This thesis focused on the acute management of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) in an effort to provide information that may improve outcome. The aim was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of bivalirudin versus unfractionated heparin (UFH) in STEMI patients during primary PCI. Furthermore, to provide pharmacodynamic data of novel ways of ticagrelor administration compared to standard tivcagrelor. Additionally, to identify subgroups of patients, such as women who may derive greater benefit from specific antithrombotic strategies due to their risk/benefit profile. Finally, to evaluate current formulas for estimation of renal function in the acute phase of STEMI. In Paper I, all STEMI patients in Sweden between 2008 and 2014, treated with primary PCI and UFH or bivalirudin were included in our analysis. Of the total population of 23 800 patients, 8 783 (36.9%) were included in the UFH group and 15 017 (63.1%) in the bivalirudin group. Concomitant GPI administration was 68.5% in the UFH arm compared to 3.5% in the bivalirudin arm (p<0.01).The adjusted incidence of 30-day mortality was not significant different between the two groups (UFH vs bivalirudin, adjusted HR 0.94; 95% CI 0.82 -1.07). The adjusted risk for 1-year mortality, 30-day and 1-year stent thrombosis and re-infarction did not differ significantly between the two groups. In contrast, patients treated with UFH had a significantly higher incidence of major in-hospital bleeding (adjusted OR 1.62; 95%CI 1.30 -2.03). In Paper II pharmacodynamic data of chewed or crushed ticagrelor compared to standard ticagrelor loading dose (LD) was assessed in 99 patients with stable angina. Platelet reactivity (PR) was assessed with VerifyNow before, 20 and 60 minutes after LD. High Residual platelet reactivity (HRPR) was defined as > 208 P2Y12 reaction units (PRU). Chewed ticagrelor tablets resulted in significantly lower PRU values compared to crushed or integral tablets at 20 and 60 minutes. Crushed ticagrelor LD resulted in significantly lower PRU values compared to integral tablets at 20 minutes whereas no difference was observed at 60 minutes. At 20 minutes, no patients had HRPR with chewed ticagrelor compared to 68% with integral and 30% with crushed ticagrelor LD (p<0.01). In Paper III we presented a pre-specified gender analysis of the ATLANTIC trial including 1 862 STEMI patients that were randomly assigned to pre-hospital versus in-hospital administration of 180mg ticagrelor. Women were older and had higher TIMI risk score. Women had a 3-fold higher risk for all-cause mortality compared to men (5.7% vs 1.9%, HR 3.13, 95% CI 1.78 – 5.51). However, after adjustment for baseline characteristics, the difference was lesser and no longer significant (HR 1.98, 95% CI 0.97 – 4.04). Female gender was not an independent predictor of risk for bleeding after multivariable adjustments (BARC type 3-5 HR 1.52, 95% CI 0.74-3.09). There was no interaction between gender and efficacy or safety of randomised treatment. In Paper IV, forty patients with PCI- treated STEMI were included between November 2011 and February 2013. We validated the performance of the Cockcroft-Gault (CG), the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD-IDMS), the Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology (CKD-EPI) and the Grubb relative cystatin C (rGCystC) equations for estimation of GFR against measured GFR (mGFR) during the index hospitalisation for STEMI. MDRD-IDMS and CKD-EPI demonstrated a good performance to estimate GFR with accuracy within 30% (P30) 82.5% vs 82.5%, respectively. CKD was best classified by CKD-EPI (Kappa 0.83). CG showed the worst performance with the lowest P30. The rG-CystC equation had a marked bias of -17.8% and significantly underestimated mGFR (p=0.03). Conclusions – In STEMI patients treated with primary PCI, bivalirudin should be preferred in patient at high risk for bleeding. With crushed or chewed ticagrelor tablets a more rapid platelet inhibition may be achieved, compared with standard integral tablets. In STEMI patients, fast and potent platelet inhibition with chewed ticagrelor may reduce the risk of early stent thrombosis and patients treated with a less aggressive antithrombotic strategy, such as UFH or bivalirudin monotherapy, may derive a greater benefit. Although gender differences in adverse outcomes could mainly be explained by older age and clustering of comorbidities in women, a bleedreduction strategy in women with high risk characteristics is warranted in order to improve their outcome. Regardless the choice of antithrombotic strategy, dose adjustment of drugs cleared by kidneys based on GFR estimation is of crucial importance. MDRD and CKD-EPI should be the formulas used for estimation of GFR in STEMI patients

