Demographic and epidemiological change has resulted globally in changes in population and individual health, which, in turn, have resulted in changing care needs. Demographic change in South Africa, mainly through a confluence of declining fertility rates and pre-AIDS increases in life expectancy, has produced an ageing population that is expected to continue ageing for at least the next 10 to 15 years. Currently, South Africa’s older population (60 years+) has a much higher annual average percent growth rate than the total population. Having more older persons than ever before implies increased prevalence of frailty, chronic disease and disability through a tendency of declining physical, mental and cognitive functional capacities—hence meaning a larger demand for care. The changing age structure of a population is commonly associated with changes in health, disease and cause of death patterns. Recent research indicates an intensive, quadruple burden of disease, with the major addition of HIV/AIDS to persistent pre-transitional conditions, non-communicable conditions, and high rates of injuries—implying an extensive and diverse need for care. While demographic and epidemiological change have led to an increased demand for care, health system change, shortages in formal public health care delivery, and the spiralling costs of private care have led to decreased availability of formal care. Care-requiring persons therefore may need to rely increasingly on ‘informal care’, defined here as ‘care provided at home to another person who, because of frailty disability or ill-health, cannot manage on his/her own’. Research on informal care in developed nations is well-established and extensive, but has received very little attention in South Africa where it is not clear how many and who it is that are informal carers. The thesis study has hence been conducted to contribute to the limited research in the field of informal care, aiming to establish the national extent of informal care, and to present a demographic and socio-economic profile of informal carers. A multi-stage stratified area cluster probability sample of 2704 persons was drawn from free-living adults in a nationally-representative household survey in 2000. Field data were collected during 2611 individual face-to-face interviews. Basic univariate and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Of the adult population, 27% were found to be informal carers. Significant prevalence differences were found regarding sex, population group, geographic residence, education, employment status, and income. Adjusting for selected demographic characteristics, the significance status and levels of some relationships changed. It is concluded that informal caregiving is widespread in South Africa. While demographic and epidemiological evidence suggest that the reliance on informal carers is expected to increase, many informal carers are struggling to shoulder the physical, mental and financial burden. A national strategy to focus on informal carers is recommended, to raise awareness about their essential role and value in the health care system; to recognize their contributions to population and individual health; to comprehensively support them; and to assess their needs and concerns through ongoing research. / Dissertation (MA (Demography))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Sociology / unrestricted

MGS / Institute for Gender and Youth Studies / One of the most pressing issues contributing to the persistence of gender inequality is the gendered division of domestic labour. Women still carry out more domestic labour than men. Housework is shared quite unequally among most married couples. Work performed directly in the service of families including housework and childcare is often unacknowledged all over the world because of cultural assumptions that a wife or mother should work in the privacy of the home. This study adds extra depth to the doing gender approach by testing whether or not couple negotiate specific conjugal and parent roles in terms of the division of household labour. This study therefore seeks to discuss numerous variables that impact the division of household labour between men and women. This study suggests that patriarchal power structures seem to take a powerful and effective impact on the South African marriage institution, especially in the black communities. The study was therefore conducted in Schoemansdal village situated in Nkomazi region, Mpumalanga Province. To explore issues behind gender division of labour within households. The study embarked on a qualitative research design to collect and analyze the data. Samples of married men and married women were selected in this study. The findings of the study are as follows: Women do a disproportionate share of the housework, even when the women work and the men don‟t, and even when the women want to share the housework more equally. When men aren‟t working, they don‟t see domestic labour as a means of contributing. In fact, they double down and do less of it, since it challenges their masculinity. But when men earn more, women who are almost all working too, feel obliged to contribute in some way to maintaining the household, generally by cooking and cleaning. / NRF

