將本論文比較出生於1980年至1997年之東西方社會年輕人的社會價值與態度。 這群年輕人通稱為「千禧世代」。在新千禧長大的他們被視為歷史上平均受教育最多的一群人， 世界的未來也剛好在他們手上。因此，深入瞭解千禧世代的個人態度與行為模式相當重要。本論文與過往研究不同之處在於比較此世代在東方與西方社會中的區別。 本論文聚焦在個人學歷對 其社會價值及態度的影響，並進一步衡量當地不同文化帶來的效果。 / This research compares socials values and attitudes of individuals born in East Asian and Western societies after 1980 to 1997. The aforementioned time frame encompasses a generation that has been labeled Millennial, for it accounts for individuals who came of age in the beginning of the new millennium. It is considered the biggest and best educated generation in history and is the leader of the tomorrow’s economy; hence, it has become an increasingly important topic for research and discussion in order to understand its particular characteristics. This research study differentiates itself from those existent, in that it focuses on comparing Millennials from different geographic origins and cultural zones —East Asian and Western countries. It identifies and analyzes the effect of educational attainment on individuals’ attitudes toward the self and their role in society considering the particular features of their geographic zones of origin. The study shed light on the effect of education and origin on Millennials’ attitudes toward issues of social interest such as: abortion, homosexuality, divorce, sex before marriage and women emancipation; having East Asians, a more conservative approach than Westerns have. Furthermore, contrary to what it was expected, it was observed higher levels of self-centered attitude among East Asians when compared to their counterpart in the West.

La maladie du greffon contre l’hôte (GVHD) reste la complication majeure de l’allogreffe de cellules soucheshématopoïétiques (allo-CSH). La GVHD résulte de l’activation de la réponse immunitaire et de la reconnaissanced’alloantigènes par les lymphocytes T (LT) du donneur, entrainant ainsi des lésions tissulaires principalement auniveau de la peau, des intestins et du foie. L’interleukine-22 (IL-22) est une cytokine sécrétée par les LT Th1,Th17 et les cellules de l’immunité innée (ILC). Compte tenu des propriétés de l’IL-22 dans les tissus cibles de laGVHD, nous avons évalué sa contribution dans la physiopathologie de la maladie à l’aide de modèlesexpérimentaux murins. Il apparaît que les souris qui reçoivent des lymphocytes T invalidés pour l’IL-22développent une maladie moins sévère, et leur mortalité est diminuée. L’IL-22 issue du greffon participe donc à lasévérité de la GVHD en favorisant l’inflammation systémique, mais aussi locale au niveau des organes cibles. Deplus, dans les intestins, l’IL-22 agit en synergie avec les interférons de type I pour amplifier l’inflammation de typeTh1 au cours de la GVHD. Chez l’homme, la GVHD est associée à une modification du microbiote intestinal.Nous avons montré que l’absence d’IL-22 semble favoriser la colonisation de lactobacilles au détriment declostridiums, ce qui pourrait également participer à la diminution de la GVHD intestinale. Enfin, nous avonsmontré que l’effet anti-tumoral est préservé malgré l’absence d’IL-22. Ces résultats permettent donc d’envisagerde nouvelles perspectives thérapeutiques dans le traitement de la GVHD. / Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is still the major complication after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. GVHDresults from the activation of the immune response and the recognition by donor T cells of alloantigens leading totissue injury, especially in skin, gut and liver. Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a cytokine secreted by CD4+ T cells Th1 andTh17 but also by innate lymphoid cells (ILC). Given that IL-22 functions in the GVHD target tissues, weinvestigated its contribution in GVHD physiopathology using mouse experimental models. We showed that IL-22deficiency in donor cells reduced the severity of GVHD by limiting systemic and local inflammation. Moreover, inthe large intestine, IL-22 acts in synergy with type I interferon to increase Th1-like inflammation. In humans,GVHD severity is associated with microbiotal modification in the intestine. We demonstrated that IL-22 deficiencyin donor cells seems to favor lactobacillus colonization instead of clostridium. These changes of microbiotacomposition may reduce the severity of intestinal GVHD. Finally, we showed that the antitumor effect is preservedeven in absence of IL-22 donor cells. Overall, our data support the design of new clinical approaches aiming totarget IL-22 pathways in GVHD patients.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (specialising in Taxation) / Tax avoidance is the legal utilisation of the tax regime to one's own advantage, to reduce the amount of tax that is payable by means that are within the law. Tax evasion entails taxpayers deliberately misrepresenting or concealing the true state of their affairs to the tax authorities in order to reduce their tax liability, and includes, in particular, dishonest tax reporting (such as declaring less income, profits or gains than actually earned; or overstating the deductions). The revised general anti-avoidance measures were introduced in the Income Tax Act 58 of 1962 ('the Act') on 2 November 2006 in the form of section 80A to 80L, in order to replace the complicated and confusing as well as ineffective anti-avoidance measures contained in section 103(1). / AC 2018

