinfection group compared to HCV monoinfection. The genotype -308 G/A and allele -308 A (TNF-?? were associated with susceptibility to HIV/HCV coinfection and the genotype -308 G/G and allele -308 G (TNF-?), with protection. In the HIV/HCV coinfection group, the frequency of genotype -137 G/C (IL-18) was greater in subjects with necroinflammatory activity A0A1 than in the ones with A2A3. In patients with fibrosis F3F4, genotype -238 G/G (TNF-?? was more frequent in the HIV/HCV coinfection than in the HCV monoinfection group and in those with fibrosis F0-F2, genotype +874 A/A (IFN-?? was also more frequent in the HIV/HCV coinfection group. The frequency of genotype +874 T/T (IFN-??, among patients of the HIV/HCV coinfection group, was higher in those with fibrosis F3F4 compared to the ones with F0-F2. No statistically significant associations were found between the allele and genotype frequencies and the types of answer to hepatitis C treatment in patients of the HIV/HCV coinfection group. On the ones of the HCV monoinfection group, there were differences on the allele and genotype frequencies (position -238 of TNF-?? among responder and non-responder patients. The main signs and symptoms related to adverse reactions to hepatitis C treatment were myalgia, fever, weakness, headache and loss of appetite. Anemia, loss of appetite and vomiting were more frequent in the HIV/HCV coinfection group. It is concluded that there is relationship of the alleles and genotypes of cytokines with the severity of liver disease and response to hepatitis C treatment. Additionally, some adverse reactions to treatment were more frequent in HIV/HCV coinfected patients

O Fator de Necrose Tumoral-alfa (TNF-alfa) possui um importante papel na imunopatogênese da psoríase e agentes biológicos, como os inibidores de TNF-alfa, têm apresentado bons resultados no tratamento desta. No entanto, estes agentes foram associados ao aumento de casos de reativação de tuberculose entre os pacientes que os utilizaram. Este estudo foi realizado com o intuito de avaliar a resposta imune de pacientes com psoríase grave, ativa, sem tratamento, frente a antígenos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), e o efeito dos inibidores de TNF-alfa nesta resposta. Estudamos 24 pacientes com psoríase grave divididos em 2 grupos: não reatores (n = 14) e reatores (n = 10) ao teste intradérmico com PPD. Como controle, utilizamos um total de 26 indivíduos sadios, também separados em 2 grupos segundo a reatividade ao PPD (PPD-, n = 13; PPD+, n = 13). Em uma segunda etapa estudamos 11 pacientes com psoríase leve a moderada, também sem tratamento, PPD (-) para avaliarmos a importância da gravidade da psoríase na resposta aos antígenos micobacterianos. Avaliamos a resposta imunológica in vitro através da linfoproliferação, quantificação da produção de IFN-gama (ELISA) e quantificação de células produtoras de IFN-gama (ELISPOT), na presença e ausência dos inibidores de TNF-alfa (infliximab e etanercepte), utilizando os antígenos purificados ESAT-6, Ag85B e o antígeno bruto sonicado da cepa H37Rv (AgSMtb), e o mitógeno fitohemaglutinina (PHA). Os pacientes com psoríase grave PPD (-) apresentaram reposta linfoproliferativa e níveis de IFN-gama menores que nos controles PPD (-). Os pacientes com psoríase leve a moderada apresentaram resposta imune intermediária entre controles e pacientes graves. Em relação aos inibidores de TNF- alfa, verificou-se que infliximab e etanercepte apresentaram diferença em suas capacidades de inibição, sendo que somente o infliximab ocasionou a inibição total de TNF-alfa. Em contrapartida o etanercept manteve a produção de TNF-alfa, e em alguns casos elevou sua produção. Estes diminuíram apenas parcialmente a reatividade in vitro dos pacientes com psoríase, uma vez que a secreção de IFN-gama e o número de células produtoras de IFN-gama não foram alterados na presença dos inibidores. A secreção de IL-10 foi diminuída tanto na presença do infliximab, quanto na presença do etanercepte. Os dados obtidos permitem concluir que (a) os pacientes com psoríase grave PPD (-) apresentam uma baixa reatividade in vitro, principalmente das respostas que avaliam linfócitos T de memória central, aos antígenos de Mtb, sendo que essa baixa reatividade não está totalmente relacionada com a gravidade da doença, uma vez que os pacientes com psoríase leve a moderada apresentaram resposta intermediária a dos controles e pacientes com psoríase grave; (b) e que apesar dos inibidores de TNF- alfa promoverem uma inibição parcial da resposta imune, a reativação da tuberculose estaria mais relacionada à própria ausência de TNF-alfa, não compensada pela atuação isolada, e provavelmente insuficiente, de IFN-gama na manutenção do granuloma, do que a outras substanciais modificações na resposta imunológica frente aos antígenos micobacterianos. / Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) has a pivotal role in psoriasis pathogenesis and biologic agents, such as TNF-alpha inhibitors, have provided good results in its treatment. However, the use of these agents has been associated with an increase in the number of cases of tuberculosis reactivation. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response of severe psoriasis patients, with active, untreated disease to relevant Mycobcterium tuberculosis antigens, and the effect of the TNF-alpha inhibitors (infliximab and etanercept) in this response. Twenty four severe psoriasis patients were enrolled and divided in two groups according to their reactivity to the tuberculin skin test: TST (n= 14) and TST + (n=10). As controls, we studied 26 healthy donors, also divided in two groups to the TST reactivity (TST -, n=13; TST+, n=13). Eleven mild to moderate psoriasis patients, untreated, TST (-) were studied to evaluated the role of psoriasis severity in the immune response to the mycobacterial antigens. Immune responses were evaluated in vitro by the lymphocyte proliferative response (LPR) assay, ELISA for IFN-? secretion by peripheral blood mononuclear cells and enumeration of IFN-? secreted cells (ELISPOT) induced in response to the purified antigens ESAT-6, Ag85B and a crude sonicated antigen preparation from H37Rv Mtb strain (AgSMtb), as well as to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA), in the presence or absenceinflimab/etanercept. The LPR and IFN-g secretion to Mtb antigens were lower in TST- severe psoriasis patients than TST- controls. Mild to moderate psoriasis patients had intermediate responses, between controls and severe psoriasis patients. The TNF-a inhibitors infliximab and etanercept showed differences in their inhibitiory activity, since only infliximab was capable to neutralize all TNF-a. On the other hand, etanercept kept TNF-alpha production, and in some cases even increased its production. The TNF-alpha inhibitors diminished partially the in vitro patients immune responses, since the IFN-? secretion and enumeration of IFN-? secreted cells were not affected. IL-10 secretion was diminished with both TNF-a inhibitors. In conclusion: (a) TST(-) severe psoriasis patients have decreased in vitro reactivity, mainly in those responses that evaluate central memory T-cell responses, to Mtb antigens, and this decrease could not be fully explained by disease severity, since mild psotiasis patients had intermediate responses; (b) and despite the fact that TNF-alpha inhibitors promote a partial immune response inhibition, tuberculosis reactivation could be related more with the lack of TNF-alpha, which was probably not compensated by the IFN-g activity alone, probably insufficient, to the support granuloma formation, than other defects of the immune response to Mtb antigens.

Fragestellung: Wir gingen der Frage nach, inwieweit genetische Variationen im Gen für den Tumor Nekrose Faktor-alpha einen Einfluß auf die Krankheitsprogression oder die Entstehung bzw. Ausprägung HIV-assoziierter Erkrankungen haben. Methoden: Die Promotorregion sowie die kodierenden Sequenzen des TNF-alpha-Gens wurden mittels SSCP-Analyse auf genetische Variationen untersucht. Anschließend erfolgte die Charakterisierung der häufigsten bekannten Promotorpolymorphismen mittels Restriktionsfragment-Längenpolymorphismus-Analyse (RFLP). Die Bestätigung der Polymorphismen der RFLP-Analyse erfolgte an ausgewählten Proben durch DNA-Fluoreszenzsequenzierung. In sämtlichen Fällen handelte es sich um singuläre Basentransitionen von Guanin zu Adenin. Ergebnisse: Unter Einbeziehung verschiedener Progressionsparameter wie der CD4-Zellzahl, des Zeitraumes vom ARC-Stadium zum AIDS-Stadium und AIDS-assoziierter Krankheiten wie dem Wasting Syndrom und der HIV-Enzephalopathie, erfolgte anschließend die statistische Analyse in Korrelation mit den ermittelten Genotypen. Es zeigte sich bei keiner der statistischen Analysen eine signifikante Assoziation mit einem bestimmten TNF-alpha-Genotyp. Schlußfolgerung: Es ist kritisch anzumerken, daß für einige Subanalysen die Größe der untersuchten Patientengruppe zu gering war, um eine statistische Aussagekraft für seltene Allele zu erreichen. Anhand der hier vorgelegten Ergebnisse hat der TNF-alpha-Genotyp weder einen Einfluß auf die Progression der HIV-Erkrankung noch auf die Ausbildung HIV-assoziierter Erkrankungen wie dem Wasting Syndrom oder der HIV-Enzephalopathie. / Objective: We determined whether variation of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha gene had an impact on HIV disease progression or the prevalence of hiv-associated diseases. Methods: The promotor region of the TNF-alpha gene were examined with SSCP analysis for polymorphisms in the promotor region. The most common promotor polymorphisms were characterized with restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). To confirm RFLP results DNA fluorescence sequenzing analyses were performed with selected samples. In all cases with diagnosis of promotor polymorphisms single base transitions from guanine to adenine were confirmed. Results: Statistical analyses correlated the genotypes with different markers for disease progression e.g. CD4-count, the period from ARC to AIDS and the occurance of HIV associated diseases (wasting syndrome, hiv encephalopathy). In none of the statistical analyses significant association with a certain TNF-alpha genotyp could be demonstrated. Conclusion: For some subanalysis the sample sizes were too small in order to be able to make safe statistical statements concerning rare allels. Regarding our results, none of the examined tumor necrosis factor-alpha promotor polymorphisms had an impact on HIV disease progression or the prevalence of hiv-associated diseases.

