Traditional multiple hypothesis testing procedures, such as that of Benjamini and Hochberg, fix an error rate and determine the corresponding rejection region. In 2002 Storey proposed a fixed rejection region procedure and showed numerically that it can gain more power than the fixed error rate procedure of Benjamini and Hochberg while controlling the same false discovery rate (FDR). In this thesis it is proved that when the number of alternatives is small compared to the total number of hypotheses, Storeys method can be less powerful than that of Benjamini and Hochberg. Moreover, the two procedures are compared by setting them to produce the same FDR. The difference in power between Storeys procedure and that of Benjamini and Hochberg is near zero when the distance between the null and alternative distributions is large, but Benjamini and Hochbergs procedure becomes more powerful as the distance decreases. It is shown that modifying the Benjamini and Hochberg procedure to incorporate an estimate of the proportion of true null hypotheses as proposed by Black gives a procedure with superior power.<p> Multiple hypothesis testing can also be applied to regression diagnostics. In this thesis, a Bayesian method is proposed to test multiple hypotheses, of which the i-th null and alternative hypotheses are that the i-th observation is not an outlier versus it is, for i=1,...,m. In the proposed Bayesian model, it is assumed that outliers have a mean shift, where the proportion of outliers and the mean shift respectively follow a Beta prior distribution and a normal prior distribution. It is proved in the thesis that for the proposed model, when there exists more than one outlier, the marginal distributions of the deletion residual of the i-th observation under both null and alternative hypotheses are doubly noncentral t distributions. The outlyingness of the i-th observation is measured by the marginal posterior probability that the i-th observation is an outlier given its deletion residual. An importance sampling method is proposed to calculate this probability. This method requires the computation of the density of the doubly noncentral F distribution and this is approximated using Patnaiks approximation. An algorithm is proposed in this thesis to examine the accuracy of Patnaiks approximation. The comparison of this algorithms output with Patnaiks approximation shows that the latter can save massive computation time without losing much accuracy.<p> The proposed Bayesian multiple outlier identification procedure is applied to some simulated data sets. Various simulation and prior parameters are used to study the sensitivity of the posteriors to the priors. The area under the ROC curves (AUC) is calculated for each combination of parameters. A factorial design analysis on AUC is carried out by choosing various simulation and prior parameters as factors. The resulting AUC values are high for various selected parameters, indicating that the proposed method can identify the majority of outliers within tolerable errors. The results of the factorial design show that the priors do not have much effect on the marginal posterior probability as long as the sample size is not too small.<p> In this thesis, the proposed Bayesian procedure is also applied to a real data set obtained by Kanduc et al. in 2008. The proteomes of thirty viruses examined by Kanduc et al. are found to share a high number of pentapeptide overlaps to the human proteome. In a linear regression analysis of the level of viral overlaps to the human proteome and the length of viral proteome, it is reported by Kanduc et al. that among the thirty viruses, human T-lymphotropic virus 1, Rubella virus, and hepatitis C virus, present relatively higher levels of overlaps with the human proteome than the predicted level of overlaps. The results obtained using the proposed procedure indicate that the four viruses with extremely large sizes (Human herpesvirus 4, Human herpesvirus 6, Variola virus, and Human herpesvirus 5) are more likely to be the outliers than the three reported viruses. The results with thefour extreme viruses deleted confirm the claim of Kanduc et al.

