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Societal demand to enhance individual employability in an increasingly congested postgraduate labour market has led to a boom in unpaid internships in the 21st century. This has produced a continuum of attitudes, from perceiving the unpaid internship as an important career opportunity to perceiving it as exploitative slavery. The present study is a netnography that draws on empirical data from debates taking place on LinkedIn, aiming to explore and understand former and potential interns’ conceptualisations of the unpaid internship phenomenon. It translates Olofsson’s (2013) concept of the ‘educational contract' (an implicit social contract with certain expectations attached) to the phenomenon of the unpaid internship. The findings show that the unpaid internship may be conceptualised as a successful or broken contract, based on both the lived experience, and whether the expected labour market outcomes were delivered. A third theme that emerged was the unsigned contract, whereby individuals who were unable to partake in unpaid internships based on life circumstances and socioeconomic factors perceived the phenomenon ambivalently - as both as a career enhancer and an exploitative practice that reproduces class inequality.

The aim of this thesis is to examine the gendered housework division in Greece based on research questions about participation by gender, chore types, and factors like age, education, and employment's influence, as well as uncovering related dynamics and trends. A quantitative analysis is employed using Greece's single time use survey conducted in 2013, which reveals substantial gender inequalities in housework division. Women dedicate nearly three times more than men daily to housework, even when employed in paid jobs. Age-wise, the gender gap persists, increasing with age. Core household tasks such as cooking, house cleaning, and laundry are dominated by women, while men spend more time on activities like gardening and repairs. Comparisons with European data highlight similar trends. A need for new surveys and gender norms exploration for policy change is evident.

This thesis focuses on work-life balance policy; one of the key field of EU gender equality policies. The purpose of this study was to analyze most recently proposed policy on work-life balance ‘An initiative to support work-life balance for working parents and carers’ that aims to upgrade existing policy and legal frameworks. The main objective of the study is to identify problem representation(s) of gender equality in the stated policy. The study objectives comprises of problematizing identified problem representation(s) by drawing attention to silences and underplayed issues including its far-reaching implications on various groups. Analysis presented in this thesis is guided by theoretical framework of poststuructural feminism chiefly through discourse analysis methodology. In that endeavor, Carol Bacchi’s ‘What’s the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach has been applied for discourse analysis of the policy by employing 3 out 6 postulated questions. The study identifies several problem representations of gender equality in the stated EU reconciliation policy. Among others, childcare responsibility is identified as the most dominant problem representation. Likewise, the study points out silenced issues in the policy. This includes structural challenges affecting accessibility and advancement of women in labour market, the type of work, division of unpaid work besides caring responsibilities, inequalities engendered by intersectional factors, well-being of individuals, family, children, elderly care and commitment from employing organizations. The study finally notes ensuing lived effects on women due to added responsibilities. The study analysis concludes some still present pitfalls in the modernized work-life balance policy.

Due to the COVID19-pandemic many companies and organisations in Sweden have changed their ways of working from location dependent to teleworking. It has been discussed if flexible working conditions benefits or disadvantages workers possibilities to balance work life and family life. Previous research show that women and men traditionally have been responsible for different parts of the unpaid work at home. Studies also show that women tend to spend more time on unpaid work than men. The purpose of this study is to examine if and how the increase of teleworking, as a result of the pandemic, is perceived to have changed the boundaries between work life and family life. The purpose is also to examine whether the experience of the conflict between work and family life has changed due to the pandemic. The aim of the study is also to examine if the distribution of unpaid work is perceived to have changed. The results of the study are based on the answers from qualitative interviews of four women and three men who were teleworking as a result of the pandemic. The results of the study indicate that the responsibility for the boundaries between work life and family life has shifted from the employer to the employee. The conflict between work life and family life is expressed in different ways and has to some extent changed as a result of teleworking. When and how the unpaid work is performed has changed but the distribution between the sexes seems to be the same as before. The social aspect seems to be an important factor for the wellbeing and is lacking in this new way of working. / Till följd av COVID-19-pandemin har många företag och organisationer i Sverige ändrat sin verksamhet från platsberoende till arbete på distans. Det har diskuterats huruvida flexibla arbetsförhållanden gynnar eller missgynnar arbetstagarens möjligheter att balansera arbetsliv och familjeliv. Tidigare forskning visar att kvinnor och män traditionellt sett har ansvarat över olika delar av det oavlönade arbetet i hemmet. Samtidigt visar studier att kvinnor lägger mer tid på oavlönat arbete än män. Syftet med denna studie är därför att undersöka om och hur det ökade distansarbetet till följd av pandemin upplevs ha förändrat gränsdragningen mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv. Syftet är även att undersöka om upplevelsen av konflikten mellan arbete och familj har förändrats till följd av pandemin. Syftet med studien är dessutom att undersöka om fördelningen av det oavlönade arbetet upplevs ha förändrats. Studiens resultat baseras på svaren från kvalitativa intervjuer med fyra kvinnor och tre män som arbetar på distans till följd av pandemin. Studiens resultat tyder på att ansvaret för gränsdragningen mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv har förflyttats från arbetsgivaren till arbetstagaren. Konflikten mellan arbetsliv och familjeliv tar sig i uttryck på olika sätt och har till viss del förändrats till följd av distansarbetet. När och hur det oavlönade arbetet utförs har förändrats, men fördelningen mellan könen verkar vara densamma som innan. Den sociala aspekten verkar vara en viktig faktor för välbefinnandet som saknas i och med det nya arbetslivet.