O tratamento de pacientes apresentando doenças inflamatórias imunomediadas com drogas anti-TNF-alfa aumenta o risco da reativação da tuberculose. Isso sugere que tais drogas possam afetar a imunidade celular destes. No entanto, há dados conflitantes sobre se esse tratamento suprime as respostas para o teste tuberculínico (TT) e os ensaios de liberação de interferon-gama (IGRAs) e poucos dados em pacientes com psoríase. O presente estudo avaliou pacientes com psoríase moderada a grave enfocando os efeitos do tratamento com infliximabe em suas respostas imunológicas celulares. Foram avaliadas as respostas imunes celulares de doze pacientes antes e durante o tratamento com infliximabe. As células mononucleares do sangue periférico (PBMC) foram estimuladas com a fito-hemaglutinina (PHA), o superantígeno enterotoxina B (SEB), um lisado de citomegalovírus (CMV), e antígenos de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, e a ativação de linfócitos foi avaliada por ELISPOT para enumerar células secretoras de IFN-y, por ELISA para detecção da secreção de IFN-y, e através da incorporação de[3H] timidina para medir a proliferação. O tratamento com infliximabe não levou à redução de INF-y e da resposta linfoproliferativa nos pacientes. Pelo contrário, aumentou a liberação desta citocina em culturas de PBMC estimulados com PHA e SEB por 12 h. Este efeito foi mais notado no pico do efeito clínico do agente anti-TNF (7 semanas de tratamento) e menos proeminente no seu nadir (logo antes da infusão da próxima dose). Reatividade imunitária ao CMV também não foi significativamente afetada, notando-se leve aumento pelo agente anti-TNF. É de se notar que secreção de IFN-y e resposta proliferativa a Mtb dos dois pacientes TT positivos foram, também, visivelmente aumentadas na semana 7, declinando quando infliximabe atingiu o seu nadir. Os efeitos deletérios do bloqueio do TNF em pacientes com psoríase grave, submetidos ao tratamento com infliximabe parecem ser atenuados, pelo menos parcialmente, por um efeito de aumento na imunidade mediada por células desses pacientes, possivelmente pela diminuição da ação imunossupressora decorrente do excesso de TNF / Treatment of patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases with anti-TNF agents increases the risk of tuberculosis reactivation, suggesting that it may affect their cellular immune response. However, there are conflicting data on whether anti-TNF treatment suppresses the responses to tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon-y release assays and no information regarding psoriasis patients on anti-TNF treatment. The present study evaluated patients with moderate to severe psoriasis focusing on the effects of treatment with infliximab on their cellular immune responses. Cellular immune responses of twelve patients were evaluated before and during infliximab treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated with phytohemaglutinin (PHA), the superantigen enterotoxin B (SEB), a cytomegalovirus lysate (CMV), and Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens, and the lymphocyte activation was evaluated by ELISPOT for enumeration of IFN-y-secreting cells, ELISA for detection of secreted IFN-y, and by [3H]thymidine incorporation for proliferation measurement. Treatment with infliximab does not lead to reduction in the INF-y and lymphoproliferative responses of patients. It rather increased the overnight release of this cytokine in PBMC cultures stimulated with PHA and SEB. This effect was most noted at the peak of the clinical effect of the anti-TNF agent (week 7 of treatment) and less prominent at its nadir (just before infusion of the next dose). Immune reactivity to CMV was also either unaffected or slightly increased by the TNF blocking agent. Of note, the IFN-y and proliferative responses to Mtb from the two TST-responder patients were also remarkably increased at week 7, declining when infliximab reached its nadir. The deleterious consequences of TNF blockade in patients with severe psoriasis undergoing infliximab treatment may be in part attenuated by an enhancing effect on the cell mediated immunity of the patients, possibly due to the abbreviation of the immunosuppressive effect of TNF overexpression