Les nouvelles normes d'organisation du travail fondées sur un modèle de la flexibilisation du temps de travail ont eu des effets considérables sur les travailleurs-euses. La recherche toujours plus grande de productivité et de rentabilité a imposé de fortes pressions sur les individus qui ont adapté progressivement leurs comportements au travail. À cet effet, l'augmentation de la disponibilité temporelle imposée aux salariés-es ne serait pas toujours reconnue par les organisations. La distinction entre le temps du travail et le temps du repos est devenue plus floue, moins nette que par le passé. Par ailleurs, la disponibilité temporelle jouerait le rôle de compétence non-reconnue par laquelle l'on n'hésite pas à mesurer la motivation et l'implication des salariés-es, mais sans pour autant que cela ne transparaisse dans les classifications d'emplois ou les salaires. Le travail du care y serait d'autant plus sensible alors que ses compétences ont été historiquement invisibles. Dans un premier temps, cette recherche souhaite mettre en lumière certaines manifestations de l'invisibilité du travail des infirmières dans le secteur de la santé et des services sociaux. Pour ce faire, elle s'intéresse à la présence d'un travail effectué gratuitement par les professionnelles des soins. Elle s'intéresse également à la présence d'une obligation de disponibilité implicite engageant les infirmières à dépasser leur temps de travail formel. Dans un deuxième temps, cette recherche cherche à élucider le rôle de l'identité professionnelle des infirmières sur l'accomplissement d'un travail invisible. Les données empiriques obtenues à la suite de dix entrevues semi-dirigées effectuées auprès d'infirmières (détentrices d’un diplôme d’études collégiales en soins infirmiers) et d'infirmières cliniciennes (détentrices d’un baccalauréat universitaire en sciences infirmières) travaillant dans le réseau public québécois ont permis d'illustrer plusieurs manifestations d'un travail gratuit et d'une obligation de disponibilité implicite. De plus, les données montrent que d'une manière générale l'identité professionnelle est effectivement liée aux débordements de travail des infirmières. Toutefois, son influence est encouragée par les défaillances organisationnelles affectant la qualité des soins de santé. / New organizational norms based on a model of flexibilisation of working hours have had a major impact on workers in recent years. An increasing focus on productivity and profitability can impose strong pressures on employees who are progressively changing their behaviour at work. Indeed, the increase of temporal availability imposed on workers is not always acknowledged by the employers. The distinction between work time and rest time has become more blurred and less clear than in the past. Moreover, temporal availability has become an expected but unrecognized behaviour used to measure motivation at work and employee engagement without any impact on employee classification or wages. The care sector is likely even more prone to this lack of recognition as its definitive core have historically been invisible. Firstly, this research aims to shed light on manifestations of invisible work performed by nurses for the health and social services sector in Quebec. The unpaid work completed by the care professionals and the mandatory availability required of nurses to exceed their period of working time will be reviewed. Secondly, this research is seets to explain the role of professional identity in the performance of invisible work. The empirical data collected through ten interviews with nurses and clinical nurses working in the public sector in Quebec illustrated many manifestations of unpaid work and an implicit obligation of availability. Also, the data show that nurses' professional identity is actually linked to the supplemental work completed. However, its influence was emphasized by organisational failures affecting the quality of health services.

