This study examines students’ thoughts on the purpose of reading fiction in the Swedish upper-secondary school within the subject Swedish. This is then compared to the curriculum for the part of the subject concerning literature. Interviews were conducted with groups of students at one Swedish school with students enrolled at various theoretical programs. The study found that the students mostly focused on abilities not specifically tied to fiction, but rather general abilities concerning reading and language such as vocabulary and speed of reading in the general sense. The students were also found to have some idea of the existence of a literary canon, even though such a canon does not exist within the curriculum. / Den här uppsatsen undersöker elevers uppfattningar om syftet med att läsa skönlitteratur i ämnet Svenska på gymnasieskolan. Detta jämförs sedan med läroplanen GY11:s motivering till litteraturundervisningen inom Svenskämnet. Gruppintervjuer utfördes med elever från en skola i Sverige som läste olika studieförberedande gymnasieprogram. Studien fann att eleverna mest verkade lägga fokus på färdigheter som inte är direkt kopplade till läsning av skönlitteratur utan mer kring färdigheter som är rent generella kring läsning och språket så som ordförråd och läshastighet i största allmänhet. Eleverna verkade ha någon form av uppfattning om existensen av en litteraturkanon, även om en sådan inte existerar i läroplanen.

Denna studie innefattar en enkätundersökning på en gymnasieskola i Västra Götaland kring elevers attityder till bruket av ljudböcker, vilket kopplas samman med motivation för läsning av skönlitteratur. Enkätundersökningen genomfördes i skolan, tillsammans med närvarande lärare och var anonym. Samtliga respondenter blev således informerade om anonymiteten. Studien lyfter vad en ljudbok är, vad motivation som begrepp innebär i sammanhanget, samt hur de tillfrågade elevernas attityder till ljudbokens plats i skolan är. I samband med detta lyfts även högläsningens tradition i skolan då lyssnandet till uppläst text är en tradition i den svenska skolan som sträcker sig långt tillbaka. Resultatet av enkäten uppvisar en generellt positiv inställning till bruket av ljudböcker, oavsett relativt låga erfarenheter av det sedan tidigare. Då majoriteten av respondenter indikerar att de vill öka intaget av ljudböcker i skolan, tillsammans med fysiska böcker indikerar det en möjlighet till införande av ljudböcker som metod för att nå motivation för läsning av skönlitteratur skolan. / This study reveals attitudes among pupils in upper secondary school about the usage of audiobooks and its connection with motivation about reading fiction. The data material is gathered through poll surveys that takes place in an upper secondary school in the Västra Götaland county. The poll survey participants were informed about that the survey was anonymous and were accompanied by a teacher while doing it. In the study the concept of motivation, and audiobooks are discussed. Further more the study discusses the Swedish tradition of listening to fiction read aloud. This has to do with the usage of audiobooks as it’s an extension of that, since it has to do with a recorded reading of a book. The result reveals patterns pointing out positive attitudes among the pupils. This is due to the majority of answers that points to a desire of increased usage of audiobooks in school. The connection of audio books and motivation is therefore revealed in the results as the majority of pupils answer that they wish for an increased usage of audiobooks together with physical books. This could be interpreted as that the usage of audiobooks could work as an incentive for pupils to read fiction.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Com a presente tese, buscou-se investigar as desigualdades educacionais que permeiam o ensino médio, principal gargalo do sistema educacional brasileiro. Inicialmente, questionou-se o papel central da educação como legitimadora das desigualdades sociais nas sociedades democráticas. Apresentaram-se os estudos pioneiros da Sociologia da Educação que procuraram explicar as desigualdades educacionais para, então, abordar as hipóteses teóricas elaboradas sobre as tendências da desigualdade de oportunidades educacionais (DOE) ao longo do tempo. Em seguida, testaram-se empiricamente essas hipóteses a partir de modelos de regressão logística sequenciais que permitiram estimar a evolução do efeito das características da família de origem nas chances