This study aims to scrutinize Turkey’s uneasy democratization process during the post-Helsinki period (1999-2010). The research design of the thesis takes the form of a single case study as it seeks to critically link Turkey’s democratization problems with the wider theoretical literature on secularism, post-Islamism and democratization. Rather than witnessing the clear-cut victory of liberal democracy over non-democracy as espoused by Fukuyamian eschatology, the advent of the Post-Cold War Era witnessed the proliferation of hybrid grey zone which stood between the continuum of democracy and conventional non-democracy. As a result, many scholars opted to construct ‘hybrid regime typologies’ in order to capture the incongruous yet enduring coexistence of partially democratic and non-democratic features within each political unit. In line with contemporary developments in the democratization literature, this thesis opts to construct a multi-dimensional hybrid regime typology for the case of Turkey. Besides seeking to capture the core regime principles of the Kemalist one-party dictatorship (1923-1946) under the label of ‘laic-ethnocracy’, the theoretical framework of the thesis provides an assessable normative benchmark for delineating Turkey’s democratization trajectory since the initiation of the multi-party era (1946-1950). After demonstrating how Turkey’s successive ‘controlled transitions’ (1946-1997) consistently aimed at perpetuating ethnocratic hegemony and obstructing the democratic transformation of incompatible aspects of the Kemalist laicism, the thesis seeks to scrutinize the impact of the EU candidacy in shaping the pattern and outcome of the recent democratization process in the domestic arena. In this respect, the thesis underlines how the ongoing political ‘transition process’ during the post-Helsinki decade (1999-2009) qualitatively differs from all of the previous transitions which had been guided and forcefully controlled by traditional Kemalist state elites. Yet, the thesis also exposes the limited and partial commitment of the post-Islamist AKP government to forge the democratic transformation of Turkey’s enduring ‘laic-ethnocratic’ regime paradigm namely by assessing its reform performance towards the cultural rights of ethnic and belief-rights of the non-Sunni Muslim minorities (e.g., the sizeable Kurdish ethnic and Muslim-Alevi religious minority). Overall, the thesis characterizes Turkey’s ‘post-Helsinki transition’ process as a case of uneasy democratization. In this context, the term ‘uneasy democratization’ does not only highlight the inconsistencies of main domestic political actors in forging clear-cut democratic transformation of Turkey’s enduring ‘laic-ethnocracy’ regime paradigm, but also to a chronic failure to soothe the deeply-seated cleavages within the socio-political arena.

From a family systems theoretical view, this paper uses both variable-oriented and person-oriented research approaches to examine parental marriage as a dynamic, interdependent system, and extends the literature by examining parental marriage across a 15 year time span. Employing latent growth curve analysis of 490 mother-father dyads from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, this study considers multiple aspects of the relationship husbands and wives have together as spouses (emotional intimacy), parents (ideas about discipline and a child-centered vs. adult-centered orientation to childrearing), coparents (agreement regarding parenting beliefs and discipline), and household managers (agreement on the division of household and childcare tasks), exploring these associations from one month post-partum to when the child is 15 years old. Second, using latent class growth analysis, this study explores how these factors come together in different relationship classes to form distinct typologies of change for these stably partnered parents. In general mothers and fathers show similar trends in emotional intimacy over time—with decline during the early years after child birth followed by a modest increase through first grade and then relative stabilization until age 15. They also report similar levels of authoritative discipline strategies and adult-centered parenting beliefs. On average mothers are responsible for approximately twice the amount of family work than are fathers. The latent class growth analysis revealed four distinct classes. The most significant differences between classes were in level of emotional intimacy and family work responsibility. Balancing of the instrumental and relational aspects of family life is posited as an explanation of between class differences.

