The subject of the present study is an analysis of five ditransitive verbs: give, lend, send, offer and show. The study focuses on the position of the two objects and on the factors that have an impact on the object ordering. An attempt is here made to provide a systematic overview of the position of the two objects with respect to their realization (i.e. substantival or pronominal). As regards the realization of the two objects, four types are distinguished: i. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by nouns; ii. both Oi /Oprep and Od realized by pronouns; iii. Oi /Oprep realized by a noun and Od by a pronoun; iv. Oi /Oprep realized by a pronoun and Od by a noun. The position of the objects is assumed to be associated with the distribution of communicative dynamism or in other words with the principle of end-focus, i.e. that given information tends to precede new information. The second principle that operates in the ordering the two objects is the principle of end-weight. Of the three (or four, including intonation) factors whose interplay determines the FSP function of a clause element, in the case of ditransitive complementation the most important role is played by the contextual factor. Therefore, particular attention is paid to the context-dependence / independence of the two objects. The present...

Ziel des Beitrags ist die Relevanz der Kategorie Kontrollfeld aus der funktionalen Pragmatik für volitive Modalverben des Portugiesischen aufzuzeigen, und zwar sowohl in der Konstruktion mit einem Infinitiv als auch der mit einem durch de Subjunktor que eingeleiteten Komplementsatz bei gleichzeitiger Koreferenz von Subjekt des Modalverbs und des Verbs des untergeordneten Komplementsatzes. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, das es eine transtheoretische Konvergenz zwischen der funktionalen Pragmatik und der kognitiven Linguistik im Hinblick auf das Phänomen gibt. Außerdem wird aufgezeigt, dass die Koreferenz zwischen Subjekt des Modalverbs und des Verbs des Komplementsatzes bei portugiesischen volitiven Modalverben möglich ist, wenn das Subjekt keine Kontrolle über den durch das Verb des Komplementsatzes bezeichneten Sachverhalt hat.

This study aims at analyzing how women and men in five different professions are portrayed and represented through reporting verbs in Czech media over a period of 25 years (end of 1989 to the beginning of 2015). The empirical data consist of entire newspapers and magazines in the source material, a subcorpus from the Czech National Corpus. The theoretical basis is Critical discourse analysis and the methodical is a corpus-based statistical analysis. Binary categories from the Harvard Psychosociological Dictionary are used to classify the reporting verbs. After a quantitative study, the results are clear for some professions and less clear for others, and these results are analyzed. This study could not (at least not without severe adjustments) have been performed in languages like English, where the distinction between the female and male professional concepts is less clear. In the chapter on previous research, special attention is given to the Czech context, and the chapter also explains this study’s contribution to previous research in language, power and corpus studies.

The topic of this thesis is expressing lexical aspect in Czech and Italian. The theoretical part describes the aspectuality, at first in general, then in both Czech and Italian language. The first part aims to clarify the notion of grammatical and lexical aspect. The thesis also concentrates on semantics of Czech prefixes. The practical part deals with Czech verbs with multiple prefixes and their counterparts in Italian, or rather the thesis analyses how Italian express the lexical aspect. It is the contrastive analysis. The analysed data originate from the parallel corpora InterCorp version 13. Key words Lexical aspect/Aktionsart, verbal/grammatical aspect, verbs with multiple prefixes, prefixation, parallel corpora, InterCorp, Czech, Italian