Submitted by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-10-17T12:42:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_PEDRO_HENRIQUE_SOARES_LEIVAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1132784 bytes, checksum: 11c61ab6cd63f1363810d559ca598a23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Caroline Xavier (caroline.xavier@pucrs.br) on 2017-10-17T12:42:37Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_PEDRO_HENRIQUE_SOARES_LEIVAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1132784 bytes, checksum: 11c61ab6cd63f1363810d559ca598a23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-17T12:42:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 TES_PEDRO_HENRIQUE_SOARES_LEIVAS_COMPLETO.pdf: 1132784 bytes, checksum: 11c61ab6cd63f1363810d559ca598a23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-11 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / This thesis presents three essays related to the quality of hospital care in Brazil, made using data from 2008 to 2014 from the Hospital Information System of the Unified Health System (SIH-SUS) and the National Registry of Health Establishments (CNES). In the first essay, the objective was to verify if the health outcome of patients undergoing hip replacement are better as the hospital performs more of this procedure. In other words, we tried to verify the existence of the so-called volume-outcome effect in the Brazilian hospital sector. Evidences pointed to the existence of a volume-outcome effect in Brazil. Exploring the geographical distribution of patient residences and hospitals as a source of exogenous variation for volume, we could identify that the effect is a result of the practice-makes-perfect hypothesis, occurring through static scale economies. In the second essay, the objective was to verify if the probability of death of patients submitted to percutaneous coronary intervention is lower if it was treated in a specialized hospital in cardiovascular diseases instead of general hospital. The use of the instrumental variables model allowed us to evaluate the relationship from a causal perspective. The findings pointed out that the health outcomes of patients treated in specialized hospitals are better than the results of patients treated in general hospitals. Finally, the third essay aimed to investigate the existence of a weekend effect in the Brazilian hospital sector. Considering the patients admitted in an emergency with a diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI), odds ratios for hospital death were estimated using logistic regression. The results were consistent with the existence of the weekend effect, even controlling a series of factors, including hospital effect. / Esta tese apresenta tr?s ensaios relacionados a qualidade do cuidado hospitalar no Brasil, os quais foram confeccionados utilizando dados de 2008 a 2014, provenientes do Sistema de Informa??es Hospitalares do Sistema ?nico de Sa?de (SIH-SUS) e do Cadastro Nacional de Estabelecimentos de Sa?de (CNES). No primeiro ensaio, o objetivo foi verificar se o resultado de sa?de dos pacientes submetidos a artroplastia de quadril s?o melhores ? medida que o hospital realiza mais desse procedimento. Em outras palavras, buscou-se verificar a exist?ncia do chamado volume-outcome effect no setor hospitalar brasileiro. As evid?ncias apontaram a exist?ncia do volume-outcome effect no Brasil. Explorando a distribui??o geogr?fica das resid?ncias dos pacientes e dos hospitais como fonte de varia??o ex?gena para o volume, fomos capazes de identificar que o referido efeito ? resultado da hip?tese de practice-makes-perfect, ocorrendo atrav?s de ganhos est?ticos de escala. No segundo ensaio, o objetivo foi verificar se a probabilidade de ?bito de pacientes submetidos a Interven??o Coron?ria Percut?nea ? menor se o mesmo foi tratado em hospital especializado em doen?as cardiovasculares ao inv?s de hospital geral. A utiliza??o do modelo de vari?veis instrumentais permitiu avaliar a rela??o sob uma perspectiva causal. Os achados apontaram que os resultados de sa?de dos pacientes tratados em hospitais especializados s?o melhores do que os resultados dos pacientes tratados em hospitais gerais. Por fim, o terceiro ensaio teve por objetivo investigar a exist?ncia de um weekend effect no setor hospitalar brasileiro. Considerando os pacientes internados em car?ter de urg?ncia com diagn?stico de Infarto Agudo do Mio?rdio (IAM), foram estimadas raz?es de chance para o ?bito hospitalar por meio de regress?o log?stica. Os resultados foram coerentes com a exist?ncia do weekend effect, mesmo controlando uma s?rie de fatores, inclusive efeito fixo de hospital.