L'économie de la région du Moyen-Orient dépend fortement de l'agriculture comme source de nourriture et de revenus. Ces pays ont lancé des politiques agricoles qui préconisent l'intensification de leurs systèmes de production. Ces politiques encouragent une plus grande utilisation des intrants subventionnés et l'achat de la production agricole à des prix subventionnés. La méthodologie de ce travail a consisté à commencer par un sondage complet sur les exploitations agricoles suivi d'une analyse par grappes pour aider à identifier et évaluer la diversité des systèmes agricoles dans la région et leurs performances. Ensuite, proposer des scénarios de variations de la disponibilité et des prix de l'eau, des prix du marché des produits agricoles et des primes accordées aux agriculteurs afin de tester la vulnérabilité des systèmes de culture actuels aux chocs. Et enfin, construire un modèle bio-économique pour aider à capturer les indicateurs de résilience des systèmes agricoles dans la région. Baalbek-Hermel, dans la partie nord de la vallée de Bekka au Liban, a été choisi pour être représentatif en raison du fait qu'il s'agit de la zone la plus désertification dans le pays et l'une de ses zones agricoles les plus pauvres. Il a des conditions biophysiques variées / mosaïques, avec une forte fluctuation des précipitations. L'intensification de l'agriculture dans la région a commencé délibérément dans les années 1970. L'enquête au niveau de la ferme a été effectuée en choisissant d'abord les fermes représentatives: un échantillon de 97 agriculteurs sur 486 ont été sélectionnés et ont reçu un questionnaire quantitatif contenant des questions fermées couvrant le profil socioéconomique du fermier, les pratiques agricoles, la production, les coûts engagés et l'accès au marketing stratégies. Estimation de la quantité d'eau d'irrigation par culture, puisque l'eau d'irrigation est distribuée aux exploitations par heure ou par superficie, et non par le volume d'eau appliqué. Pour estimer la quantité d'eau d'irrigation appliquée par culture et, par la suite, son coût, initialement exprimé en zone ou en temps, deux étapes de calcul ont été définies: cartographier les systèmes spatiaux de distribution d'eau dans la zone d'étude et estimation du débit d'eau pour chaque source de l'eau d'irrigation.Pour classer les différentes exploitations dans la zone d'étude selon leurs modèles de culture, une analyse de composante principale (ACP), suivie de Classification ascendante hiérarchique (CAH) a été effectuée. La typologie de la ferme a ensuite été suivie d'une analyse de sensibilité pour déterminer dans quelle mesure les revenus agricoles étaient sensibles aux prix et aux variations de subvention. L'analyse effectuée visait à évaluer, pour chaque type de ferme, la perte de revenu, mais aussi la perte de productivité en réponse à la suppression des subventions pour chaque culture (blé, raisin et pomme de terre), ou à l'augmentation des prix de l'eau d'irrigation en afin de réduire sa consommation. Enfin, des scénarios de vulnérabilité ont été définis, composés principalement de quatre éléments: horizon temporel, échelle spatiale, forces d'entraînement externes, et indicateurs / variables intermédiaires. Le modèle bio-économique récursif dynamique, est développé pour évaluer les scénarios et calculer les indicateurs de résilience. Nos résultats ont montré que les voies d'intensification ont conduit à cinq types différents de systèmes agricoles. Bien que ces types de cultures suivent des trajectoires différentes, ils atteignent toujours des revenus similaires avec différents impacts environnementaux potentiels. Cette étude montre que l'intensification de l'agriculture a permis aux agriculteurs d'augmenter leurs revenus, mais souvent au détriment de la dégradation de l'environnement. Cependant, cette amélioration reste très dépendante des niveaux de soutien direct ou indirect accordés aux agriculteurs. / The economy of the Middle East relies heavily on agriculture as a source of food and income. These countries have initiated agricultural policies that advocate the intensification of their production systems. These policies encourage greater use of subsidized inputs and the purchase of famers’ production at subsidized prices compared to international market prices. The methodology of this work was to start with comprehensive farms survey followed by a cluster analysis to help identify and assess the farming systems diversity in the area and their performances. Then to propose scenarios of variations in water availability and prices, market prices of agricultural produce, and premiums given to farmers for the purpose of testing the vulnerability of the current cropping systems to shocks. And finally to construct a bio-economic model to help capturing the resilience indicators of the farming systems in the area. Baalbek-Hermel, in the northern part of the Bekka Valley in Lebanon, was selected to be representative for Lebanon as well as the MENA region