Att få en betald anställning inom tv-produktion kan vara svårt, även om du har en utbildning inom området. Det kan även vara problematiskt för de som anställer att finna personer med den kompetens, erfarenhet eller arbetsmoral som krävs. Därför är det vanligt med praktikarbete som en första väg in i yrkeslivet. Majoriteten av tidigare studier är gjorda utifrån praktikantens position och synvinkel, ofta ur ett kritiskt perspektiv, vilket öppnar upp för argumentation kring varför föreliggande studie behövs. Syftet med föreliggande studie är därför att bidra med kunskap och ökad förståelse kring praktikarbete inom den svenska tv-branschen utifrån två perspektiv; praktikanternas och arbetsgivarnas. Detta för att öppna upp för diskussion och öka utvecklingsmöjligheterna för tryggare anställningsformer. Kvalitativ metod har tillämpats och empirin har samlats in genom åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med praktikanter och arbetsgivare i tv-produktioner i Stockholm. För att få en tydligare bild över hur fenomenet praktikarbete inom tv-produktion arbete uppfattas av vardera urvalsgrupp, hur praktikarbete kan utveckla faktorer för betald anställning, samt för att definiera eventuella utvecklingsmöjligheter för tryggare anställningsformer har resultatet analyserats genom SWOT-modellen. Resultatet visar på att utbildning nästan inte spelar någon roll alls när det kommer till att få en betald anställning i tv-branschen idag. För att få en betald anställning är det istället kontakter, yrkeserfarenhet och personkemi som värderas högst, vilket i sin tur kan vara svårt att få om man inte tidigare har haft praktik inom tv-produktion. Däremot är utbildning en av de högsta prioriteringarna när det kommer till att få en praktikplats, vilket i sin tur ofta leder till att dessa tre krav eller prioriteringar utvecklas. / It can be difficult to get a paid employment in television production, even if you have an education in the field. It can also be problematic for those who hire people with the skills, experience or work ethic that are required. Therefore, it is common to work as an unpaid runner or intern as a first step into working life. The majority of previous studies are based on the point of view of the trainee, often from a critical perspective, which opens up for argumentation about why the present study is needed. The purpose of the present study is therefore to contribute knowledge and increased understanding of unpaid labor in the Swedish television industry from two different perspectives; interns and employers. This to open up for discussion and increase the development opportunities for safer forms of employment. Qualitative method has been used and the result has been collected through eight semi structured interviews with interns and employers in television production in Stockholm. In order to get a wider perspective of how the phenomenon of unpaid work and internships is perceived by each selection group, the result has been analyzed by using the SWOT-model. The result shows that education almost does not matter at all when it comes to getting a paid employment in the television industry today. In order to get a paid employment, contacts, professional experience and personal chemistry are highly valued, which in turn can be difficult without having had an internship. On the other hand, education is one of the top priorities when it comes to getting an internship, which in turn often leads to the development of these three requirements or priorities.

[pt] A tese busca compreender a estratificação da organização social e política dos cuidados no Brasil a partir da intersecção de raça, gênero e classe na sua provisão, distribuição e usufruto/acesso, com foco na centralidade de mulheres cis negras na provisão do trabalho de cuidado e doméstico não remunerado. E reflete sobre a racialização, familiarização, feminização e mercantilização do cuidado. Pensar o cuidado pelo viés interseccional e como um trabalho constitutivo da sustentabilidade humana possibilita enxergar disparidades complexas que dinamizam esta organização. Nesse percurso, parte-se do campo das ciências sociais, econômicas e do direito, a fim de analisar o cuidado no centro da agenda pública e acadêmica, o concebendo como uma encruzilhada. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de natureza exploratória do tipo descritiva, com abordagem qualiquantitativa a partir da realização de testes de hipótese articulado à execução de entrevistas semiestruturadas com treze mulheres cis negras anônimas, na faixa etária de 30 a 65 anos, residentes no município do Rio de Janeiro e Região Metropolitana. A triangulação de métodos tem a finalidade de analisar como a provisão, distribuição, usufruto/acesso fortalece as assimetrias de raça, gênero e classe, em um sistema interligado de opressão que produz as desigualdades do cuidado. A pesquisa estrutura seu quadro teórico na epistemologia negra feminista em diálogo com autoras do campo de produção sobre cuidados, privilegiando a interlocução com autoras ladino-amefricanas e afirma a necessidade de enegrecer o cuidado. Os resultados atestam uma lacuna racial nas pesquisas de cuidado e que mulheres negras sustentam o funcionamento do sistema de cuidados no Brasil, sendo protagonistas em sua provisão ao mesmo tempo em que se encontram à margem do usufruto, incidindo em sua permanência na base da pirâmide social. Tais resultados fundamentam a conclusão de que a pauta do cuidado como direito na agenda pública deve considerar prioritariamente a experiência e a condição de mulheres negras, a fim de viabilizar uma reparação histórica, fortalecendo ciclos geracionais de libertação e colaborando para a superação de desigualdades sociais. / [en] The thesis seeks to understand the stratification of the social and political organization of care in Brazil from the intersection of race, gender and class in its provision, distribution and usufruct/access, focusing on the centrality of cis black women in the provision of care work and unpaid household work. It reflects on the racialization, familiarization, feminization and commodification of care. Pondering about care from an intersectional angle and as a constitutive work of human sustainability makes it possible to see the complex disparities that make this organization dynamic. Accordingly, we depart from the field of social, economic and legal sciences, in order to analyze care at the center of the public and academic agenda, conceiving it as a crossroads. This is an exploratory research of the descriptive type, with a quantitative and qualitative approach based on the performance of hypothesis tests articulated with the execution of semi-structured interviews with 13 anonymous black cis women, aged between 30 and 65 years, residing in the city of Rio de Janeiro and Metropolitan Region. The triangulation of methods aims to analyze how the provision, distribution, usufruct/access strengthen imbalances of race, gender and class, in an interconnected system of oppression that produces inequalities in care. The research structures its theoretical framework in black feminist epistemology in dialogue with authors from the field of production on care, privileging the interlocution with Ladino-Amefrican authors and affirms the need to blacken care. The results attest to a racial gap in care research and that black women support the functioning of the care system in Brazil, being protagonists in its provision while at the same time being on the margins of attainment, focusing on their permanence at the base of the social pyramid. Such results support the conclusion that the agenda of care as a right on the public agenda should consider the experience and condition of black women as a priority, in order to enable historical reparation, strengthening generational cycles of liberation and collaborating to overcome social inequalities.