I denna studie diskuteras användningen av de intransitiva positionsverben stå, sitta och ligga, samt deras olika betydelser och användningsområden. Dessa verb kan användas för att beskriva kroppslig position och plats. Tidigare studier har undersökt deras användning i svenska (inklusive engelska, franska, tyska och finska) med fokus på vanliga användningar och mönster, prototyper, typer av subjekt och lokativa komplement, samt skillnader i användningen av intransitiva verb med olika typer av subjekt. En användning som intransitiva verb har i skandinaviska språk är att de kan uttrycka progressiv aspekt vilket kan förklaras utifrån det grammatiska fenomenet pseudokoordination. Syftet med denna undersökning är att undersöka de semantiska egenskaperna hos intransitiva positionsverb i de nordiska språken danska och svenska. Studien bygger på korpusdata från Sketch Engine för att kategorisera förekomster av de tre positionsverben i svenska och danska. Dessa baseras på taggar som beskriver användning av positionsverb, semantiska egenskaper av subjektet och inanimata subjektets orientering. Uppsatsen utmynnar i att beskriva användningen av positionsverben i svenska och danska. Vissa förekomster visade sig sakna semantiska egenskaper. De semantiska egenskaperna mellan svenska och danska gällande positionsverb visar inte en uppenbar skillnad. Vidare forskning kan eventuellt framhäva en möjlig skillnad / This study discusses the use of the intransitive posture verbs stand, sit and lie, as well as their different meanings and areas of usage. These verbs can be used to describe bodily position and location. Previous studies have investigated their use in Swedish (including English, French, German and Finnish) focusing on common uses and patterns, prototypes, types of subjects and locative complements, as well as differences in the use of intransitive verbs with different types of subjects. In Scandinavian languages, one usage of intransitive verbs is that they can express progressive aspect, which can be explained based on the grammatical phenomenon of pseudo-coordination. The purpose of this study is to investigate the semantic properties of intransitive posture verbs in the Nordic languages Danish and Swedish. The study is based on corpus data from Sketch Engine to categorise occurrences of the three positional verbs in Swedish and Danish. These are based on tags that describe the use of positional verbs, semantic properties of the subject, and the orientation of the inanimate subject. The essay results in describing the use of posture verbs in Swedish and Danish. Some occurrences turned out to lack semantic properties. The semantic properties between Swedish and Danish posture verbs do not show an obvious difference. Further research may highlight a possible difference.

Актуальность работы связана с необходимостью повышения качества перевода наименований китайских блюд и развитием российско-китайских культурных связей. Цель работы—обобщить исследования, посвященные переводу и локализации наименований китайских блюд и предложить лучшие методики. Задачи исследования: 1) изучить и систематизировать исследования, посвященные переводу и локализации наименований китайских блюд; 2) разработать методику анализа сайтов российских ресторанов китайской кухни и сбора лексического материала для исследования; 3) проанализировать сайты российских китайских ресторанов и сформировать перечень наименований китайских блюд для исследования; 4) проанализировать переводы наименований китайских блюд, включенных в меню российских китайских ресторанов; 5) выявить типичные ошибки, которые допускают переводчики наименований китайских блюд на русский язык, и систематизировать их; 6) составить рекомендации по улучшению качества перевода наименований китайских блюд на русский язык. Объект исследования—наименования китайских блюд. Предмет исследования—специфика интерпретации наименований китайских блюд на русском языке. Теоретическая значимость работы заключается в обобщении критериев переводческой эквивалентности переводов наименования китайских блюд на русский язык. Основные положения, выносимые на защиту диссертации. 1. В ходе исследования обоснована необходимость повышения качества интерпретации наименований китайских блюд на русском языке. 2. Основной причиной ошибок в переводах наименований китайских блюд на русский язык является недостаточная осведомленность переводчиков о специфике образования наименований блюд в китайском языке и роли данных лексических единиц в китайской культуре. 3. Для повышения качества интерпретации наименований китайских на русском языке блюд необходимо учитывать специфику данной группы лексики, а также применять стратегии перевода и локализации. В данном исследовании используются следующие методы: 1) метод сплошной выборки, нацеленный на выделение наиболее лингвокультурологически ценных единиц; 2) метод компонентного анализа лексики; 3) сопоставительный метод, способствующий выявлению общего и специфичного в языковых картинах мира. / The relevance of the work is connected with the need to improve the quality of the translation of the names of Chinese dishes and the development of Russian-Chinese cultural ties. The purpose of the work is to summarize the research on the translation and localization of the names of Chinese dishes and to offer the best techniques. Objectives of the study: to study and systematize research on the translation and localization of the names of Chinese dishes; develop a methodology for analyzing the sites of Russian restaurants of Chinese cuisine and collecting lexical material for research; analyze the sites of Russian Chinese restaurants and form a list of names of Chinese dishes for research; analyze the translations of the names of Chinese dishes included in the menu of Russian Chinese restaurants; identify typical mistakes made by translators of the names of Chinese dishes into Russian, and systematize them; to make recommendations for improving the quality of the translation of the names of Chinese dishes in Russian. The object of study - the names of Chinese dishes. The subject of the research is the specificity of the interpretation of the names of Chinese dishes in Russian. The theoretical significance of the work is to summarize the criteria for translation equivalence of translations of the name of Chinese dishes into Russian. The main provisions for the defense of the thesis. 1) The study substantiates the need to improve the quality of interpretation of the names of Chinese dishes in Russian. 2. The main reason for errors in the translation of the names of Chinese dishes into Russian is the lack of awareness of translators about the specifics of the formation of food names in Chinese and the role of these lexical units in Chinese culture. 3. To improve the quality of interpretation of the names of Chinese dishes in Russian, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of this group of vocabulary, as well as to apply translation and localization strategies. In this study, the following methods are used: the method of continuous sampling, aimed at identifying the most linguistic and culturologically valuable units; the method of component analysis of vocabulary; a comparative method that helps to identify the general and the specific in the linguistic pictures of the world.

Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit psychologischen Verben, d.h. Verben, die dadurch charakterisiert sind, dass eines ihrer Argumente Träger eines psychischen Prozesses (Experiencer) ist. Diese ‚Psych-Verben’ nehmen seit mindestens 30 Jahren eine zentrale Rolle in linguistischen Diskussionen zu Syntax, Semantik und deren Schnittstellen ein und werden häufig als eine besondere Verbklasse mit spezifischen (Psych-)Eigenschaften angesehen. Dabei ist nicht nur die Analyse dieser Verben, sondern bereits ihre korrekte empirische Charakterisierung Auslöser starker Kontroversen in der Literatur. Der erste Teil dieser Arbeit widmet sich deshalb der Untersuchung der empirischen Eigenschaften von Objekt-Experiencer-Verben wie Agentivität, aspektuelle Eigenschaften, Passiv sowie ihrem Verhalten in Bezug auf eine Reihe anderer grammatischer Phänomene. Ein Fokus liegt dabei auf dem Vergleich von Verben, die basierend auf derselben Wurzel unterschiedliche Formen bilden wie z.B. ärgern/verärgern/sich ärgern, wundern/verwundern/sich wundern etc. Die Ergebnisse der empirischen Untersuchung zeigen, dass weder ObjExp-Verben noch Experiencer eine homogene Gruppe mit kohärenten Eigenschaften darstellen. Folglich können Psych-Verben nicht als eine einheitliche (besondere) Gruppe von Verben analysiert werden, da ihre Eigenschaften zu unterschiedlich sind und sie vielmehr in verschiedene Verbgruppen fallen. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird deshalb eine dekompositionelle Analyse im Paradigma von Distributed Morphology vorgeschlagen, die die unterschiedlichen Gruppen von Psych-Verben als solche analysiert und ihre Eigenschaften auf der Basis allgemeiner grammatischer Prinzipien (aspektuelle Eigenschaften sowie Präsenz/Absenz eines externen Arguments) erklärt, und besonders die stativen Kausativa diskutiert. Als Resultat muss konstatiert werden, dass ‚Psych-Verben’ als grammatisch relevante Gruppe nicht existieren, sondern diese Verben vielmehr unterschiedlichen bekannten Verbmustern folgen. / This thesis is concerned with German psychological verbs, i.e. verbs characterized by the fact that one of their arguments is associated with a psychological process. These psych verbs have been prominent in linguistic discussion on syntax, semantics, and their interfaces for at least 30 years, and are often considered to form a special group of verbs with specific ‘psych properties’. Not only the theoretical analysis but also the correct characterization of their empirical properties is a matter of controversy in the literature, and no consensus has been established with respect to either. Therefore, in the first part of this thesis, the empirical properties of object-experiencer verbs such as agentivity, aspectual properties, passive, and the behaviour of these verbs with respect to a number of other grammatical phenomena are examined. Special focus is placed on alternating verbs formed on the basis of the same Root, such as e.g. ärgern/verärgern/sich ärgern, etc. The results of the empirical analysis show that neither ObjExp verbs nor experiencers form a homogeneous group with coherent properties. On the contrary, these verbs fall into several different groups of verbs with clearly different properties. Consequently, psych verbs cannot be analysed as one (special) group of verbs. The theoretical part of this thesis therefore puts forward a decompositional analysis couched in the paradigm of Distributed Morphology, which analyses the different psych verbs as different groups of verbs, and explains their properties as the consequence of general grammatical principles (their aspectual properties, and the presence/absence of an external argument), not special psych properties. The discussion of stative causative ObjExp verbs plays a major part. As a result, the conclusion has to be drawn that ‘psych verbs’ do not constitute a grammatically relevant (special) group of verbs, but that these verbs follow different general patterns known from the study of other verbs.