due to the facts that it is the most desertification prone area in country and one of its poorest agricultural areas. It has diverse /mosaic biophysical conditions, with high fluctuation in rainfall. Agricultural intensification in the area started deliberately in 1970. Survey at the farm level was conducted by first selecting representative farms: a sample of 97 farmers out of 486 were selected and given a quantitative questionnaire containing closed questions covering the farmer’s socio-economic profile, farming practices, production, costs incurred, and marketing access strategies. Estimation of amount of irrigation water per crop followed since irrigation water is distributed to farms on a per hour or per area basis, and not based on the volume of water applied. To estimate the amount of irrigation water applied per crop, and subsequently its cost, which is initially expressed as area or time, two calculation steps were defined: mapping the spatial water distribution systems in the study area, and estimation of water flow for each source of irrigation water. To classify the different farms in the study area according to their cropping patterns, a principal component analysis (PCA), followed by Hierarchical Ascendant Classification (HAC) was performed. The farm typology was then followed by a sensitivity analysis to investigate the extent to which farm incomes, in the study region, were sensitive to prices and subsidy variabilities. This includes sensitivity to allocated premiums or/and product price, and irrigation water prices, taking into consideration farming system diversity in the region. The analysis carried out was intended to assess, for each farm type, income loss, but also productivity loss in response to the suppression of subsidies for each crop (wheat tobacco, grape, and potato), or to the increase in irrigation water prices in order to reduce its consumption. Finally, scenarios for vulnerability were defined, which were composed of mainly four components: time horizon, spatial scale, external driving forces, and indicators/intermediate variables. The dynamic recursive bio-economic model was developed to assess the scenarios and calculate the resilience indicators. Our results showed that intensification pathways led to five different types of farming systems, except for conventional extensive cereal farms. Although these farming types follow different trajectories, they still achieve similar incomes with different potential environmental impacts. Beyond the results obtained at study zone level, this study shows that the intensification of agriculture has allowed farmers to increase their incomes, but often at the cost of environmental degradation. However, this improvement remains very dependent on direct or indirect support levels granted to farmers.

L’objet de la thèse réside dans l’analyse des relations entre confiance, cohésion sociale et performance. A partir d’une analyse critique de l’usage de la notion de confiance en économie, la thèse propose une réflexion conceptuelle débouchant sur une conception tridimensionnelle de la confiance, une confiance stratégique, une confiance personnelle et une confiance généralisée. A partir d’une analyse en composantes principales et des données de la cinquième vague du World Values Survey, nous proposons une traduction empirique de cette notion. Les indicateurs ainsi construits sont utilisés pour réaliser une analyse économétrique des déterminants de la confiance en termes des caractéristiques personnelles et des facteurs tels que l’appartenance religieuse et l’engagement civique et politique. Au regard de ces indicateurs la thèse propose une analyse de la confiance en France au regard des autres pays de l’OCDE et une typologie pays fonction des articulations entre les trois types de confiance et leurs différents niveaux. Ensuite nous proposons une conceptualisation de la notion de cohésion sociale en termes de participation civique et politique, confiance systémique et interindividuelle et respect de la diversité. A partir d’une classification ascendante hiérarchique nous proposons une typologie « cohésion sociale » sur les pays de l’OCDE. Pour finir nous testons économétriquement l’effet des divers indicateurs de confiance et de cohésion sociale sur la performance économique et sociale / The aim of the thesis is the analysis of the relationship between trust, social cohesion and performance. Through a critical analysis of the use of the notion of trust in economics, the thesis proposes a conceptual development leading to a three-dimensional conception of trust, a strategic trust, a personal trust and a generalized trust. Using a principal component analysis and processing data from the fifth wave of World Values Survey, we propose an empirical translation of this concept. The indicators we have constructed are used to perform an econometric analysis of the determinants of trust in terms of personal characteristics and factors such as religious and civic and political engagement. Based on these indicators the thesis provides an analysis of confidence in France in comparison with other OECD countries and a typology based on networks between the three types of trust and their different levels. Finally we propose a conceptualization of the notion of social cohesion in terms of civic and political participation, trust and inter-systemic and respect for diversity. From a hierarchical ascending classification we propose a typology of "social cohesion" of the OECD countries. Finally we test econometrically the effect of various indicators of trust and social cohesion on the economic and social performance