This thesis is a chronological survey over the hut and house remains from the Stone Age to the Early Middle Ages in Eastern Central Sweden. The thesis also contains a test which I have conducted to see which investigation method had the best results in identifying house remains at an archaeological site. I subsequently discuss the result of this test, what it represents and also what may be done differently in order to get other types of results.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att försöka se om det finns ett samband eller en likhet för de båda områden som jag först kom i kontakt med som använde begreppet synkronicitet (kvantfysik och psykologi) och om betydelsen av begreppet var detsamma och dessutom om det fanns angränsande områden som använde sig av begreppet synkroniciet eller något liknande, och vilken innebörd samma begrepp, synkronocitet, i sådana fall kunde ha både vetenskapligt, psykologiskt och religiöst för att återknyta till det område som C-nivån av Religionsvetenskap skulle beröra, nämligen religion och vetenskap. Jung har själv refererat till magi och mirakel när han förklarat vad han menar med synkronicitet vilket gjorde att det var naturligt att söka på de områden som använder sig av och beskriver detta. Jag har därför försökt att belysa förekomster och situationer, förutom kvantfysiken och Jungs egna teorier om synkronicitet, som jag uppfattat har likadana eller liknande beskrivningar av upplevelser av fysisk eller känslomässig karaktär. Det jag kom fram till var att religionen också beskriver tillstånd som innehåller de beståndsdelar som Hopcke sammanfattade synkronicitet med, akausalitet, djup emotionell upplevelse, symbolisk och att de inträffar vid betydande övergångar i livet, även om det inte kallas för synkronicitet. Detsamma gäller för det som vi i vardagslag beskriver som ”slumpen” och som vi normalt inte ger någon större betydelse förrän vi ser det inträffade i ett större sammanhang eller i ett senare skede och först då ger det en innebörd. Kvantfysiken använder sig av begreppet synkronicitet och beskriver hur helheten består av delar som har en inbördes relation, har betydelse för varandra och egentligen inte går att separera, dock beskrivs det inte ha någon känslomässig karaktär. Vi kan konstatera att den innebörd som Jung gav ordet synkronicitet finns att känna igen på de områden som jag försökt att använda mig av, vetenskap, psykologi, religion och i ”vardagssammanhang”.

Vor mehr als zwei Dekaden folgten dem Fall des Eisernen Vorhangs in Europa Umgestaltungsprozesse, die sich auf der politischen, wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Ebene der betroffenen Staaten vollzogen. In der Folge veränderten sich die Rahmenbedingungen der Entwicklung von Städten mit einem solchen Transformationshintergrund vollständig. Dies führte zu grundlegenden strukturellen und funktionalen Veränderungen in diesen Städten. Bislang hat sich in der Literatur kein theoretischer Ansatz als Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund etablieren können. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, ein solches Deutungsmuster für die Entwicklung von Städten mit Transformationshintergrund aus bereits bestehenden theoretischen Ansätzen abzuleiten und empirisch zu überprüfen. / Over two decades ago, the fall of the Iron Curtain in Europe led to processes of political, social and economic reorganisation in the affected countries. Against this backdrop of transformation, the framework for the development of cities changed drastically. This led to fundamental changes in the structure and function in those cities. Until now, no theoretical frame was established in literature to explain the urban development of the respective cities. The aim of this thesis is to derive an explanatory concept from already existing theoretical assumptions and to verify it empirically. The question to investigate was how far one can observe European wide convergent lines of development, and to what extent cities with transformational backgrounds undergo divergent processes. / Před více než dvěma desítkami let následovaly po pádu železné opony v Evropě transformační procesy, které ovlivnily politickou, ekonomickou i sociální úroveň daných států. Následně se zcela změnily rámcové podmínky rozvoje měst podmíněné transformací ekonomiky a polečnosti na celostátní úrovni. To vedlo k zásadním strukturálním a funkčním změnám v těchto městech. Až dosud se v literatuře neobjevil žádný teoretický přístup jako vzor interpretace rozvoje měst procházejících transformací. Cílem předložené práce bylo odvodit a empiricky prověřit nově formulovaný přístup pro města procházející transformací v porovnání s již existujícími teoretickými přístupy. Tím bylo zjišťováno, do jaké míry jsou v Evropě vnímány konvergentní rozvojové směry a naopak jakou pozici zaujímají města procházející transformací v divergentních procesech. / Ponad dwie dekady temu, po zniesieniu żelaznej krtyny w Europie, miały miejsce procesy przeobrażeń, które się dokonały na politycznym, gospodarczym i socjalnym poziomie w dotkniętych krajach. W następstwie całkowicie uległy zmianie ramowe warunki rozwoju państwach. Dotychczas nie spradwdzono żadnej teoretycznej koncepcji modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejącej w lieraturze. Celem poniższje pracy było wywnioskowanie i empiryczne sprawdzenie takiego modelu interpretacji rozwoju państw na podłożu transformacji z już istniejących teoretycznych założeń. Zadano sobie pytanie, jak rozlegle w Europie podobne kierunki rozwoju są do zaobserwowania i w którym miejscu prozesy przebiegają odmiennie. / La chute du rideau de fer, au début des années 1990, a été suivie par des processus de réorganisation au niveau politique, économique et social dans les pays socialistes d’Europe centrale. En conséquence, le contexte de développement des villes de ces pays respectifs changea brusquement, ce qui engendra un changement fondamental au niveau de leur structure et fonction. L’état de l’art de l’urbanisme ne présente aucun outil permettant d’expliquer le développement des villes en transformation. L’objectif de cette thèse est de fournir un principe explicatif basé sur des théories existantes et de le valider ensuite par une étude empirique. La question scientifique est : « dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des développements convergents à travers l’Europe et dans quelle mesure peut-on observer des processus de développement divergeant dans les villes soumises à la transformation » ?