This thesis argues that the International Criminal Court (ICC) brings a new more deontological paradigm to international interventions, founded upon the universal application of legal principle, and displacing consequentialist notions of justice linked to human rights. Based upon the Court’s Statute and mode of operations, it is argued that this is associated with assumptions concerning the ICC’s primacy, military enforcement, and theory of change. The consequences of this development in volatile contexts are demonstrated. The case study, founded upon analysis from the war-affected community, examines the impact of the International Criminal Court in the Lord’s Resistance Army war, and reveals the relationship between criminal justice enforcement, and community priorities for peace and human rights. On the basis of evidence, and contrary to narratives repeated but unsubstantiated in the literature, it demonstrates that in this case these two imperatives were in opposition to one another. The Court’s pursuit of retributive legal principle was detrimental to the community’s interests in peace and human rights. The subsequent failure of the ICC’s review process to interrogate this important issue is also established. The research establishes that statutory and operational assumptions upon which Court interventions are based do not hold in volatile contexts. For the case study community and elsewhere, this has had adverse impacts, with significant implications for the ICC. The findings indicate that if these issues are not fundamentally addressed, principled international criminal justice enforcement in volatile environments will continue to have profoundly negative human rights consequences.

O principal fator de risco para tuberculose (TB) em receptores de transplante de células-tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) é viver em regiões de alta endemicidade da doença, uma vez que a imunossupressão favorece a reativação da tuberculose latente (TBL). O diagnóstico da TBL pela prova tuberculínica (PT) tem limitações nos imunocomprometidos e testes de detecção de interferon gama podem ser vantajosos. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram comparar a PT com o QuantiFERON® TB-Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) no diagnóstico da TBL e determinar a incidência de TB em duas coortes de pacientes submetidos ao TCTH. Duas coortes foram analisadas prospectivamente. Coorte1: receptores de TCTH incluídos desde o período pré-transplante. Coorte 2: receptores de TCTH com doença do enxerto contra o hospedeiro (DECH) crônica em atividade. A PT e o QFT-GIT foram realizados imediatamente após a inclusão em ambas as coortes. Pacientes na coorte 1 com diagnóstico de TBL receberam profilaxia com isoniazida (INH) por nove meses. Na coorte 2, os pacientes foram acompanhados clinicamente, sem receber profilaxia. TB ativa foi investigada prospectivamente de acordo com definição de caso e por coletas periódicas de escarro. Entre os candidatos ao TCTH, a prevalência de TBL detectada pela PT foi de 4,7% e de 7,1% pelo QFT-GIT. Entre os receptores com DECH crônica a prevalência de TBL detectada pela PT foi de 5,3% e de 12,5% pelo QFT-GIT. A comparação entre as técnicas revelou boa concordância (kappa=0.60). Não houve casos de TB na coorte 1. A incidência cumulativa de TB na coorte 2 foi de 3%. Em comparação com alguns estudos, nossos resultados apresentaram menor prevalência de TB, com menos resultados indeterminados pelo QFT-GIT e melhor concordância entre ambos os testes. É provável que a introdução de profilaxia com INH seja benéfica também para os pacientes com DECH crônica. / The main risk factor for tuberculosis (TB) in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients (HSCT) is to live in regions of high endemicity of the disease, since immunosuppression favors the reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). The diagnosis of LTBI by the tuberculin test (TT) has limitations in the immunocompromised hosts and the interferon gamma release assays (IGRAs) may be advantageous. The objectives of the present study were to compare the TT with QuantiFERON® TB-Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) in the diagnosis of LTBI and to determine the incidence of TB in