The research undertaken represents an in-depth study of gender and economics from a multi-disciplinary perspective. By drawing on economic, social policy and political science literature it makes an original contribution to the disciplines of economics and feminist economics by advancing ideas on a feminist theory of policy change and institutional design. Equally, the study develops a framework for a multi-method approach to feminist research with applied policy focus by establishing a pragmatic feminist research paradigm. By espousing multiple research philosophies, it extends understanding of gender differences in policy outcomes by connecting theories from feminist economics, feminist historical institutionalism and ideational processes. Jointly funded by the Economic and Social Research Council UK and the Scottish Government, this project attempts to answer three key questions: What is the relative position of men and women in the Scottish economy and how do childcare responsibilities influence these? Which institutions, structures and processes have been instrumental in embedding gender in Scottish economic policy? To what extent and how is the Scottish Government’s approach to economic policy gendered? Quantitative analysis reveals persistently disproportionate differences in men and women’s position in the labour market. Women remain over-represented in part-time employment and in the public sector in the 10years under investigation. Using panel data, the multinomial logistic regression estimation of patterns in labour market transitions equally reveal disproportionate gendered patterns, with families with dependent children 0-4years at a disadvantage to those without. Qualitative analysis indicates that these differences are partly explained by the fact that the unpaid economy still remains invisible to policymakers despite changes in the institutional design, policy processes and the approach to equality policymaking undertaken in Scotland. Unpaid childcare work is not represented as policy relevant and the way gender, equality and gender equality are conceptualised within institutional sites and on political agendas pose various challenges for policy development on unpaid childcare work and gender equality in general. Additionally, policymakers in Scotland do not integrate both the paid and unpaid economies in economic policy formulation since social policy and economic policy are designed separately. The study also establishes that the range of institutions and actors that make-up the institutional setting for regulating and promoting equality, influence how equality issues are treated within a national context. In Scotland, equality regulating institutions such as parliament, the Scottish Government, equality commission and the law are instrumental variables in determining the range of equality issues that are embedded in an equality infrastructure and the extent to which equality issues, including gender, are consequently embedded in public policy and government budgets. Significantly despite meeting all the attributes of an equality issue, unpaid care is not classified as a protected characteristic in the Equality legislation. These institutions can ameliorate, sustain or perpetuate the delivery of unequitable policy outcomes for men and women in the mutually dependent paid and unpaid economy. Thus, economic, social and political institutions are not independent from one another but are interrelated in complex ways that subsequently have material consequences on men and women in society. In summary, there are interlinkages between the law, labour market, the unpaid economy, the welfare state and gendered political institutions such that policy or institutional change in one will be dependent on or trigger change in another. These institutions are gendered, but are also interlinked and underpin the gender structure of other institutions to the extent that the gendered norms and ideas embedded in one institution, for example legislation or political institutions, structure the gendered dimensions of the labour market, welfare state, and the unpaid economy. By shedding light on institutional and political forces that regulate equality in addition to macroeconomic forces, the analysis reveals the important role of institutions, policy actors and their ideas as instrumental forces which constantly define, redefine and reconstruct the labour market experiences of men and women with significant material consequences.