Introdução: Baixas concentrações séricas de esclerostina foram descritas em pacientes com Espondilite Anquilosante (EA). No entanto, não existem dados sobre a importância deste inibidor da via de sinalização Wnt em pacientes com EA durante o tratamento com anti fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNFa). Objetivos: Avaliar longitudinalmente os níveis séricos de esclerostina e sua associação com inflamação e densidade mineral óssea (DMO) em pacientes com EA em tratamento com anti-TNFa. Métodos: Trinta pacientes com EA em atividade foram avaliados no início, 6 e 12 meses, após terapia anti-TNFa em relação aos parâmetros clínicos (BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI e ASQoL), marcadores inflamatórios e dano radiológico basal (mSASSS). Trinta indivíduos saudáveis pareados por idade e sexo constituíram o grupo controle. As análises laboratoriais de esclerostina e da ligação de esclerostina ao receptor LRP6 e a DMO foram realizadas nos pacientes nos mesmos períodos de avaliação e comparadas aos controles. Resultados: Na avaliação inicial, pacientes com EA apresentavam menores concentrações séricas de esclerostina [60,5 (32,7) vs. 96,7 (52,9) pmol/l,P=0,002] e níveis similares de ligação de esclerostina ao receptor LRP6 (P=0,387) em relação aos controles. Foi observado melhora do BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASQoL comparando tempo basal vs. 6 vs. 12 meses (P<0,01). Concomitantemente, observou-se um aumento gradual da DMO da coluna lombar (P<0,001) e no início do estudo os pacientes apresentavam uma correlação positiva entre avaliação radiológica basal (mSASSS) e a DMO da coluna lombar (r=0,468, P<0,01). Foi observada também uma redução dos marcadores inflamatórios comparando tempo basal vs. 6 vs. 12 meses (P<0,01). Os níveis de esclerostina aumentaram progressivamente após o tratamento com anti-TNFa [60,5 (32,7) vs. 67,1 (31,9) vs. 72,7 (32,3) pmol/l, P<0,001]. Entretanto, após 12 meses de terapia anti-TNFa as concentrações séricas de esclerostina permaneceram significativamente mais baixos em relação os controles [72,7 (32,3) vs. 96,7 (52,9) pmol/l, P=0,038]. Além disso, aos 12 meses, os níveis séricos de esclerostina ficaram mais baixos nos 10 pacientes que ainda apresentavam proteína C reativa elevada (PCR=5mg/l), comparados aos pacientes que apresentaram normalização dos níveis de PCR (P=0,004). Interessantemente, estes 10 pacientes com inflamação persistente já apresentavam concentrações séricas mais baixas de esclerostina quando comparados aos demais pacientes (P=0,023) antes do tratamento com anti- TNFa. A análise de regressão logística demonstrou que os pacientes com EA com níveis baixos de esclerostina apresentam um risco aumentado de apresentar PCR alta após 12 meses de tratamento (odds ratio = 7,43, 95% IC 1,23-45,01, P=0,020) quando comparados aos pacientes com níveis altos de esclerostina no tempo basal. Conclusão: Concentrações persistentemente baixas de esclerostina estão associados a inflamação contínua em pacientes com EA tratados com terapia anti-TNFa. / Introduction: Sclerostin levels have been reported to be low in ankylosing spondylitis (AS), but there is no data regarding the possible role of this Wnt inhibitor during anti tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa) therapy. Objectives: The present study longitudinally evaluated sclerostin levels, inflammatory markers and bone mineral density (BMD) in AS patients under anti-TNFa therapy. Methods: Thirty active AS patients were assessed at baseline, 6 and 12 months after anti-TNFa therapy regarding clinical parameters (BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI and ASQoL), inflammatory markers, BMD and baseline radiographic damage (mSASSS). Thirty age- and sex-matched healthy individuals comprised the control group. Patients\' sclerostin levels, sclerostin binding LRP6 and BMD were evaluated at the same time points and compared to controls. Results: At baseline, AS patients had lower sclerostin levels [60.5 (32.7) vs. 96.7 (52.9) pmol/l, P=0.002] and comparable sclerostin binding to LRP6 (P=0.387) than controls. Improvement of BASDAI, BASFI, BASMI, ASQoL was observed at baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P<0.01). Concomitantly, a gradual increase in spine BMD (P<0.001) and a positive correlation between baseline mSASSS and spine BMD was found (r=0.468, P<0.01). Inflammatory parameters reduction was observed comparing baseline vs. 6 vs. 12 months (P<0.01). Sclerostin levels progressively increased [60.5 (32.7) vs. 67.1 (31.9) vs. 72.7 (32.3) pmol/l, P<0.001] after anti-TNFa treatment. At 12 months, the sclerostin levels remained significantly lower in patients compared to controls [72.7 (32.3) vs. 96.70 (52.85) pmol/l, P=0.038]. Moreover, sclerostin serum levels at 12 months were lower in the 10 patients with high CRP (=5mg/l) compared to the other 20 patients with normal CRP (P=0.004). Of note, these 10 patients with persistent inflammation also had lower sclerostin serum levels at baseline compared to the other patients (P=0.023). Univariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that AS patients with lower sclerostin serum levels had an increased risk to have high CRP at 12 months (odds ratio=7.43, 95% CI 1.23-45.01, P=0.020) than those with higher sclerostin values. Conclusion: Persistent low sclerostin levels may underlie continuous inflammation in AS patients under anti-TNFa therapy.

Recomendações para rastreamento de Tuberculoses Latente (TBL) em pacientes que receberão tratamento com antagonistas do TNF-alfa (anti- TNF) permanecem controversas para regiões endêmicas Objetivo: Esse estudo buscou demonstrar a eficácia em longo prazo do rastreamento e tratamento da TBL em pacientes portadores de Artrite Reumatoide (AR) recebendo anti-TNF. Métodos: 202 pacientes com AR, antes do início do anti-TNF, foram rastreados para TBL por meio do teste tuberculínico (TT), Radiografia de tórax (RX) e história de prévia de exposição à tuberculose (EXP). Todos os pacientes foram seguidos com intervalos de um a três meses. Resultados: 85 pacientes (42%) foram tratados com um único agente anti-TNF e 117 pacientes (58%) mudaram de anti-TNF uma ou duas vezes. O rastreamento para TBL foi positivo em 66 pacientes, 44 apresentaram TT positivo, 23 apresentavam história de exposição (EXP), e 14, alterações radiográficas (RX). EXP isoladamente foi responsável por 14 diagnósticos em pacientes TT negativos. Pacientes portadores de TBL receberam tratamento com Isoniazida (300 mg/dia por seis meses) e nenhum deles desenvolveu TB. Durante os seguimentos, o TT foi repetido em 51 pacientes. A conversão foi observada em cinco: três foram diagnosticados com TBL e dois com TB ativa (14 e 36 meses após receber terapia anti-TNF), sugerindo nova exposição a TB. Conclusão: O rastreamento e tratamento da TBL antes do início da terapia com anti-TNF é efetiva em regiões endêmicas, e reforça a relevância da história de contato com TB para o diagnóstico da TBL em pacientes com AR / Recommendations for screening of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in patients eligible for anti-TNF agents remain unclear in endemic regions. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the long-term efficacy of LTBI screening/treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) receiving TNF blockers. Design: 202 RA patients were screened for LTBI prior to receiving anti-TNF treatment, by means of tuberculin skin test (TST), chest radiography (X-Ray), and history of tuberculosis exposure (EXP). All subjects were regularly followed at 1- to 3-month intervals. Results: Eighty-five patients (42%) were treated with a single anti-TNF agent, and 117 patients (58%) switched anti-TNF agents once or twice. LTBI screening was positive in 66 patients, 44 presented positive TST, 23 had a history of EXP, and 14, abnormal X-Ray. Exposure alone accounted for LTBI diagnosis in 14 patients with negative TSTs. LTBI patients were treated with Isoniazid (300 mg/day during six months) and none developed TB. During follow up, TST was repeated in 51 patients. Conversion was observed in five: three were diagnosed with LTBI and two with active TB (14 and 36 months after receiving anti-TNF therapy, suggesting new TB exposure). Conclusion: LTBI screening and treatment prior to anti-TNF treatment is effective in endemic areas and reinforces the relevance of contact history for diagnosing LTBI in RA patients