condicionais de entrada e conclusão do ensino médio durante um período de mais de vinte anos. Observou-se de forma inédita, de 1986 a 2009, que a DOE relativa ao ingresso e à conclusão desse nível de ensino se manteve significativa e relativamente constante, mesmo no período mais recente no qual as taxas de transição no ensino médio vivenciaram seu maior crescimento. Esses resultados corroboram aqueles previstos pela hipótese da Desigualdade Maximamente Mantida (MMI) e aqueles encontrados por estudos anteriores. Incluiu-se também uma análise das mudanças qualitativas da DOE, evidenciando-se um significativo crescimento, entre o ano de 1982 e a década de 2000, no impacto das variáveis que medem o capital cultural e econômico dos estudantes nas chances destes frequentarem a rede de ensino médio particular. Logo, a estratificação entre a rede pública e particular no ensino médio está cada vez mais marcada pela desigualdade na seleção dos seus respectivos alunos, reforçando a dualidade de desempenho que caracteriza essas duas redes de ensino, conforme previsto pela hipótese da Desigualdade Efetivamente Mantida (EMI). Além dessas análises da evolução quantitativa e qualitativa da DOE no ensino médio, investigou-se o quadro geral de desigualdades que incidem sobre o ensino médio técnico à luz das experiências internacionais, tendo em vista que essa é uma modalidade ainda incipiente no Brasil, mas cuja rede está em rápida expansão. Diferentemente do que ocorre na maioria dos países, os jovens de origem menos privilegiada não são os maiores beneficiários dessa modalidade. Apesar de a mesma ser propagada como principal solução para a falta de qualificação juvenil, a ampliação desse tipo de ensino deve ser avaliada com cautela, tendo em vista o público que está sendo efetivamente atingido e o potencial impacto negativo em termos de estratificação educacional observado nos países que seguiram esse caminho. / With this thesis, we sought to investigate the educational inequalities in the upper secondary education, the main bottleneck of the Brazilian educational system. Initially, the central role of education as a way of legitimating social inequalities in democratic societies was discussed. Classic studies of Sociology of Education that tried to explain those educational inequalities were presented, and the theoretical assumptions about trends in inequality of educational opportunities (IEO) over time were addressed. Subsequently, those hypotheses were empirically tested using sequential logit regression models, which allowed the estimation of the evolution of the social background effects on educational transition related to high school during a period of more than twenty years. It was observed, in an unprecedented way, from 1986 thru 2009, that the IEO related to entrance and completion of this educational level remained significant and relatively constant, even in the most recent period, when the transition rates to high school experienced its greatest growth. Those results corroborate the ones predicted by the hypothesis of Maximally Maintained Inequality (MMI) and those found by previous studies. An analysis of the qualitative changes of the IEO was also included, demonstrating significant increase, between 1982 and the 2000s, of the effect of variables that measure the economic and cultural capital of high school students on their chances of enrollment in private high schools (vs. public ones). Hence, the stratification between the public and private high schools is increasingly marked by the inequality in the selection of their respective students, reinforcing the performance duality that characterizes those two school systems, as predicted by the hypothesis of Effectively Maintained Inequality (EMI). In addition to those quantitative and qualitative IEO analyses, the general framework of inequalities concerning the vocational high school was investigated in light of international experiences, taking into account that such type of education is still incipient in Brazil, but expanding rapidly. Unlike what happens in most countries, young people from less privileged background are not the greatest beneficiaries of that educational scheme. Despite being propagated as the main solution to the lack of youth qualification, the expansion of that sort of education should be evaluated with caution, considering the public effectively reached and the potential negative impact in terms of educational stratification observed in countries that followed that path.