Empirically, self-employed persons often operate with the support of their partners or other household members as co-workers in the firm. The formal or informal employment of the marriage partner in particular seems to have a lot of advantages, such as fiscal benefits and low wage costs. But from a theoretical point of view, these advantages are jeopardized by serious cooperation problems: If the spouse of the self-employed decides to work in the jointly-run business, former qualifications are lost. Hence a one-sided dependence on the part of the co-working spouse arises, which increases with the amount of relation-specific investments. Hence the actors are confronted with a cooperation problem, because the decision for co-working requires trust concerning the future action of the self-employed. Within this framework, this paper is focused on the determinants which influence the decisions concerning collaborating in the business of a self employed life’s companion as well as the extent of labor provided in the case of co-working. It can be assumed that the three types of determinants investigated in this paper affect the assignment of a spouse or cohabitation partner in the business of a self-employment person: (1) economic determinants which are individual productivity and human capital of the life’s companion, (2) the situation of the family and the household, and (3) characteristics of the entrepreneur and the firm. Based on a sample of self-employed empirical analysis indicates that trust and specialization play a crucial role in explaining co-working of the life’s companions of self-employed persons. However, economic determinants like productivity and human capital do not show the expected effects on collaboration.

Submitted by Karen Britto (karenbritto@unipampa.edu.br) on 2018-05-22T12:53:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Dalagostini Bidarte - 2018.pdf: 1471983 bytes, checksum: 1049f6daa5737dea5e41ceed588c0d25 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-05-22T12:53:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vinicius Dalagostini Bidarte - 2018.pdf: 1471983 bytes, checksum: 1049f6daa5737dea5e41ceed588c0d25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-21 / A elaboração deste estudo foi orientada pelo objetivo de investigar quem são os sujeitos que abandonaram funções remuneradas no mercado de trabalho para o exercício da profissão do lar, analisando as principais razões para tal atitude e suas implicações para as questões de gênero, domésticas e familiares. Metodologicamente, o estudo caracteriza-se como descritivoexploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, realizado utilizando o método história oral temática. Para a seleção dos sujeitos, utilizou-se a técnica bola de neve, sendo o cenário da investigação limitado, inicialmente, à cidade gaúcha de Santana do Livramento-Brasil. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas realizadas com treze profissionais do lar, sendo nove mulheres e quatro homens, entre os meses de agosto e outubro de 2017, com duração média de 1h cada. Os dados foram examinados através da análise textual discursiva. Os resultados revelam que as razões pelas quais os entrevistados abandonaram permanente ou temporariamente o mercado de trabalho, classificadas em ordem de importância decrescente, foram: filhos pequenos, desemprego, familiar idoso e/ou doente, marido, aborrecimentos no emprego, mudança de cidade, sentimento de saudade da família, dupla jornada de trabalho e elevado custo de vida na capital. Essas razões se distinguem entre os entrevistados pela idade, pelas situações sociais e conjugais, pelo contexto econômico, pela escolaridade e pelas relações de trabalho. Ao desagregar as principais razões por imposição/escolha e por gênero, verificou-se o seguinte: mulheres (imposição: desemprego, marido; escolha: maternidade, filhos pequenos), homens (imposição: desemprego; escolha: mudança de cidade). Esses resultados revelam que os homens e as mulheres entrevistadas abandonaram o mercado de trabalho por razões completamente distintas, possuindo, apenas, como razão comum o desemprego. Constatou-se que os homens e as mulheres entrevistadas realizam os mesmos afazeres domésticos, no entanto, no âmbito doméstico e familiar, elas enfrentam dificuldade em compartilhar esses afazeres com seus maridos e/ou com seus filhos do sexo masculino. Os afazeres domésticos consomem muita energia e grande parte do tempo dos entrevistados, sendo maior para elas (4,6 horas diárias; 32,2 horas semanais) do que para eles (3,6 horas diárias; 25,2 horas semanais), e caracterizam-se pela fragmentação, multiplicidade e simultaneidade. Além do sexo, a cor, a escolaridade, o rendimento mensal familiar, o tipo de arranjo familiar, o número e a idade dos filhos e a presença de aparelhos eletrodomésticos constituem variáveis que impactam diretamente sobre a distribuição do tempo dedicado à realização de afazeres domésticos na esfera privada, revelando desigualdades de gênero. O trabalho doméstico é percebido pelos entrevistados, especialmente mulheres, como uma atividade não remunerada, invisível e desvalorizada na esfera privada, tanto pela família quanto pela sociedade. As razões para isso estão profundamente relacionadas com o papel da mulher fundamentado na sociedade patriarcal e com a noção de trabalho elaborada pelo sistema capitalista. É importante, e por isso se faz necessário, pensar em formas de valorizar o trabalho