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados iniciais e a curva de aprendizado dos primeiros 100 casos consecutivos do tratamento cirúrgico da obstrução da junção ureteropiélica por meio da pieloplastia robótica laparoscópica. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 99 pacientes (41 homens e 58 mulheres), com idade média de 38 anos (18-81 anos), foi submetido a 100 pieloplastias robóticas laparoscópicas consecutivas (um procedimento bilateral), realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião. A determinação da curva de aprendizado foi baseada na avaliação do tempo de anastomose, tempo cirúrgico, complicações precoces e tardias e resultados a longo prazo. Os casos foram divididos em grupos de 25 procedimentos consecutivos (grupos 1, 2, 3, 4) de acordo com a data, em ordem cronológica, em que foram submetidos ao procedimento. Os pacientes foram reavaliados pelos médicos do serviço de urologia 3, 12 meses e anualmente após o procedimento através de avaliação clínica, onde relatavam melhora ou não dos sintomas, e exames de imagem (urografia excretora e/ou cintilografia renal). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à idade e índice de massa corpórea. O tempo médio para confecção da anastomose foi de 50,0, 36,8, 34,2 e 29,0 minutos para os grupos 1 a 4, respectivamente (p=0,137). O tempo cirúrgico médio foi 144,6, 119,2, 114,5 e 94,6 minutos, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p=0,015), 1 vs. 3 (p=0,002), 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001) e 2 vs. 4 (p=0,022). A internação hospitalar média foi de 7,08, 4,76, 4,88 e 4,20 dias, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p < 0,001), 1 vs. 3 (p < 0,001) e 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001). Complicações significativas (Clavien-Dindo grau > 3) ocorreram apenas no grupo 2 (2 complicações grau IIIb). Um paciente no grupo 1 necessitou de conversão cirúrgica para a via aberta devido a dificuldades técnicas na dissecção piélica. O seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 50,6 meses. Houve perda de seguimento em três pacientes do grupo 1, um do grupo 2, dois do grupo 3 e um do grupo 4. Uma melhora significativa (clínica e radiológica) foi demonstrada em 98,9% dos casos nesta série. Em um seguimento tardio (50 meses) um paciente do grupo 3 apresentou um quadro de obstrução recorrente da JUP. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que a PRL é uma alternativa efetiva para o tratamento da estenose da JUP com altas taxas de sucesso e baixo índice de complicações. Apesar da presença de uma alta taxa de sucesso já nos primeiros casos uma queda significativa no tempo de internação e tempo cirúrgico foi evidente após a realização de 25 procedimentos. Aparentemente um número de 25 casos parece ser suficiente para um aprendizado efetivo das bases deste procedimento cirúrgico e uma diminuição sustentada de seu tempo operatório / Purpose: To evaluate the results and learning curve of laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasty during the initial 100 cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 99 patients (41 men, 58 women), with a median age of 38 years (range: 18-81 years), underwent 100 consecutive laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasties (one bilateral procedure), performed by the same surgeon. Learning curve estimations were used for anastomosis, operative time, early and late complications and long-term results. Sequential analyses were performed between the cases, which were divided in groups of consecutive 25 procedures (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4). Statistical analyses comparing the groups were performed. Results: All groups were similar with respect to age and body mass index. The median anastomosis time was 50.0, 36.8, 34.2 and 29.0 minutes for groups 1 to 4, respectively (p=0.137). Median operative time was 144.6, 119.2, 114.5 and 94.6 minutes, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p=0.015), 1 and 3 (p=0.002), 1 and 4 (p < 