two cohorts of patients undergoing HSCT. Two cohorts were analyzed prospectively. Cohort 1: HSCT recipients included since the pre-transplant period. Cohort 2: TCTH recipients with active chronic graft versus host disease (GVHD). TT and QFT-GIT were performed immediately after inclusion in both cohorts. Patients in cohort 1 with diagnosis of LTBI received prophylaxis with isoniazid (INH) for 9 months. In cohort 2, the patients were followed up clinically, without receiving prophylaxis. Active TB was investigated prospectively according to a case definition criteria and periodic sputum sampling. Among the HSCT candidates, the prevalence of LTBI detected by TT was 4.7% and 7.1% by QFT-GIT. Among the recipients with chronic GVHD, the prevalence of LTBI detected by TT was 5.3% and 12.5% by QFT-GIT. The comparison between the techniques showed good agreement (kappa = 0.60). There were no cases of TB in cohort 1. The cumulative incidence of TB in cohort 2 was 3%. Compared with some studies, our results showed a lower prevalence of LTBI, with less indeterminate results by QFT-GIT and better agreement between both tests. It is likely that prophylaxis with INH is also beneficial for patients with chronic GVHD.

Background e objetivo. A reconstituição celular hematopoiética com o transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas (TCTH) alogênicas é um método de tratamento estabelecido para uma variedade de doenças hematológicas, oncológicas e imunológicas. Entretanto, TCTH está associado a considerável morbimortalidade devido a fatores como recidiva da doença de base, grau de compatibilidade HLA, tipo de regime de condicionamento e infecções durante o período de neutropenia. Este estudo investigou a associação entre o aloantígenoneutrofílico humano (HNA) e o dia de pega, a ocorrência de DECH aguda e TRM em pacientes que foram submetidos a transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas alogênico. Tipo de estudo e local. Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado no Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Métodos. Avaliamos 27 pacientes transplantados entre maio de 2013 e abril de 2014 e seus respectivos doadores. A tipagem HNA foi realizada, nas amostras dos doadores, por PCR-SSP e os anticorpos anti-HNA foram detectados nos pacientes utilizando o kit LABSCREEN MULTI (LSMUTR – One Lambda). Resultados. A idade variou entre 1 a 63 anos, com uma média de 20,4 ± 17,5 anos. Dezenove pacientes eram pediátricos (<21 anos) com média de idade de 10,05 ± 6,4 anos e entre os pacientes adultos a média foi 42,2 ± 12,6 anos. Houve um discreto predomínio do sexo masculino 16 (59,3%). As leucemias agudas foram frequentes em 19 (70,4%) dos pacientes, outras doenças oncohematológicas malignas (Linfoma Hodgkin e Linfoma não Hodgkin) estiveram em 3 (11,1%) e as não malignas (síndrome mielodisplásica, osteopetrose, hemoglobinúria paroxicística noturna, aplasia e doença granulomatosa) estiveram em 6 (22,2%) dos casos. A maioria dos pacientes 19 (70,4%), apresentavam a doença há menos de 12 meses na época do transplante e 24 (88,9%) deles foram totalmente compatível com seus doadores quanto ao sistema HLA. O regime de condicionamento mieloablativo foi utilizado em 16 (59,2%) dos pacientes e a profilaxia padrão para DECH (ciclosporina e metotrexate) foi utilizada em 15 (55,5%) dos pacientes. O dia de pega teve uma mediana de 19 e mínimo e máximo de 15 e 30, respectivamente. Quatro pacientes (14,8%) tiveram óbito antes da pega. Aproximadamente 63% (17 pacientes) apresentaram DECH aguda (em todos os estágios) e a taxa de mortalidade (TRM) foi de aproximadamente 44% dos casos (12 pacientes). Os pacientes que receberam TCTH de um doador aparentado tiveram TRM de aproximadamente 41% (7 pacientes) e os que receberam de um doador não aparentado foi de aproximadamente 45% (5 pacientes). A frequência dos antígenos HNA detectados nos doadores foi de 46,4% HNA-1a, 89,3% HNA-1b, 3,6% HNA-1c, 96,4% HNA-3a, 32,1% HNA-3b, 96,4% HNA-4a, 21,4% HNA-4b, 85,7% HNA-5a e 71,4% HNA-5b. A frequência dos anticorpos anti-HNA1a, anti-HNA1b, anti-HNA1c e anti-HNA2 no D0 foram respectivamente 46,4%, 42,9%, 42,9% e 53,6%. A associação entre a tipagem HNA dos doadores e anticorpos anti-HNAdos receptores com dia da pega, DECH aguda