doméstico não remunerado na sociedade brasileira, sendo uma delas a contabilização dos afazeres domésticos no Produto Interno Bruto, por meio da construção de contas-satélites. Enquanto as pesquisas nacionais oficiais continuarem adotando uma visão de trabalho capitalista, o trabalho doméstico e quem o realiza, principalmente as mulheres, continuarão desvalorizados e invisíveis nas esferas privada e social. / The purpose of this study was to investigate who are the subjects who left paid jobs in the labor market in order to become household professionals, by analyzing the main reasons for such an attitude and its implications for gender, domestic and family issues. Methodologically, this study is characterized as descriptive-exploratory, with a qualitative approach, and it is carried out by using the thematic oral history method. In order to select its subjects, this study used the snowball sampling, and the research scenario was initially limited to the city of Santana do Livramento, Brazil. Data were collected between the months of August and October 2017, through semi-structured interviews, with an average duration of 1 hour each, carried out with thirteen household professionals, of whom nine were women, and four were men. Data were examined through discursive textual analysis. Classified in order of decreasing importance, the results reveal that the reasons why the interviewees abandoned permanently or temporarily the labor market were: small children, unemployment, elderly and/or ill relative, husband, job hassle, city changing, the feeling of homesickness, doubled working hours and the high cost of living in the capital. These reasons differ among the interviewees by age, by social and marital situations, by the economic context, by levels of education and by the working relationships. By disaggregating the main reasons as imposition/choice and by gender, the following information were observed: women (imposition: unemployment, husband; choice: maternity, small children), men (imposition: unemployment; choice: city change). These results reveal that the men and women interviewed left the labor market because of completely different reasons – only having unemployment as a common feature. It was found that the men and the women interviewed execute the same household chores, however, in the domestic and familiar spheres, them (the women) face more difficulties in sharing these chores with their husbands and/or with their male children. Household chores consume a great deal energy and a great part of the time of the interviewees – being greater for the women (4.6 hours a day, 32.2 hours a week) than for the men (3.6 hours a day, 25.2 hours a week) and are characterized by fragmentation, multiplicity and simultaneity. Beyond the gender, color, level of education, the family monthly income, the family type of arrangement, the age and the number of children and the presence of household appliances consist in variables that directly affect the distribution of time dedicated to do the household chores in the private sphere, revealing gender inequalities. Domestic work is perceived, by the interviewees, especially the women, as an unpaid, invisible and devalued activity of the private sphere, both by their families and by society. The reasons for this situation are deeply related to the role played by the woman, which is based on a patriarchal society and on the notion of work elaborated by the capitalist system. It is important, therefore, to think about ways of valuing the unpaid household chores in the Brazilian society, one of which is the accounting of domestic chores in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) through the construction of satellite accounts. As long as official national research continues to adopt a capitalist vision of work, the domestic work, and whoever does it, especially women, will remain devalued and invisible in the private and in the social spheres.

Šiuo metu viena iš aktualiausių temų yra aukštojo mokslo ir studijų reforma, mokamos ir nemokamos studijos. Siekiama, kad aukštasis mokslas taptų kiekvienam prieinamas. Ši tema buvo pasirinkta, nes aukštasis mokslas yra aktualus visiems, ekonomikai, visuomenei svarbu, kad kuo daugiau žmonių įgytų aukštesnį išsilavinimą, daugelis asmenų jo siekia. Kuo aukštesnis išsilavinimas, tuo didesnė nauda žmogui, nes tas, kuris išsimokslinęs, turi daugiau galimybių įsidarbinti ir gauti didesnes pajamas. Todėl normalu, kad kuo daugiau žmonių siekia aukštojo išsilavinimo. Aukštojo mokslo reforma yra siekiama padaryti mokslą kokybiškesnį, prieinamesnį Lietuvos jaunimui, atviresnį visai visuomenei, garantuoti socialinę paramą studentams, pakankamą studijų finansavimą. Aukštojo mokslo reforma būtina, nes dabartinė mokslo ir studijų sistema turi daug trūkumų. Manoma, kad pakeitus aukštojo mokslo finansavimo būdus, bus išspręsta daug aukštojo mokslo sektoriaus problemų. Dėl mokesčių už aukštąjį mokslą iškyla daug diskusijų: kas turi mokėti už studijas – studentas ar valstybė. Juk abiem pusėms svarbu, kad kuo daugiau žmonių įgytų aukštąjį išsilavinimą, tačiau valstybei nepakanka lėšų sumokėti už kiekvieno studento studijas, o studentas yra priverstas dirbti ir imti paskolą. darbo tikslas – ištirti Lietuvos aukštojo mokslo finansavimo reformos pokyčius. Iškeltam tikslui pasiekti nustatyti tokie uždaviniai: 1. Išnagrinėti Lietuvos aukštojo mokslo finansavimo pokyčius. 