0.001) and 2 and 4 (p=0.022). Mean hospital stay was 7.08, 4.76, 4.88 and 4.20 days, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), 1 and 3 (p < 0.001) and 1 and 4 (p < 0.001). Major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade 3 or above) were present only in group 2 (2 grade IIIb complications). One patient in the group 1 required a conversion to open surgery due to dissection difficulties during pyelic exposure. The medium follow up was 50.6 months. Three patients in group 1, one in group 2, two in group 3 and one in group 4 were lost to follow-up. A significant improvement (clinical and radiological) was present in 98.9% of patients in this series. At a late follow-up (50 months) one patient in group 3 presented a recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that success rate of LARP is high and complication rates are low. The operative time (learning curve) decreased with experience, confirming the procedure\'s complexity. Although favorable results were already present in the first few cases, a significant decrease in hospital stay and surgical time was evident after 25 cases. Apparently, 25 cases appear to be a reasonable experience in order to decrease the operative time and master the basics of the procedure

Background. Angiogenesis is essential for tumour growth. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and its isoforms were investigated in relation to the clinical course in a large number of patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Methods. RCC subtypes and behaviour were established by clinicopathological criteria and surveillance. VEGF expression was analysed in serum by enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA) and in tumour tissue by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry (IHC), and Western blot (WB). Results. Serum VEGF (S-VEGF) was increased in RCC compared to control group. S-VEGF correlated with tumour stage and grade and was associated with survival in men but not in women. S-VEGF correlated with blood platelet counts, which were inversely correlated to increasing age in women, and they were decreased in chronically medicated patients, particularly in men. In contrast to S-VEGF, platelet counts associated with survival only in patients free of medication and chronic diseases. RT-PCR showed a correlation between VEGF121/VEGF165 mRNA and between VEGF165/VEGF-R1 mRNA. There was no association between different VEGF mRNA isoforms and S-VEGF. Conventional renal cell carcinoma (CRCC) had higher VEGF165, VEGF121, and VEGF-R1 mRNA levels compared with papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC). IHC VEGF staining was strong in kidney cortex. Kidney tumour showed a considerable variation in cytoplasmatic VEGF expression, which correlated with tumour size. Although, there was no difference in VEGF expression between the RCC types, VEGF expression was associated with survival only in CRCC. WB showed a strong protein expression of both VEGF189 and VEGF165 in kidney cortex. In kidney tumour, expression of VEGF189 varied the most, VEGF165 less so, and VEGF121 was rarely detected. Both CRCC and PRCC expressed low levels of VEGF189 and VEGF165 compared with kidney cortex. Chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChRCC) expressed VEGF189 levels comparable to those from kidney cortex, while VEGF165 was lower. In PRCC and ChRCC, VEGF189 levels correlated inversely with advancing tumour stage, and in PRCC, VEGF165 levels correlated inversely with increasing tumour size. VEGF189 was an independent prognostic factor for survival in patients with PRCC. Conclusions. S-VEGF has a stronger association to progression in RCC than platelet count. CRCC showed high levels of VEGF mRNA isoforms and VEGF-R1 mRNA compared to PRCC. VEGF mRNA isoforms expression decreased with advancing stage. IHC demonstrated VEGF expression in cell cytoplasm related to tumour growth, particular in CRCC. Different VEGF isoform patterns were found in different RCC types. Protein VEGF189 expression was associated with tumour stage and was an independent prognostic factor in PRCC. Protein VEGF165 expression was generally low and had no prognostic value. The trend for decreasing levels of VEGF isoforms in advanced tumour stages may indicate that angiogenic activity is an early event in tumour growth induced by VEGF, but that during later tumour progression the role of VEGF is less clear.