Studiens syfte var att undersöka äldre barns kunskapsutveckling efter högläsning i kombination med undersökande verb samt de estetiska lärprocesserna drama och bild i undervisning om solrosens livscykel.  Vi har undersökt om högläsning med fokus på undersökande verb, bild och drama i kombination med varandra har en påverkan på äldre förskolebarns lärande av naturvetenskap. Arbetet tar utgångspunkt i John Deweys pragmatiska lärteori. Dewey menar att man lär sig av att erfara omvärlden genom att göra. Studien genomfördes med för- och efterintervjuer med förskolebarn, i fyra-femårsåldern. Mellan intervjuerna har det genomförts en intervention i form av en undervisningssituation med vår egenskrivna bok Solrosens livscykel - solrosens resa från frö till blomma. Två grupper med barn ingick i studien, med fem barn i varje grupp. Den ena gruppen erbjöds undervisning med enbart högläsning, och den andra gruppen erbjöds undervisning med högläsning i kombination med de estetiska lärprocesserna, drama och bild tillsammans med undersökande verb. Datamaterial samlades in, transkriberades och analyserades med en innehållsanalys samt stapeldiagram som följdes av resultat och diskussion. Studien har resulterat i att man kan se att högläsning i sig har en positiv inverkan på barnens inlärning, men att det finns en marginell kunskapsökning hos de barn som har fått undervisning i form av högläsning kombinerat med drama, bild och undersökande verb. / Based on John Dewey's pragmatic theory of learning, this study explores the outcome of using a model that combines storytelling with drawing pictures, drama and exploring verbs, compared to ordinary storytelling to teach preschool children nature science. Dewey means that you collect knowledge through experiences from the environment around you, learning by doing. Preschool children, at the age of four to five years old, were interviewed before and after a teaching session. Between the interviews we performed a teaching opportunity with our self-written book (The circle of the sunflower - the sunflower´s travel from seed to bloom). During the study we followed two groups with preschool children. The first group was offered teaching with only storytelling.  The second group was offered the same teaching with storytelling and after the story was told a play was performed with the children, telling the same story again together with exploring verbs. After that the children also made drawings. The data was analysed through a content analysis followed by a discussion where we decided how to rate the answers. The result of our study showed that storytelling itself has a positive impact on the children's learning. There is a marginal increase in knowledge for the children who received teaching with storytelling in combination with drama and picture drawing.

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This thesis examines translation strategies for translating figurative language with a focus on metaphors, idioms, and phrasal verbs. Translators often state that figurative language presents challenges in the translation process. This is mainly because the translator must consider the language’s pragmatic, cognitive, and aesthetic functions. This analysis combines a modified translation approach based on Liu and Zhang (2005), Newmark (1988) as well as Lakoff and Johnson (2003). Using the strategies literal translation, transference, meaning translation, omission, and addition to reduce the loss between the source and target texts, this paper seeks to map how frequently these strategies are applied in the translation of metaphors, idioms, and phrasal verbs in the source text. This paper also discusses any potential problems arising in conjunction with these strategies. The findings of this analysis show that literal translation is the most commonly used translation strategy, in line with Liu and Zhang’s recommendations (2005). Overall, the second most frequently used strategy is transference, followed by meaning translation. This analysis also highlights interesting research gaps regarding omission and addition and encourages further research on these subjects. Greater knowledge and application of these strategies could lead not only to a better and more efficient target text but also a target text that is closer in word count to the original, thereby reducing the expansion of the source text.