This essay examines the impact of employees' working hours on genderequality. There is a problem linked to part-time and full-time work alongwith gender equality, which leads to that significantly more women workspart-time than men do. The reason to this is partially because the welfareindustry is female-dominated and infused by part-time employment, andbecause of the uneven distribution of roles between the sexes. A new rule ofpresumption has been formulated in the Employment Protection Act(1982:80) which stipulates that all employment contracts apply for full-timework, unless agreed otherwise. The purpose of this essay is to investigate theprovision of full-time as the norm and whether an extension of workinghours will promote equality in the labor market. A shortening of workinghours is presented as another possible solution to the gender equalityproblem and after that, both possibilities get analyzed with their pros andcons and their relevant legislation. To investigate whether full-time work as a norm will improve genderequality, research results from previous full-time projects are compared. Insummary, the results of this essay show that full-time work as a norm islikely to be a successful equality tool, but previous research has shown thatsupplementary measures will then be required. Among other things, it will berequired that the government works to remove unfavorable working hoursand that the welfare professions become more sought after among men.Another important measure is to work more actively to remove the unevengender distribution around unpaid domestic and care work. This is importantbecause it is something that leads to many women not getting their lifepuzzle together and therefore choosing to work part-time instead of full-timein order to have more time to spare

For decades, the man has been seen as the ideal of the role of the main breadwinner and the woman as the nurturing carer. As women become more educated, this leads to more females becoming breadwinners. Thus, being the main breadwinner as a woman is still a norm-breaking role today, but one that is likely to become increasingly common in the future. The aim of the study is thus to gain an understanding of the division of unpaid labour as these women may be considered norm-breakers. Furthermore, we want to reach an understanding of how/ if these women experience conflict when it comes to the role of primary breadwinner and her role as a mother. This qualitative study is based on interviews with female breadwinners who work full-time and are mothers. The theoretical framework of the study consists of Berger and Luckmann's theory of socialization, West and Zimmerman's theory of Doing Gender, the Doing Family theory by David Morgan, and the work-family conflict by Greenhaus and Beutell. The results of the study suggest that the women experience a conflict between their roles as mothers as well as working women. It also shows that women have different perceptions of equality in the home and the distribution of unpaid work. / Mannen har länge ansetts vara idealet för rollen som den huvudsakliga familjeförsörjaren och kvinnan som den omhändertagande omsorgstagaren. I takt med att kvinnor utbildar sig i allt högre utsträckning leder det till att allt fler kvinnor blir familjeförsörjare. Att vara den huvudsakliga familjeförsörjaren som kvinna är således än idag en normbrytande roll men som förmodligen kommer att bli allt mer vanligt förekommande i framtiden. Syftet med studien är således att nå en förståelse för hur uppdelningen av det obetalda arbetet ser ut då dessa kvinnor kan anses vara normbrytande. Vi söker dessutom att nå en förståelse för hur/om dessa kvinnor upplever en konflikt när det kommer till rollen som huvudsaklig familjeförsörjare och hennes roll som mamma. Denna kvalitativa studie baserar sitt resultat utifrån intervjuer med kvinnliga familjeförsörjare som är heltidsarbetande och mammor. Studiens teoretiska ramverk består Berger och Luckmanns teori om socialisation, West och Zimmermans teori Doing Gender, teorin Doing Family av David Morgan samt Work- family conflict av Greenhaus och Beutell. Studiens resultat tyder på att kvinnorna upplever en konflikt mellan sin roll som mamma såväl som huvudsaklig familjeförsörjare. Det framkommer även att upplevelsen av uppdelningen av hushållsarbetet anses vara ojämnt fördelat i olika mån.