2. Sugretinti aukštojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Currently, one of the most important topics of higher education reform, paid and unpaid study. The aim is to make higher education accessible to everyone. This theme was chosen because higher education is relevant to everyone, the economy and society it is important that more people acquire higher education, many people seek it. The higher the education, the greater the benefits for humans, because the one who educated, have more job opportunities and higher income. It is therefore normal that the more people seek higher education. Higher education reform is to make higher quality education, accessible to young people in Lithuania, a more open society as a whole, to ensure social support for students, adequate funding for education. Higher education reform is necessary because the current education system has many flaws. It is believed that changing the ways of financing higher education will solve many problems in the higher education sector. The fees for higher education there is much debate: who should pay for their studies - a student or the state. For both sides it is important that more people acquire higher education, but the state is not enough money to pay for the education of each student and the student is forced to work and take out a loan. The aim - to investigate the Lithuanian higher education funding reform changes. To achieve the aim set out the following tasks: First Examine the Lithuanian higher education funding changes. Second Juxtaposition of higher... [to full text]

Submitted by Gabriela Freire Luna (gfreireluna@gmail.com) on 2018-07-23T17:45:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Final - Gabriela Luna.pdf: 1986823 bytes, checksum: bb9c0daae8b67cf2401517cd26e32c5a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by ÁUREA CORRÊA DA FONSECA CORRÊA DA FONSECA (aurea.fonseca@fgv.br) on 2018-07-24T21:06:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Final - Gabriela Luna.pdf: 1986823 bytes, checksum: bb9c0daae8b67cf2401517cd26e32c5a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-27T18:20:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trabalho Final - Gabriela Luna.pdf: 1986823 bytes, checksum: bb9c0daae8b67cf2401517cd26e32c5a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-06-29 / Objetivo- Este estudo pretende investigar quais são as potenciais implicações do volume crescente de Restos a Pagar no ciclo orçamentário da organização, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Metodologia- A pesquisa consiste em um estudo de caso e os dados foram coletados do Sistema Integrado de Administração Financeira do Governo Federal (SIAFI), através do Tesouro Gerencial. Adicionalmente foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográfica, documental e de campo, acerca do tema. Resultados- Os resultados apontam que a existência de um volume significativo de Restos a Pagar compromete negativamente os dois hemisférios da dinâmica orçamentária da organização, as fases de elaboração/aprovação e também as fases de execução / controle do orçamento, ainda que seus efeitos não sejam tão sensíveis aos gestores da instituição. Limitações- A principal limitação deste estudo é que a pesquisa de campo se restringiu a um número limitado de unidades que integram a Fiocruz, ainda que criteriosamente selecionadas. Contribuições práticas- A partir desses resultados é possível que os gestores tenham uma melhor percepção dos danos que os Restos a Pagar podem provocar no processo orçamentário da instituição, e provocá-los no sentido de mitigar seus efeitos e coibir seu crescimento. Contribuições sociais- Provocar a instituição para que os compromissos assumidos com a sociedade, através de suas programações orçamentárias refletidas no orçamento aprovado para um dado exercício fiscal, sejam de fato efetivados. Originalidade- Possivelmente é o primeiro estudo que avalia os efeitos dos Restos a Pagar no processo orçamentário de uma organização pública. / Purpose- This work aims to investigate the potential implications of the increasing volume of expenditures unpaid in the organization's budget cycle, Oswaldo Cruz Foudation. Design/Methodology- The research consists of a case study and the data were collected from the Integrated System of Financial Administration of the Federal Government (SIAFI), through the Management Treasury. In addition, bibliographical, documentary review and field research were carried out on the subject. Findings- The results indicate the existence of a significant volume of expenditures unpaid that hinders the two poles of the organization's budget dynamics: the elaboration/approval phase and also the execution/control phase, although their effects are not so noticeable to the institution's managers. Research limitations- The main limitation of this study is the field research was restricted to a limited number of units that integrate Fiocruz, although they are carefully selected. Practical implications- From these results it is possible that managers have a better perception of the damages that can be caused by expenditures unpaid, mainly the organization's budget cycle, and restrain their growth. Social implications- To provoke the institution so that the commitments assumed with the society, through its budgetary schedules approved for a given fiscal year, are actually accomplished. Originality- Possibly it is the first study that evaluates the effects of the expenditures unpaid in the budgetary process of a public organization.