Precision control under the effect of friction requires an effective compensation of friction. Since friction has a complex and highly nonlinear behaviour, it is generally insufficient to represent the friction in a dynamic control system only with a linear viscous model, which is mostly valid in high-velocity motions. Especially when the control system moves near zero velocity regions or changes the direction of motion, an accurate modelling of friction including the lowvelocity dynamic behaviour is a prerequisite to obtain a more complete and realistic dynamic model of the system. Furthermore, the parameters of the friction model should be identified as accurate as possible in order to attain a satisfactory performance. Therefore, the parameters of the friction should be estimated regarding the working conditions. The estimated friction force can then be used to improve the controlled performance of the dynamic system under consideration. In this thesis, the modelling, identification and compensation of friction in a rotary mechanical system are studied. The effectiveness of the existing friction models in the literature are investigated / namely the classical Coulomb with viscous friction model, the Stribeck friction model, the LuGre friction model, and the Generalized Maxwell-Slip (GMS) friction model. All friction models are applied to the system together with the same linear, proportional with derivative (PD)-type and proportional with integral and derivative (PID)-type feedback control actions for the sake of being faithful in comparison. The accuracy of the friction compensation methods is examined separately for both the low-velocity and high-velocity motions of the system. The precision of friction estimation is also shown in the case of using both the desired velocity and measured velocity as an input to the friction models. These control studies are verified in simulation environment and the corresponding results are given. Furthermore, an experimental set-up is designed and manufactured as a case study. The parameters of the aforementioned friction models are identified and the control laws with different friction models are applied to the system in order to demonstrate the compensation capabilities of the models. The results of the experiments are evaluated by comparing them among each other and with the simulation results.

<p>Det har på senare tid uppmärksammats att svenska fastighetsbolag paketerar näringsfastigheter i svenska handelsbolag med utländska juridiska personer som delägare. Detta fenomen är ett skatteupplägg som kallas för handelsbolagslösningen. I uppsatsen utgår vi från ett typfall där delägarna i det svenska handelsbolaget är nederländska juridiska personer. Skatteupplägget inbegriper tre transaktionsled, där det första ledet innebär att ett säljande svenskt aktiebolag underprisöverlåter en näringsfastighet till det svenska handelsbolaget. Det andra ledet är att de nederländska delägarna avyttrar sina andelar i det svenska handelsbolaget samt fastigheten, det vill säga fastighetspaketet, till ett utomstående köpande aktiebolag i Sverige. Slutligen, efter köpet, likviderar det köpande aktiebolaget handelsbolaget och skiftar ut fastigheten till sig. Problematiken kring skatteupplägget handelsbolagslösningen är att det svenska aktiebolaget har tillgodoräknat sig fastighetens dolda värde, utan skattekonsekvenser, genom en förvärvad skattefri utdelning från de nederländska delägarbolagen. Det köpande aktiebolaget har samtidigt erhållit kapitalförlustavdrag i Sverige, som innebär att förlusten kan kvittas mot motsvarande kapitalvinster inom bolaget, och därmed minskas det skattemässiga underlaget. I samband med fastigheters långa avskrivningsperiod får dessa paketeringar stor ekonomisk betydelse. Frågan som uppstår är huruvida handelsbolagslösningen är lagenlig. Utifrån en rättsdogmatiskmetod behandlar vi problematiken genom en stegvis bedömning av transaktionerna.</p><p>I samband med första steget i handelsbolagslösningen behandlar vi huruvida överlåtelsen av fastigheten från det säljande svenska aktiebolaget till det svenska handelsbolaget uppfyller villkoren för en kvalificerad underprisöverlåtelse. Vi finner att underprisöverlåtelsen är kvalificerad och att uttagsbeskattning således inte inträder. I det andra steget uppkommer frågan om de nederländska delägarbolagen blir skatteskyldiga i Sverige för den kapitalvinst som uppkommer på de avyttrade andelarna i det svenska handelsbolaget. Utifrån förutsättningar och resonemang i rättsfall, kommer vi fram till att det inte föreligger någon skatteskyldighet i Sverige för de nederländska delägarna. I det tredje steget och sista steget ställs vi inför frågan om det köpande svenska aktiebolaget i samband med upplösningen av det svenska handelsbolaget har rätt att dra av den kapitalförlust som uppstår på andelarna. Bedömningen sker utifrån om förlusten kan anses vara verklig eller inte. Med stöd av praxis anser vi att kapitalförlusten är verklig och därmed avdragsgill.