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Pyelonefrit är en inflammation i njurarna och undersökningen som främst används vid utredning är dimerkaptosuccinat (DMSA)-scintigrafi. Pyelonefrit drabbar framförallt barn och risk finns för njurparenkymskador. Syftet med studien var att utreda om DMSA-scintigrafi efter pyelonefrit hos barn är berättigad. Detta granskades genom att beräkna den generella risken för cancer, specifika riskökningen för njurparenkymcancer, antal upptäckta njurparenkymskador och eventuella könsskillnader. Vetenskapliga artiklar söktes upp via sökmotorn PRIMO. Metoden var retrospektiv med kvantitativ ansats där materialet bestod av svarsutlåtanden från DMSA-scintigrafier på barn 0-2 år med frågeställning njurparenkymskador efter pyelonefrit. Urvalet bestod av 91 barn; 52 flickor och 39 pojkar varav 16 stycken exkluderades. Av de studerade 75 barnen hade sex (8 %) njurparenkymskador, med medelålder på 9,2 månader, och det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad mellan kön och njurparenkymskada (p=0,246). Medelvärdet på given aktivitet gav en effektiv medeldos på 0,69 mSv. Den generella riskökningen vid en DMSA-scintigrafi blev 0,01-0,014 och 0,00019 för njurparenkymcancer. Trots att relativt få barn drabbas av njurparenkymskador, finns ändå risk att drabbas av komplikationer från skadan. Skadorna är därför viktiga att upptäcka. Riskökningen för cancerutveckling och njurparenkymcancer efter DMSA-scintigrafi är mycket låg. Nyttan (att upptäcka njurparenkymskadorna) överväger risken (strålningen), vilket gör DMSA-scintigrafin till en berättigad undersökningsmetod. / A dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) scintigraphy is used to test for pyelonephritis, an inflammation of the kidneys with risk of renal scarring. Aiming to investigate if DMSA scan after pyelonephritis in children is justified, we calculated the general cancer risk, the specific increased renal cancer risk, the number of discovered renal scarring and potential differences between the sexes. The method was retrospective and quantitative and data was based on results from DMSA scans of children aged 0-2 years. From the original set of 91 children (52 girls, 39 boys), 16 were excluded. Of the remaining 75, six (8 %) had renal scarring; with an average age of 9,2 months, and there was no significant difference between sex and renal parenchymal damage (p=0,0246). The mean activity from a DMSA scan equaled an effective dose of 0.69 mSv, with general cancer versus renal cancer risk being 0.01-0.014 and 0.00019, respectively. Even though only a few children develop renal scarring, there is still a risk of complications. Renal scarring is therefore important to discover. The increased risk for cancer and renal cancer after a DMSA scan is low. The benefits (discovering renal scarring) are greater than the risk (radiation), making the DMSA scan justified.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-28T14:01:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Miranda de Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1484991 bytes, checksum: 3cffe3d91562d24b6f586073458109b9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-03-28T14:03:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Miranda de Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1484991 bytes, checksum: 3cffe3d91562d24b6f586073458109b9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-28T14:03:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda Miranda de Oliveira - 2015.pdf: 1484991 bytes, checksum: 3cffe3d91562d24b6f586073458109b9 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-14 / Continuing education is an important factor that aims at excellence of care. The aim of this study is to analyze the continuing education for nurses in urological care of people with spinal cord injury. Specific objectives: 1) to discuss the nurses' perception on Continuing Education in urological