Magistro darbe atskleista inovacijų samprata ir esmė, aptartos inovacijų tipologijos, išanalizuotas inovacijų diegimo poreikis ir reikšmė, atlikta teorinė inovacijų diegimo proceso ir jo aplinkos analizė, konceptualizuoti inovacijų diegimą lemiantys veiksniai. Parengus tyrimo metodiką, atliktas statistinis Lietuvos įmonių inovacinės veiklos įvertinimas bei išanalizuoti anketinio inovacijų diegimo ir jį lemiančių veiksnių tyrimo rezultatai. Tyrimo hipotezė buvo iš dalies patvirtinta: inovacijų diegimą Lietuvos įmonėse labiausiai skatina verslo inkubatoriai ir konkurentai. Daugiausia tyrime dalyvavusių Lietuvos įmonių vadovų bei atstovų kaip svarbiausius inovacijų diegimą lemiančius veiksnius įvertino vadovavimą, kultūrinius veiksnius bei komunikaciją. / Master’s final paper reveals the concept and essence of innovations, discusses innovation typologies, analyzes demand and significance of implementation of innovations, accomplishes theoretical analysis of innovations implementation process and its environment. After the methodology of survey is prepared, statistical analysis of Lithuanian companies innovative activity is accomplished and the results of implementation of innovations and determining factors survey are analyzed. Survey hypothesis was partially confirmed: implementation of innovations in Lithuanian companies is mostly stimulated by business incubators and competitors. The majority of managers or representatives of Lithuanian companies that took part in a questionnaire survey predicated that most significant factors determining implementation of innovations are management, cultural factors and communication.

The aim of the study is to identify young visitors’ perceptions of the archaeological site of Delphi in Greece by measuring their importance and satisfaction levels from a series of cultural attributes through importance-satisfaction analysis. Even though young people are an important segment of the tourism industry little research has been done concerning their actual behaviour towards culture and cultural destinations. Given their significance, an examination of their perceptions towards cultural destinations can give useful insights. This can be done both academically, for the enrichment of theory, but also practically, for the appropriate management of cultural sites according to their needs and wants. In this study it was found that young visitors consider culture as one of the most important motives for travelling. According to the respondents, attributes related to monuments/exhibits at the site are more important than the facilities and amenities provided by its managers. The research identified that, overall, young people were fairly satisfied with Delphi, particularly with its beauty and landscape, but less satisfied with the man-made interventions. Importance-satisfaction analysis indicated that issues concerning the organisation and promotion of the site have positive levels of satisfaction, while issues concerning education and quality have comparatively negative levels. Factor Analysis derived three groups of attributes that should be considered for the future planning of the destination: ‘Place and Experience’; ‘Amenities and Quality’; ‘Facilities and Operation’. Finally, Cluster Analysis indicated that there are three main segments of young visitors in Delphi which, according to their profile, develop certain behaviours that should also be taken into account for the future promotion of the site; ‘The Greeks’; ‘The Americans and others’; ‘The French’. Therefore, better management strategies according to the needs and wants of this dynamic market would make the site more attractive, contributing to the promotion of cultural tourism in general. The study found that young people are great ‘consumers’ of culture and seek to enrich their knowledge while visiting cultural destinations. If a cultural destination meets their specific needs and wants, greater levels of satisfaction will be generated. Positive levels of satisfaction will lead to a series of positive consequences: loyalty, mouth to mouth marketing and peer influence. This, in addition to the fact that young people are the tourists of the future, can lead to the creation of consciousness for culture while travelling and to the enhancement of the potential visitation of the site in the following years.