e TRM não mostrou correlação estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão. A frequência de HNA encontradanos doadores está de acordo com o descrito pela literatura. Contudo, a frequência dos anticorpos anti-HNAs foi bastante alta na população do estudo, embora a maioria apresentasse doença há menos de 12 meses até o transplante. Apesar de não encontrarmos uma correlação, novos estudos são necessários para melhor avaliar o papel do HNA no desfecho do TCTH. / Background and purpose. Hematopoietic cellular reconstruction with allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is an established method of treatment for a variety of hematological, oncologic and immunologic diseases. However, HSCT is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality due to recurrence of underlying disease, incomplete HLA compatibility, type of conditioning regimen and infection during the unavoidable period of neutropenia. This study investigates a surrogate cause of morbidity: compatibility of Human Neutrophil Antigens (HNA) between donors and receivers and its association with day of engraftment, incidence of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and total rate of mortality (TRM) in patients who underwent allogeneic HSCT. Type of study and location. Prospective cohort study carried out at the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Brazil. Methods. We have studied 27 patients who underwent HSCT between May, 2013 and April, 2014, and their respective donors. HNA typing in the donors was performed by PCR-SSP (One Lambda) and anti-HNA antibodies in receivers were detected using the LABSCREEN MULTI kit (LSMUTR-One Lambda). Results. The age ranged from 1 to 63 years, with an average of 20.4 ± 17.5 years. Nineteen were pediatric patients (<21 years) with an average age of 10.05 ± 6.4 years, and among adult patients the average was 42.2 ± 12.6 years. There was a discreet male prevalence, 16 (59,3%). The acute leukemias were frequent in 19 (70,3%) of patients, other malignant onco-hematological diseases (Hodgkin Lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma) in 3 (11,1%) and non-malignant (myelodysplastic syndrome, osteopetrosis, paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, aplasia and granulomatous disease) in 6 (22,2%). Nineteen (70,3%) of the patients, had the disease for less than 12 months at the time of the transplant and 24 (88,9%) were fully HLA compatible with their donors. Myeloablative conditioning regimen was used in 16 (59,3%) of the patients and the standard prophylaxis for GVHD (cyclosporine and methotrexate) was used in 15 (55,5%) of the patients. The day of engraftment had a median of 19 and minimum and maximum of 15 and 30, respectively. Four patients (14,8%) died before the engraftment. Approximately 17 patients (63%) showed acute GVHD (in all stages) and the total rate of mortality (TRM) was approximately 44% of the cases (12 patients). Patients who received HSCT from a related donor had TRM of approximately 41% (7 patients) and those who have received an unrelated donor was approximately 45% (5 patients). The frequency of HNA antigens detected in donors was 46,4% HNA-1a, 89,3% HNA-1b, 3,6% HNA-1c, 96,4% HNA-3a, 32,1% HNA-3b, 96,4% HNA-4a, 21,4% HNA-4b, 85,7% HNA-5a and 71,4% HNA-5b. The frequency of antibodies anti-HNA1a, anti-HNA1b, anti-HNA1c and anti-HNA2 at D0 were respectively 46,4%, 42,9%, 42,9% and 53,6%. The association between the HNA donor typing and anti-HNA antibodies of receivers with day of the engraftment, acute GVHD and TRM showed no statistically significant correlation. Conclusion. The HNA frequency found in our donors was close to the described in the literature. The frequency of anti-HNAs antibodies, however, was quite high in our study population; although the majority presented the disease for less than 12 months before the transplant. The association between HNA donor typing and anti-HNA antibodies of patients with day of engraftment, acute GVHD incidence and TRM showed no statistically significant correlation. As the number of cases was small, further studies with higher numbers and with antigen/antibodies assayed in both sides of transplantation pairs, are needed to better assess the role of the HNAs on the outcome of HSCT.