care of people with spinal cord injury; 2) identify the factors that facilitate and hinder the Continuing Education of accession-related urologic care of people with spinal cord injury. It is a qualitative, descriptive and exploratory research guided by the analysis of Bardin, 2013. Survey participants were nurses from the inpatient unit for rehabilitation. The sample was constituted by 9 nurses. Data collection took place between January and February 2015. This study was approved by the Ethics Committee in Research of the UFG Opinion Research Center and 880,053 diretreizes meets the standards and regulatory standards for research involving human beings, according to Resulação 466 / 12 of the National Health Council. The results were described in three categories, using the speeches of the participants identified impersonally with the numbering E1 to E9. The perception of nurses about the Continuing Education of rehabilitation unit revealed that favors the professional autonomy of the nurse. There is evidence of a strong professional effort to make Continuing Education, at its core, in the daily nursing care. It was shown that nurses do not participate in Congress in the urological area; nurses have not had the opportunity to study on rehabilitation and urologic care of people with spinal cord injury in the academic period. The information enable managers and nursing course Coordinators about actions to be developed and work out a plan to minimize the gaps that hinder the accession of Continuing Education and the knowledge and experience of nurses on the urological care in academic life. This perspectiva, professional multi-mode nurses can plan educational activities aimed at rehabilitation in health. / A Educação Continuada é um fator relevante que visa a excelência do cuidar. Objetivou-se neste estudo analisar a Educação Continuada para os enfermeiros no cuidado urológico da pessoa com lesão medular. Como objetivos específicos: 1) Discutir a percepção dos enfermeiros sobre a Educação Continuada no cuidado urológico da pessoa com lesão medular; 2) identificar os fatores que facilitam e dificultam a adesão da Educação Continuada relacionada ao cuidado urológico da pessoa com lesão medular. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritivo e de natureza exploratória pautada na analise de Bardin, 2013. Os participantes da pesquisa são enfermeiros da unidade de internação para reabilitação. A amostra se constituiu por 9 enfermeiros. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre janeiro a fevereiro de 2015. Esta pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa do Núcleo de Pesquisa da UFG Parecer 880.053 e atende as normas diretrizes e normas regulamentadoras de pesquisa envolvendo seres humanos, de acordo com a Resulação 466/12 do Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Os resultados foram descritos em três categorias, utilizando-se as falas dos participantes, identificados de forma impessoal com a numeração de E1 a E9. A percepção dos enfermeiros acerca da Educação Continuada da unidade de reabilitação revelou que favorece a autonomia profissional do enfermeiro. Evidencia-se um forte esforço profissional para tornar Educação Continuada, em sua essência, no cotidiano do cuidar em enfermagem. Foi evidenciado que os enfermeiros não participam de congresso na área urológica; os enfermeiros não tiveram a oportunidade de estudar sobre reabilitação e cuidado urológico da pessoa com lesão medular no período acadêmico. As informações permitem aos gestores e cordenadores de curso de enfermagem acerca de ações a serem desenvolvidas e elaborar um planejamento para minimizar as lacunas que dificultam a adesão da Educação Continuada e o conhecimento e experiência dos enfermeiros sobre o cuidado urológico na vida acadêmica. Nessa perspectiva, os profissionais enfermeiros de modo multiprofissional podem planejar ações educativas que visem a reabilitação em saúde.