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Det här konsumtionsarbetet sammanfattar olika matematiksvårigheter som kan finnas hos elever och metoder för hur svårigheterna kan upptäckas av lärare, samt undervisningsstrategier att använda sig av för lärare i mötet med dessa elever i gymnasieskolan. Strategierna kan användas i ett inkluderande klassrum och gynnar därmed inte bara elever i matematiksvårigheter utan även elever utanför. Syftet med arbetet är att erbjuda verksamma lärare en sammanställning av svårigheter, hur dessa kan identifieras samt kompenserande undervisningsstrategier från aktuell forskning som berör elever på gymnasienivå då författarna anser att detta är en kunskapslucka som bör fyllas. Resultatet visade på att matematiksvårigheter hos elever kan variera och att dessa kan upptäckas av läraren med hjälp av att läraren ger eleverna chansen att visa upp vad de har för kunskapsluckor i kombination med felanalys. Resultatet visade också att en omfattande mängd strategier finns att tillgå för att bemöta elever i matematiksvårigheters behov i det inkluderande klassrummet. I diskussionen diskuteras tänkbara anledningar till varför matematiksvårigheter än idag lever kvar i klassrummet trots det rika utbud av kompenserande strategier som finns. Slutsatsen är att det finns många olika typer av strategier tillgängliga för läraren att skapa förutsättningar för alla elever att nå matematisk framgång. / This literature overview summarizes different types of mathematical difficulties that may exist among students as well as methods that teachers can use in order to discover these difficulties and instructional strategies to implement while teaching these students. The strategies can be used in an including classroom, meaning that they do not only profit students experiencing mathematical difficulties, but other students as well. The purpose of the overview is to offer teachers a summary of difficulties and how these can be identified as well as compensating instructional strategies from recent research considering students at upper secondary level, as the authors consider this to be a gap in knowledge that has to be attended to. The result showed that the mathematical difficulties among students can vary and that these can be discovered by the teacher by giving the students a chance to display misconceptions combined with the usage of error analysis. The result further showed that there is a great quantity of different instructional strategies that can be used to accommodate the needs of students in mathematical difficulties in the including classroom. In the discussion section, possible reasons for why mathematical difficulties still exist in the classroom even though compensating instructional strategies are available, is discussed. The conclusion is drawn, that there are a lot of strategies available for teachers which makes it possible for them to create conditions that let all students reach mathematical success.

This study is founded on my personal interest in Swedish as a language as well as a subject in the Swedish school system. The development of pupils in terms of the Swedish language has always interested me, in particular the writing development and what motivates pupils to write texts. During my time as a teacher, I have observed several key factors that contributes to the development of pupils’ writing skills; for example, the pursuit of a grade, demands from the teacher, or the interest in a specific genre. However, there are certainly an exceeding number of factors that affects pupils’ writing development.  In addition, as a teacher I have encountered several difficulties present in pupils writing ability as well as their self-perception as writers. For example, during a writing exercise in Swedish 1, a course in upper secondary school, the pupils were learning how to paraphrase. The pupils were asked by me “What makes you into a good writer?”, with a surprised look the pupil said “Writer? I am not a writer? I am just doing the task”. Subsequently, it became clear to me that these pupils do not view themselves as writers. They might not feel that the texts are their own in which their personalities and experiences are present. Thus, I chose to conduct a writing project in the school which I work. The present study will analyse upper secondary school pupils’ self-reflections about their writing. This will be conducted by asking upper secondary school pupils at a school with a vehicular profile to read and write short stories as well as writing reading logs. The idea is that as the pupils were writing their short stories and writings their reading logs I would simultaneously collect and analyse their logs. In conclusion, the study will be based on the pupils’ reading logs. The purpose is to investigate the self-perception of pupils’ writing as they are writing and reflecting over their written production.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-03-01T11:00:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 willianskaizerdossantosmaciel.pdf: 2649929 bytes, checksum: af8249943fb504af3989f39d3052b877 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-03-03T14:34:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 willianskaizerdossantosmaciel.pdf: 2649929 bytes, checksum: af8249943fb504af3989f39d3052b877 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-03T14:34:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 willianskaizerdossantosmaciel.pdf: 2649929 bytes, checksum: af8249943fb504af3989f39d3052b877 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-14 / O presente trabalho se propõe a identificar qual o impacto que a aplicação de recursos públicos educacionais produz na qualidade de aprendizagem no Ensino Médio utilizando como parâmetro o Índice de Desenvolvimento da Educação Básica (Ideb) no período de 2005 a 2011. Objetiva-se, neste estudo de caso, verificar se a eficiência dos investimentos financeiros públicos