Introdução: O transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas é reconhecidamente uma opção terapêutica para doenças neoplásicas hematológicas, tumores sólidos, deficiências imunológicas e doenças metabólicas. É um procedimento associado a uma alta freqüência de complicações agudas e crônicas, causadas pela toxicidade do regime de condicionamento, dentre elas a mucosite, Doença do Enxerto versus Hospedeiro - DECH e infecções. Essas complicações podem causar grandes mudanças na composição corporal através de mudanças no metabolismo, piorando o estado nutricional. Um adequado consumo de alguns micronutrientes como zinco, vitamina D e ferro, tem sido investigado como forma de evitar ou minimizar essas complicações. Objetivo: Avaliar em pacientes submetidos a transplante de células tronco hematopoiéticas os níveis séricos de zinco, vitamina D e ferritina e o seu impacto nos desfechos do TCTH alogênico e os níveis de ingestão de zinco, vitamina D e ferro. Métodos: Foram avaliadas as dosagens séricas de zinco, vitamina D e ferritina, e os níveis de ingestão de zinco, vitamina D e ferro, os tipos de condicionamento, o grau de DECH e mucosite, a presença de infecções e o estado nutricional. Resultado: Foram incluídos na análise 32 pacientes. Não foi encontrado associação significativa entre a deficiência sérica de Zinco e mucosite e os níveis elevados de ferritina sérica com a ocorrência de infecções. Deficiência sérica de vitamina D aos 45 dias pós transplante foi associado com o desenvolvimento de DECH. Conclusão: Os nossos resultados reforçam a importância dos pacientes manterem os níveis adequados de micronutrientes e reforçam o papel da vitamina D na prevenção de DECH durante o TCTH. / Introduction: The transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells is recognized as a treatment option for hematological neoplastic diseases, solid tumors, immune deficiencies and metabolic diseases. It is a procedure associated with a high frequency of acute and chronic complications caused by the toxicity of the conditioning regimen, among them mucositis, Graft-versus-Host Disease - GVHD and infections. These complications can cause major changes in body composition through changes in metabolism, worsening the nutritional status. An adequate intake of some micronutrients such as zinc, vitamin D and iron, has been investigated as a way to avoid or minimize these complications. Objective: To evaluate in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation serum levels of zinc, vitamin D and ferritin and its impact on the outcomes of allogeneic HSCT and zinc intake levels of vitamin D and iron. Method: The following aspects were evaluated: serum levels of zinc, vitamin D and ferritin, and zinc intake levels of vitamin D and iron, the conditioning types, the degree of GVHD and mucositis, the presence of infections, the nutritional status. Result: The analysis included 32 patients. No significant association has been found between zinc serum deficiency and mucositis and elevated levels of serum ferritin with the occurrence of infections. The serum deficiency of vitamin D at 45 days post-transplantation has been associated with the development of GVHD. Conclusion: Our results reinforce that it is important for the patients to maintain adequate levels of micronutrients and reinforce the role of vitamin D in the prevention of GVHD during the HSCT. Keywords: hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, GVHD, mucositis, infections, Vitamin D, ferritin, zinc, nutritional status.