O perfil de consumo de energia elétrica dos consumidores necessita ser conhecido em detalhe para muitos estudos, sejam eles técnicos ou comerciais. Esse conhecimento pode ser alcançado através da obtenção das curvas de carga de todos os clientes da empresa, porém, devido ao grande número de medidores necessários, essa prática é inviável. A alternativa utilizada atualmente nas revisões tarifárias do sistema elétrico brasileiro emprega a teoria de amostragem associada a técnicas de análise de dados. Após a obtenção das informações, são calculadas as tipologias de carga que representam cada cliente ou transformador, através de etapas de caracterização da carga. Os resultados obtidos permitem uma análise mais precisa do mercado de energia elétrica e, principalmente, o conhecimento da forma como cada classe de consumidores utiliza a rede. Este trabalho envolve parte do estudo mencionado sobre a análise dos dados coletados nas campanhas de medição, propondo e avaliando metodologias alternativas para duas etapas do processo de caracterização de tipologias de carga, a seleção de curvas típicas e a classificação de dados, adequadas às necessidades das revisões tarifárias e com base em métodos heurísticos e nas práticas do setor. Após o desenvolvimento e implementação das metodologias, foram realizados testes entre os processos propostos, comparando e avaliando suas particularidades para duas situações: a semelhança entre as tipologias encontradas para os transformadores e consumidores de um mesmo nível de tensão e o impacto nos custos marginais de capacidade. A análise das comparações realizadas permitiu a identificação dos impactos e características das metodologias desenvolvidas, para cada etapa estudada. / Knowing the way consumers use the energy is necessary for many studies, either commercial or technical. This knowledge can be reached by obtaining the load curves from all the customers of the company. However, given the great number of measurers necessary, this practice is not viable. The alternative used currently in tariff review in the Brazilian electrical system is based on the sampling theory associated with data analysis techniques. After obtaining the information, the load typologies that represent each transformer or customer are calculated through stages of load characterization. The results obtained allow a more precise analysis of the electric energy market and, specially, the knowledge of how each consumer class uses the electricity network. This research involves part of the previously mentioned study on the analysis of the data collected in the measurement campaigns, considering and evaluating alternative methodologies for two stages of the load typologies characterization process, the election of typical curves and the data classification, adjusted to the necessities of the tariff revisions and on the basis of heuristical methods and electricity sector practices. After the development and implementation of the methodologies, tests have been carried between the considered processes, comparing and evaluating their particularitities for two situations: the similarity between the typologies found for transformers and consumers on the same tension level and the impact in the marginal capacity costs. The analysis of the comparisons carried through allowed the identification of the impacts and characteristics of the developed methodologies, for each studied stage.

Este trabalho é voltado ao estudo das novas nuances da subordinação no contrato de trabalho, diante das transformações no modo de produção em razão da globalização e do advento de novas tecnologias. Para justificar a pertinência do estudo, demonstra-se a equivalência entre a livre iniciativa e o valor social do trabalho, de modo que a economia e o trabalho devam caminhar juntos, evitando-se desequilíbrios no sistema. Diante disso, faz-se necessário abordar a evolução histórica do subordinação dentro do direito do trabalho, bem como as definições do trabalho subordinado e os critérios empregados pela jurisprudência, diante das lacunas da lei. Consolidado o estudo da subordinação, procede-se à análise dos fatores externos que levaram as modificações no mundo do trabalho, como a recessão econômica da década de 70, os processos de globalização e a consequente automação dos modos de produção. Tais fatores levaram à criação de novas formas de prestação de serviço, que não se adequam ao padrão do trabalho subordinado, mas, ao mesmo tempo, não podem ser consideradas como autônomas, em sua integralidade. Assim, gera-se uma evasão social de trabalhadores marginalizados da proteção adequada, já que não se encaixam ao modelo praticado pelo direito do trabalho, dividido entre trabalho subordinado e autônomo. Nesse cenário, apresentam-se propostas da doutrina e jurisprudência para solucionar o problema e adequar os critérios de subordinação à realidade do trabalho. / This dissertation aims to study the new forms of subordinations in labour contract, due to the transformation in the way of production after globalization and the introduction of new technologies. In order to justify the importance of the study, it demonstrates the equivalence between free enterprise and the social value of work, so that economy and work shall walk together, avoiding disturbance at the system. Furthermore, it is necessary to refer to the historical evolution of subordination into labour law, as well as the definition of subordinate work and the criteria used by jurisprudence, considering the lack of law. Once established the study of subordination, it will proceed to the analysis of external factors that provoked modification in work, as the 70s economical recession, globalization process and automation of the ways of production. These factors conducted to the creation of new forms of services, which are not adjusted to subordinate work pattern, but at the same time, cannot be considered as full self-employed. Indeed, it generates a social evasion of employees, marginalised form correct protection, as they do not fit to the model practised by labour law, which is divided between subordinated work and self-employed. Finally, it presents proposals from doctrine and jurisprudence in order to give a solution to the problem, and adequate the subordination criteria to work reality.