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados iniciais e a curva de aprendizado dos primeiros 100 casos consecutivos do tratamento cirúrgico da obstrução da junção ureteropiélica por meio da pieloplastia robótica laparoscópica. Materiais e Métodos: Um total de 99 pacientes (41 homens e 58 mulheres), com idade média de 38 anos (18-81 anos), foi submetido a 100 pieloplastias robóticas laparoscópicas consecutivas (um procedimento bilateral), realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião. A determinação da curva de aprendizado foi baseada na avaliação do tempo de anastomose, tempo cirúrgico, complicações precoces e tardias e resultados a longo prazo. Os casos foram divididos em grupos de 25 procedimentos consecutivos (grupos 1, 2, 3, 4) de acordo com a data, em ordem cronológica, em que foram submetidos ao procedimento. Os pacientes foram reavaliados pelos médicos do serviço de urologia 3, 12 meses e anualmente após o procedimento através de avaliação clínica, onde relatavam melhora ou não dos sintomas, e exames de imagem (urografia excretora e/ou cintilografia renal). Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos em relação à idade e índice de massa corpórea. O tempo médio para confecção da anastomose foi de 50,0, 36,8, 34,2 e 29,0 minutos para os grupos 1 a 4, respectivamente (p=0,137). O tempo cirúrgico médio foi 144,6, 119,2, 114,5 e 94,6 minutos, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p=0,015), 1 vs. 3 (p=0,002), 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001) e 2 vs. 4 (p=0,022). A internação hospitalar média foi de 7,08, 4,76, 4,88 e 4,20 dias, apresentando uma diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os grupos 1 vs. 2 (p < 0,001), 1 vs. 3 (p < 0,001) e 1 vs. 4 (p < 0,001). Complicações significativas (Clavien-Dindo grau > 3) ocorreram apenas no grupo 2 (2 complicações grau IIIb). Um paciente no grupo 1 necessitou de conversão cirúrgica para a via aberta devido a dificuldades técnicas na dissecção piélica. O seguimento pós-operatório médio foi de 50,6 meses. Houve perda de seguimento em três pacientes do grupo 1, um do grupo 2, dois do grupo 3 e um do grupo 4. Uma melhora significativa (clínica e radiológica) foi demonstrada em 98,9% dos casos nesta série. Em um seguimento tardio (50 meses) um paciente do grupo 3 apresentou um quadro de obstrução recorrente da JUP. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstram que a PRL é uma alternativa efetiva para o tratamento da estenose da JUP com altas taxas de sucesso e baixo índice de complicações. Apesar da presença de uma alta taxa de sucesso já nos primeiros casos uma queda significativa no tempo de internação e tempo cirúrgico foi evidente após a realização de 25 procedimentos. Aparentemente um número de 25 casos parece ser suficiente para um aprendizado efetivo das bases deste procedimento cirúrgico e uma diminuição sustentada de seu tempo operatório / Purpose: To evaluate the results and learning curve of laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasty during the initial 100 cases. Materials and Methods: A total of 99 patients (41 men, 58 women), with a median age of 38 years (range: 18-81 years), underwent 100 consecutive laparoscopic robotic pyeloplasties (one bilateral procedure), performed by the same surgeon. Learning curve estimations were used for anastomosis, operative time, early and late complications and long-term results. Sequential analyses were performed between the cases, which were divided in groups of consecutive 25 procedures (groups 1, 2, 3 and 4). Statistical analyses comparing the groups were performed. Results: All groups were similar with respect to age and body mass index. The median anastomosis time was 50.0, 36.8, 34.2 and 29.0 minutes for groups 1 to 4, respectively (p=0.137). Median operative time was 144.6, 119.2, 114.5 and 94.6 minutes, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p=0.015), 1 and 3 (p=0.002), 1 and 4 (p < 0.001) and 2 and 4 (p=0.022). Mean hospital stay was 7.08, 4.76, 4.88 and 4.20 days, with a statistical difference present when comparing groups 1 and 2 (p < 0.001), 1 and 3 (p < 0.001) and 1 and 4 (p < 0.001). Major complications (Clavien-Dindo grade 3 or above) were present only in group 2 (2 grade IIIb complications). One patient in the group 1 required a conversion to open surgery due to dissection difficulties during pyelic exposure. The medium follow up was 50.6 months. Three patients in group 1, one in group 2, two in group 3 and one in group 4 were lost to follow-up. A significant improvement (clinical and radiological) was present in 98.9% of patients in this series. At a late follow-up (50 months) one patient in group 3 presented a recurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that success rate of LARP is high and complication rates are low. The operative time (learning curve) decreased with experience, confirming the procedure\'s complexity. Although favorable results were already present in the first few cases, a significant decrease in hospital stay and surgical time was evident after 25 cases. Apparently, 25 cases appear to be a reasonable experience in order to decrease the operative time and master the basics of the procedure