As defesas da reforma agrária, no Brasil, é o mote para estudar o relacionamento cidade-campo no desenvolvimento do capitalismo. A primeira parte mostra que os inúmeros argumentos pró-reforma agrária, em essência, reduzem- se a apenas a uma alegada capacidade para atingir três objetivos: 1) produto: aumentar a oferta de produtos do campo; 2) renda: aumentar a demanda pelos produtos industriais; e, 3) emprego: conter o êxodo rural. A segunda parte apresenta o resultado de outra extensa pesquisa bibliográfica, agora nos trabalhos de Lênin. Ela começa por mostrar a maneira como esse autor tratou cada um daqueles objetivos e que a reforma agrária não tem qualquer relacionamento com eles. Mostra, em seguida, que, no capitalismo não existe a possibilidade de um desenvolvimento não-capitalista do campo. Termina por mostrar que há, em Lênin, um critério bem definido para determinar o tipo de intervenção no campo que o marxista deve realizar. A terceira parte, com base em alguns autores sobre o desenvolvimento do campo, no Brasil, alguns deles inclusive defensores da reforma agrária, mostra que, de acordo com o critério estabelecido por Lênin, não faz o menor sentido propor uma reforma agrária. / This text, well-grounded on Lenin\'s early writings, before 1917 revolution, is a study about Agrarian Reform like an instrument to reach so publicized targets in agricultural economic literature: to widen the market, to expand production and to avoid rural exodus. This study\'s conclusion, the main thesis, is the following: 1) the Agrarian Reform is not an effective instrument to reach those targets; 2) is not an orthodox marxist-leninist proposal; 3) on Leninist perspective, the sound proposal is the land nationalization; 4) but it ought to be defended before the bourgeois revolution in the rural sector; 5) the radical suppression of private property of land is an instrument of political struggle, extinction of latifundium class, to hasten capital penetration in the rural sector; 6) the land nationalization target is to improve the triumph of large production, rather than social work; 7) on Leninist perspective, neither land nationalization nor land reform are sound proposals to Brazil in nowadays.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / A proposta deste trabalho é realizar uma análise da figura feminina nos romances Jangada de pedra, História do cerco de Lisboa e Ensaio sobre a cegueira, de José Saramago. Iniciando por uma breve pesquisa da história da mulher como forma de traçar a longa trajetória por que passou até a sua emancipação, o estudo revela, através da análise de diferentes identidades femininas, a abertura de uma nova concepção de mulher na literatura portuguesa.O escritor propõe em sua obra uma reflexão sobre a situação do mundo através do indivíduo e suas atitudes, responsabilidades e anseios. Os ensinamentos que seus romances costumam transmitir aos leitores, na maioria das vezes, partem de personagens femininas. A mulher se completa realizando o papel de mãe, protetora e companheira e, ao mesmo tempo, de amante e guerreira. Considerada pelo presente trabalho uma heroína contemporânea, ela engloba estas duas vertentes que a sociedade por muito tempo insistiu em separar, cuidando da casa e da família ao mesmo tempo em que trabalha e busca seu sustento fora de casa Também é a mulher que, nesta obra, tem o poder da sensibilidade e da compaixão ajudando àqueles que precisam, mesmo quando mal os conhece. E também é ela quem consegue, encantadoramente, metamorfosear-se de menina a mulher, intercalando as imagens de santa e prostituta, sedutora externamente e pura em sua essência.Entretanto, a escrita saramagueana não trata apenas de inibir a matriz patriarcal, ignorando com isso o papel do homem. O que há é o resgate das culturas primitivas matriarcais, com a mulher e o homem governando em igualdade e harmonia. Por este motivo, o homem também é muito importante em seus romances já que, em união com a mulher, incentivado e guiado por ela, partem juntos, através do amor, para uma travessia (humana) existencial, na busca do conhecimento / The proposal of this work is to carry out an analysis of the feminine figure in the romances novels Jangada de Pedra, História do cerco de Lisboa and Ensaio sobre a Cegueira of the writer José Saramago. Beginning with a short research of the woman history as a way to trace her trajectory along the time for her emancipation, and with the analysis of the different feminine identities, the study reveals a new concept of the woman in Portuguese literature.The writer proposes in his work a reflection of the world situation through the individuals and their attitudes, responsibilities and desires. The lessons of his novels to the readers, most of the time have start from feminine figures. The woman completes herself playing a mothers role, protector and partner, and at the same time lover and warrior. Considered at the present work as an actual heroine, she takes the mission of the two distinct activities that the society insisted in making them apart, taking care of home and family while she works to provide their needs.In this work the woman also has the power of sensibility and compassion to help those in needs even when she barely knows them. She is also the one who can, with charm, become herself from girl to woman, fitting in as saint and prostitute, externally pure and seducer in her essence.However, Saramagos writings are not only about the matrixs patriarchal inhibition, ignoring the mans role. There is the rescue of matriarchal primitive cultures, with woman and man governing in equality and peacefully. For this reason, the man is also very important in his novels, since together with the woman, motivated and guided by her, they go trough love for an existential cross over for the search of knowledge