</p><p>I vår rättsutredning av de tre olika transaktionsleden, finner vi att dessa följer gällande rätt. Med beaktande av detta anser vi det vara av vikt att undersöka huruvida skatteflyktslagen kan tillämpas på typfallet. Med stöd av gällande rätt bör skatteflyktslagen inte bli tillämplig på det köpande svenska aktiebolagets taxering. Vi klargör istället om skatteflyktslagen kan angripa det säljande svenska aktiebolaget. I vår utredning finner vi att skatteflyktslagen inte är tillämplig på handelsbolagslösningen så som den artar sig i typfallet. Detta med stöd av vår gjorda rättsutredning samt de spekulationer som finns på området.</p><p>Vår slutsats är att det blir svårt att angripa de fastighetsbolag som har utnyttjat handelsbolagslösningen, åtminstone utifrån den konstruktion som föreligger i typfallet. Utifall det är lagstiftarens intention att förhindra denna typ av skatteupplägg, är det upp till denne att komma med ny lagstiftning som tar fasta på problematiken.</p> / <p>Swedish real estate companies have attracted a lot of attention by packaging industrial real estate in general partnership companies that are owned by foreign legal entities. This tax arrangement is a phenomenon that is referred to as the general partnership solution. In this thesis, we use a case example in which the partners in the Swedish general partnership are legal entities with Dutch nationality. The tax arrangement includes three transaction phases, where the first involves an under priced transfer of a commercial real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company to the Swedish general partnership. In the second phase, the Dutch partners trade their shares in the Swedish general partnership including the real estate to an external buying private limited company in Sweden. After the trade the buying Swedish private limited company liquidates the general partnership and transfer the real estate from the general partnership to itself. As a result of this tax arrangement a complex problematic arises when the Swedish private limited company obtain the hidden value in the real estate by receiving tax-free dividends from the Dutch partner companies. The buying Swedish private limited company simultaneously receive capital deficit tax deductions in Sweden, which means that losses can be settled by corresponding capital profits within the company, consequently reducing their tax base. The long depreciation period of real estates means that packaging represents great economical significance. The question that arises is whether the general partnership solution is consistent with Swedish law. Based on a juridical dogmatic method, we consider this complex of problems by means of a systematic assessment of the discussed transactions.</p><p>In the first step of the general partnership solution, we consider whether the transfer of real estate from the selling Swedish private limited company fulfils the conditions for a qualified under priced transfer. We find that the under priced transfer is qualified, and therefore withdrawal taxation does not occur.</p><p>In the second step, the arising question is whether the Dutch partner companies become liable for taxation in Sweden for capital profit generated from the disposed shares in the Swedish general partnership. According to the prerequisites and reasoning in legal cases, we find that tax liability in Sweden does not arise for the Dutch partners. In the third and final step, we are faced with the question whether the buying Swedish private limited company has the legal right to deduct the capital loss that results from the Swedish general partnership resolution. The assessment is based on whether the loss can be considered genuine. In accordance with case law we regard the capital loss genuine and therefore tax-deductible.</p><p>In our legal inquiry we conclude that the three different transaction phases comply with Swedish law. Considering this, we find it imperative to examine whether the Swedish tax evasion law can apply in the case example. By virtue of domestic law, it is not probable that the tax evasion law can apply on the buying Swedish private limited company’s taxation. In regards to the seller’s taxation, we clarify whether the tax evasion law can be applicable concerning the selling Swedish private limited company. We find that the tax evasion law is not applicable in the general partnership solution, in the form that it has in the case example. We support this statement with reference to our legal inquiry and referring to some speculations on the subject.</p><p>Our conclusion is that it would be difficult to deal with the real estate companies that have made use of the general partnership solution, at least in the construction that exists in the case example. It is up to the legislator to decide on whether to prevent this type of tax arrangement or not.</p>