Bakgrund: Urinblåsecancer är den elfte vanligaste cancerformen globalt. Sjukdomen angriper urinblåsans slemhinna och kan växa in i muskellager. Vid muskelinvasiv cancer genomgår patienten cystektomi, och erhåller urostomi. Patients egenvårdsförmåga är av stor betydelse efter operationen. Vårdpersonalen behöver därför arbeta personcentrerat för att stödja patienten att klara sin egenvård. Informationen som ges behöver anpassas för optimal individualisering, så att patienten förstår och blir delaktig.  Syfte: Undersöka upplevelser av informationsbehov hos patienter med urinblåsecancer som genomgår cystektomi.  Metod: Kvalitativ litteraturstudie med tematisk syntetisering.  Resultat: Resultatet baseras på 14 peer-review och kvalitetsgranskade originalartiklar och presenteras utifrån fyra analytiska teman: Dimensioner av information, känslomässig berg-och dalbana genom sjukdomsförloppet, den förändrade kroppen och egenvårdensbetydelse till ett fortsatt liv. Resultatet visar att patienternas informationsbehov i det perioperativa förloppet inte blir uppfyllt. De upplevde alltför sparsam information om sexuellt- och psykologiskt stöd. Utökad information om fysisk aktivitet efterfrågades även information som underlättade att patienten fördes framåt i sin process för att förstå sitt nya jag saknades.  Konklusion: Information är nödvändigt, men behöver anpassas och personcenteras utifrån patientens önskemål och behov. Om informationsbehoven inte tillgodoses kan detta bidra till missförstånd och otrygghet vilket behöver fångas upp i omvårdnaden. / Background: Worldwide, bladder cancer is the eleventh most common cancer. Tumors that invade the detrusor muscle are referred to as muscle-invasive bladder cancer and are treated with radical cystectomy, the patient gets an urostomy. Self-care is significant after the surgery. The care provider needs a person-centered approach to facilitate self-care. Optimal information needs to be individualized. This will help the patient to understand and become involved.  Aim: To investigate experiences of information needs in patients with bladder cancer undergoing cystectomy. Method: Qualitative literature study with a thematic synthesis. Results: In the result fourteen peer-reviewed and quality-reviewed original articles are included. The review highlighted that patient experienced unmet information needs. Patients also experienced receiving too much information in a limited time. This led to difficulties to understand and process the information. Patients also experienced limited information about sexual and psychological support and requested more information about physical activity. Conclusion: Information is essential but needs to be adapted and based on person-centered care principles related to the patients’ needs and wishes. Unmet needs impacts patients’ life and are associated with misunderstandings and insecurity which need to be considered in nursing.

Vid behandling med Peritonealdialys behöver patienten utföra ett moment där de kopplar samman sin inopererade kateter till en extern dialyspåse. Detta moment innebär stora risker för allvarliga infektioner på grund av kontaminering av känsliga delar. Mitt examensarbete syftar till att göra momentet säkrare och tryggare för patienten genom att minimera den risken. Jag ville skapa ett hjälpmedel som fortfarande engagerar patienten i kopplingsmomentet och håller ner kostnaden genom att designa kring redan befintliga dialysprodukter och undvika avancerad mekanik. Projektet tar avstamp från min tidigare erfarenhet som sjuksköterska och de observationer jag gjort rörande den här behandlingstypen / During treatment with Peritoneal dialysis the patient needs to perform a specific task of connecting their surgically placed catheter to an external bag of dialysis fluids. This specific task implicates big risks of serious infections due to contamination of sensitive parts.  My exam project aims to make this connection safer for the patient by minimizing these risks. I wanted to design a tool that aids the patient and at the same time engage them in the connection process. To keep the costs down I chose to design around already existing dialysis components and to avoid advanced mechanics. This project takes off on my previous experience as a nurse and the observations I made regarding this treatment method.