na área educacional é preponderante na variação do Ideb para essa etapa de ensino. Para esta pesquisa, consideram-se as informações do Investimento Público em Educação e do Ideb apenas da Rede Estadual de Ensino em todas as Unidades da Federação para a análise dos dados. Para a produção deste texto, são realizadas consultas a várias bases de dados, entre elas do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais (Inep) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamento da Educação Pública (Siope), além das literaturas referentes ao tema. Os dados e informações coletados e produzidos são tratados por meio de análise quantitativa utilizando ferramentas estatísticas e matemáticas. Esta pesquisa contribui como um instrumento para auxiliar na elaboração, implantação, monitoramento e avaliação das políticas públicas educacionais no que se refere à qualidade de ensino e aos investimentos em educação. / This dissertation aims to identify what the impact on upper secondary quality learning is produced by the public resources application to education, using as a parameter the Basic Education Development Index (Ideb in Portuguese) in the period from 2005 to 2011. This case study aims to examine if the efficiency of public investments in education is predominant in the Ideb variation for this education level. This research considers for the data analysis the Public Investment in Education data and the Ideb for the State Schools in all Federation Units in Brazil. In this study the databases analysed are from the National Institute of Educational Studies and Researches (Inep) and the Education Public Budget Information System (Siope in Portuguese). Also the literature review about the topic is presented in this research. Using statistical and mathematical tools the data and the information collected and produced in this study are examined on quantitative analysis. This research contributes as a tool for educational public policies formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation as regarding to quality learning and education investments.

Gamification is a new but upcoming feature in classrooms that has grown with the digitalisation in Swedish homes and schools. The aim of this literature review is to research how gamification can influence upper secondary students’ language proficiency in English as a foreign language. Five sources were analysed, four journals and one conference paper, and the results show that gamification could increase language proficiency if it is used in a moderate amount and that the summative assessment with instant feedback could be beneficial for students when moderating their own language development. Motivation seems to be the key word in the results and the main subject that all the authors agree can be created and beneficial to the students' language proficiency. The results also showed that gamification is a new feature that has to be researched more in order to give a valid answer to the question of whether or not gamification is appropriate to use in school.

One of the hardest challenges that learners may face during the process of acquiring a second language is learning vocabulary. Knowledge of vocabulary is an important factor when achieving the competence to communicate in a foreign language. There are multiple strategies available when it comes to learning new words, depending on factors such as the learner, the environment, and the context. Essentially, as Nation (2001) maintains, there are two ways of learning vocabulary: "incidental learning" and "direct intentional learning". Although there is a growing body of research on vocabulary learning strategies employed by students, studies in the Swedish context that take into consideration both students’ and teachers’ perspectives are scarce. Against this background, this mixed methods study examines on the one hand which strategies to learn and remember new words are preferable from the students' perspective and on the other hand it also investigates what strategies the teachers are actually using and encouraging in the English subject in a Swedish upper secondary school.    The reported preferences of the students indicate that they do not explicitly use vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs) to any great extent at all, while their teachers' view is that the students should largely be responsible enough to care for their own vocabulary acquisition. However, the students suggest one VLS to be of great advantage to themselves: to use their teacher as help rather than for example dictionaries or textbooks. This is, however, something that the teachers do not encourage in their classrooms, although previous research has shown the benefits of using source language translations in second language learning.

The Swedish curriculums point out that language is crucial to social interactions, learning and individual development as well as essential to uphold a democratic and multicultural country. However, a recent report from the Swedish National Agency for Education depicts the language introduction programs for immigrant adolescents in Sweden as a school form in great need of development (Skolverket, 2016a). This systematic literature review, which draws on sociocultural theory, contributes to the field of how to teach English to newly arrived adolescents in Sweden. The main findings, gathered from six studies from around the world, suggest several different areas for improvement concerning EFL teaching. A specific pedagogy for EFL learners is suggested as well as targeted professional development for EFL teachers. Additionally, the results point out challenges faced by EFL teachers in multilingual classrooms. Further research could investigate how EFL teachers deal with these challenges. Furthermore, further research could investigate EFL textbooks for multilingual students at upper secondary school in terms of language, culture, identity texts and difficulty level.