The thesis is that automation of en-route Air Traffic Management in high complexity airspace can be achieved with a combination of automated tactic planning in a look-ahead time horizon of up to two hours complemented with automated tactic conflict resolution functions. The literature review reveals that no significant results have yet been obtained and that full automation could be approached with a complementary integration of automated tactic resolutions AND planning. The focus shifts to ‘planning for capacity’ and ‘planning for resolution’ and also – but not only – for ‘resolution’. The work encompasses a theoretical part on planning, and several small scale studies of empirical, mathematical or simulated nature. The theoretical part of the thesis on planning under uncertainties attempts to conceive a theoretical model which abstracts specificities of planning in Air Traffic Management into a generic planning model. The resulting abstract model treats entities like the planner, the strategy, the plan and the actions, always considering the impact of uncertainties. The work innovates in specifying many links from the theory to the application in planning of air traffic management, and especially the new fields of tactical capacity management. The second main part of the thesis comprises smaller self-containing works on different aspects of the concept grouped into a section on complexity, another on tactic planning actions, and the last on planners. The produced studies are about empirical measures of conflicts and conflict densities to get a better understanding of the complexity of air traffic; studies on traffic organisation using tactical manoeuvres like speed control, lateral offset and tactical direct using fast time simulation; and studies on airspace design like sector optimisation, dynamic sectorisation and its optimisation using optimisation techniques. In conclusion it is believed that this work will contribute to further automation attempts especially by its innovative focus which is on planning, base on a theory of planning, and its findings already influence newer developments.

Functional Test of any given system is used to verify that the top level system is performing according to the specifications and all of the sub systems, i.e., hardware, software, inputs, outputs and sensors are operating properly. The term System is used here in context of any device or equipment consisting of hardware, software, sensors, virtual sensors and inputs / outputs. One of the examples of such a system is a semiconductor fabrication equipment. There have only been a few approaches that are used to perform the functional test of a system. Engineers typically develop custom test equipment to interface with the system under test and determine proper functioning of all the sub systems and behavior of overall system. In another method, domain experts, utilize the software of the system under test, and manually actuate / stimulate sub systems and then observe and record outcomes to determine whether the system exhibited correct behavior. A novel solution of a reusable functional test automation framework is developed. The framework interfaces with the system under test via the exposed API, and allow domain experts with minimal or no programming background to create test suites to methodically test overall functionality of the system. / text

No description available.

One of the major goals of this thesis is to investigate the extent to which correspondence noise, (i.e., the false pairing of dots in adjacent frames) limits motion detection performance in random dot kinematograms (RDKs). The performance measures of interest are Dmax and Dmin i.e., the largest and smallest inter-frame dot displacement, respectively, for which motion can be reliably detected. Dmax and threshold coherence (i.e., the smallest proportion of dots that must be moved between frames for motion to be reliably detected) in RDKs are known to be affected by false pairing or correspondence noise. Here the roles of correspondence noise and receptive field geometry in limiting performance are investigated. The range of Dmax observed in the literature is consistent with the current information-limit based interpretation. Dmin is interpreted in the light of correspondence noise and under-sampling. Based on the psychophysical experiments performed in the early parts of the dissertation, a model for correspondence noise based on the principle of receptive field scaling is developed for Dmax. Model simulations provide a good account of psychophysically estimated Dmax over a range of stimulus parameters, showing that correspondence noise and receptive field geometry have a major influence on displacement thresholds.