No description available.

The purpose of the study is to investigate the reasons why young part-time employees work unpaid overtime in the trade industry. The phenomenon of working overtime without financial compensation can be understood as part of the informalization of working life. In order to understand the reasons that young store employees work unpaid overtime, the results are analyzed based on the perspective of power by Foucault (1980) and with the help of the human capital theory by Becker (1993). The questions that deal with the reasons why young part-time employees work unpaid overtime are based on these two theories, to describe how the results can be understood based on the theoretical frameworks. Previous research has made it clear that part-time employees are a vulnerable group and that unpaid overtime is a widespread problem. Research has also highlighted that power and human capital can be underlying causes of the problem. Based on a qualitative method, the material has been collected using eight semi-structured interviews, the majority of which were conducted physically. To analyze the results of the collected material, a thematic analysis has been used where five different themes have been identified. The result shows that young part-time employees experience unpaid overtime to a large extent and this can be explained based on the fact that there are underlying power structures and a strong desire to invest in the human capital. / Studiens syfte är att undersöka orsakerna till att unga deltidsanställda arbetar obetald övertid inom handelsbranschen. Fenomenet att arbeta övertid utan ekonomisk ersättning kan förstås som en del av den pågående informalisering av arbetslivet. För att förstå orsakerna till att unga butiksanställda arbetar obetald övertid analyseras resultatet utifrån maktperspektiv av Foucault (1980) samt med hjälp av humankapitalteorin av Becker (1993). Frågeställningarna som handlar om orsakerna till att unga deltidsanställda arbetar obetald övertid utgår från de två teorierna, för att beskriva hur resultatet kan förstås utifrån de teoretiska ramverken. Tidigare forskning har tydliggjort att deltidsanställda är en utsatt grupp och att obetald övertid är ett omfattande problem. Forskning har också belyst att makt och humankapital kan vara bakomliggande orsaker till problemet. Med utgångspunkt i kvalitativ metod har materialet samlats in med hjälp av åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer där majoriteten utförts fysiskt. För att analysera resultatet av det insamlade materialet har en tematisk analys använts där fem olika teman identifierats. Resultatet visar att unga deltidsanställda upplever obetald övertid i stor utsträckning och det kan förklaras utifrån att det finns bakomliggande maktstrukturer och en stark vilja att investera i sitt humankapital.

Fördelningen av det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet har länge varit ett omtalat ämne och en orsak till konflikter i förhållandet. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur heterosexuella par med hemmavarande barn hanterar och upplever fördelningen av det obetalda hem- och omsorgsarbetet samt möjliga framgångsrika strategier paren kan tänkas använda för att uppnå en jämlik fördelning. 10 par intervjuades genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. För att besvara första frågeställningen användes materialet för att få fram den upplevda jämlikheten samt att sammanställa den upplevda arbetsfördelningen. För den andra frågeställningen tematiserades materialet där teman för strategier visade sig. Resultatet visade att kvinnor ägnar mer tid åt hushållsarbete än männen, men när det kommer till omsorgen blir fördelningen mer jämlik. Parens upplevelse av jämlikhet varierade, trots ojämlikhet inom vissa par så har ändå majoriteten en upplevelse av att det jämnar ut sig i slutändan. Varierande strategier användes men den som paren angav oftast var kommunikation.