A dissertação propõe-se a analisar as tipologias arquitetônicas e os padrões de implantação de edifícios destinados à produção de louças de pó-de-pedra para uso doméstico (faianças e porcelanas). Foram selecionadas para estudo dez unidades fabris construídas entre 1913 e 1940 na cidade de São Paulo e nos atuais municípios de Mauá e São Caetano do Sul. A discussão proposta vincula-se ao tema do patrimônio industrial e pretende contribuir para o reconhecimento, análise e preservação de remanescentes da arquitetura industrial paulista, bem como, ao problematizar as questões metodológicas surgidas, visa estimular trabalhos análogos para outros ramos industriais. Tem como objetivo a elaboração de um inventário retrospectivo das referidas fábricas muitas delas já desativadas , utilizando-se a documentação levantada que é composta de iconografia, publicações e estatísticas sobre a indústria, depoimentos, cartografia e, ainda, de referências aos projetos dos edifícios fabris, às técnicas construtivas empregadas em sua execução e à especialização dos ambientes produtivos, atentos às relações possíveis entre estes e suas respectivas fontes de energia e matérias-primas e estruturas auxiliares. As análises resultantes contemplaram a multiplicidade dos temas surgidos metodologia da História, tipologias arquitetônicas, técnicas construtivas tradicionais e arqueologia industrial , cotejando a bibliografia pertinente e sugerindo diretrizes para o trato com a diversidade das fontes documentais e seu uso em estudos histórico-tipológicos com vistas à preservação do patrimônio industrial. / This dissertation intends to analyse architectural typologies of the implementation patterns of buildings meant to the production of stoneware pottery for home use (faience and porcelain). Ten factory units built between years 1913 and 1940 in the city of São Paulo and in the municipal districts known at present as Mauá and São Caetano do Sul were selected for study. The proposed discussion relates to the theme of industrial heritage; it is intended to contribute for acknowledgement, analysis and preservation of the remains of São Paulo State´s industrial architecture as well as it intends to estimulate analogous paperworks on other industrial fields by problematizing methodological issues arisen. Its objective is the elaboration of a retrospective inventory of these factories many of which are now inactive using the assembled documentation comprising iconography, publications and statistics about the factory, statements, cartography, as well as references to the factory buildings projects, to the construction tecniques used and to the specialization of the production environments, attentive to the possible relations between them and their respective energy and raw materials sources, and auxiliary structures. The resulting analyses contemplate the multiplicity of themes arisen History methodology, architectural typologies, traditional construction techniques, and industrial archaeology collating pertinent bibliography and suggesting lines of direction to deal with the diversity of documental sources and its use in historical-typological studies aiming industrial heritage preservation.

The theoretic part of this Thesis tries to point out the position of an organizational culture in the corporate identity of a firm. It describes the most important organizational culture typologies, its elements and instruments, and last but not least explains the modification process concerning the corporate structure. The practical part then offers a view of a certain company regarding the market positioning, functioning and organization. Finally applies the theory onto the current situation in the certain company. The paper proposes and suggests the new possible organizational culture changeover and also recommends also adjustments of hierarchy and job positions in the company.