Aux lendemains des indépendances, les Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest ont constitués entre eux des organisations d’intégration économique dans le but de favoriser leur développement économique et social.Ces organisations conçues pour la plupart à partir du modèle Européen dispose d’une personnalité juridique autonome et d’un corps de règles propres ayant vocation à s’insérer de façon uniforme dans l’ordre juridique interne des différents Etats membres. Le fonctionnement harmonieux de ce système suppose l’existence d’un organe indépendant chargé, entre autres, de veiller à l’équilibre général du dispositif et d’assurer une interprétation uniforme des normes communautaires.Dans le cadre de l’UEMOA comme de La CEDEAO, cette fonction de protection est exercée par des organes juridictionnels intégrés dont la mission principale consiste à veiller au respect du droit dans l’interprétation et dans l’application des Traités constitutifs.L’objectif visé, à travers cette contribution, est de faire observer que le dispositif de protection mis en place fonctionne, d’une part, par les mécanismes de coopération institués entre les cours de justice et les autres composantes du système communautaire et d’autre part par le contrôle juridictionnel exercé sur les organes communautaires et les Etats membres. / After being freed from colonization, the West African States have set up commonly economic integration organizations to promote their economic and social development.The creation of the majority of those organizations is based on the European example and they have an independent legal personality and a body with specific rules in charge of integrating uniformly the internal legal environment of the different Member States.The harmonious functioning of the system requires, among others, the existence of an independent structure designed to take control of the general balance organization and achieve a uniform interpretation of the Community norms. Within the framework of the WAEMU as well as in the ECOWAS, this protective function is delegated to integrated judicial bodies whose main mission consists in making sure that a submission to the law related to the interpretation and compliance with Treaties is effective.The goal of such a contribution is to point out that the settled protection device is functioning, on the one hand, by the cooperation mechanisms introduced by justice courts and the other components of the Community system and, on the other hand, by the judicial control over the community structures and the Member States.

Le travail présenté dans cette thèse concerne l’étude des désintégrations en trois corps sans quark charmé des mésons beaux neutres, dont l’état final contient un K0S. Ce travail de recherche s’est réalisé dans le cadre de l’expérience LHCb au LHC, en analysant un échantillon d’événements de 3 fb−1 collecté dans le Run I du LHC. L’analyse d’amplitude de la désintégration B0→K0Sπ+π− représente la partie principale de ce travail de thèse. La mesure des amplitudes est effectuée au moyen d’une étude du plan de Dalitz de la désintégration intégrée dans le temps sans étiquetage de la saveur de la particule belle. Nous avons mesuré les rapports d’embranchements relatives des désintégrations quasi-deux-corps à partir de cette analyse de Dalitz. Egalement, nous avons mesuré l’asymétrie CP directe des désintégrations quasi-deux-corps B0→K*+(892)π−, B0→K0*+(1430)π−, B0→K2*+(1430)π− et B0→f0(980)K0S. Nous avons observé pour la première fois l’asymétrie CP directe dans la désintégration B0→K*+(892)π− avec une signifiance supérieure à cinq déviations standard. Cette mesure est en accord avec la moyenne mondiale, avec une précision améliorée. / Studies of charmless three-body decays of the neutral B mesons with a K0S in the final state are presented in this thesis. The analyses are performed with the full statistics recorded by the LHCb spectrometer during the Run I of the LHC. The amplitude analysis of the decay B0→K0Sπ+π− represents the main part of this thesis analysis. A time-integrated untagged Dalitz-Plot analysis of the decay is performed. The fit fractions of the quasi-two-body decays are obtained. Likewise, the direct CP asymmetries of the quasi-two-body decays B0→K*+(892)π−, B0→K0*+(1430)π−, B0→K2*+(1430)π− and B0→f0(980)K0S are obtained. The largest sensitivity is obtained for ACP (B0→K*+(892)π−). This measurement is the first observation of the CP asymmetry with a significance larger then five standard deviations. The measurement is in agreement with the world average, with an improved precision.

Tous les jours, dans le monde, des comportements agressifs sont commis à l’égard d’individus, causant des préjudices physiques, psychologiques et financiers. En réponse à une provocation, ces agressions sont dites réactives et peuvent être alimentées par des biais cognitifs d’attribution d’intention hostile et des styles de personnalité antisociale. Comblant un trou dans la littérature scientifique, cette étude a pour but d’évaluer le biais d’attribution d’intention hostile ainsi que son rôle dans la relation entre la personnalité antisociale et l’agressivité réactive. Dans cette perspective, les participants étaient invités à répondre à des questionnaires évaluant la personnalité, les processus cognitifs et l’agressivité. Puis, pendant l’enregistrement de leur activité cérébrale, ils devaient lire des scénarios d’interactions sociales et attribuer une intention aux comportements décrits comme ambigus et provocateurs. Nous avons analysé la N400, une composante de potentiels reliés aux évènements, associée à la présentation d’intentions inattendues hostiles ou non hostiles après chaque scénario. Des analyses de corrélations de Pearson et de régressions linéaires multiples ont été réalisées pour examiner la validité de notre modèle de médiation. Les résultats montrent que la N400 est plus forte lors de la présentation d’intention non hostile inattendue que lors de la présentation d’intention hostile inattendue dans les régions centropariétales. La personnalité antisociale et la violation des attentes hostiles étaient reliées positivement à l’agressivité réactive. La personnalité antisociale prédisait l’agressivité réactive même à l’ajout de la violation des attentes hostile (Z = .30, p = .76) ou de la violation des attentes non hostiles (Z = -.32, p = .75) comme médiateur. En somme, le rôle médiateur du biais d’attribution d’intention n’est pas confirmé et d’autres études sont nécessaires pour mieux comprendre le lien entre la personnalité antisociale et l’agressivité réactive. / Every day, around the world, aggressive behaviors are committed against individuals, causing physical, psychological and financial harm. In response to provocation, these assaults are said to be reactive and can be fuelled by cognitive biases of attributing hostile intent and antisocial personality styles. Filling a gap in the scientific literature, the purpose of this study is to evaluate hostile intent bias and its role in the relationship between antisocial personality and reactive aggression. To this end, participants were asked to complete questionnaires assessing personality, cognitive processes and aggression. Then, while recording their brain activity, they were asked to read scenarios of social interactions and to attribute intent to behaviors described as ambiguous and provocative. We analyzed the N400, an event-related potential component associated with the presentation of unexpected hostile or non-hostile intentions after each scenario. Pearson correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to examine the validity of our mediation model. The results show that the N400 is stronger in the presentation of unexpected non-hostile intent than in the presentation of unexpected hostile intent in the centro-parietal regions. Antisocial personality and violation of hostile expectations were positively related to reactive aggression. Antisocial personality predicted reactive aggression even with the addition of hostile expectation violation (Z = .30, p = .76) or non-hostile expectation violation (Z = -.32, p = .75) as a mediator. In sum, the mediating role of intention attribution bias is unconfirmed and further studies are needed to better understand the link between antisocial personality and reactive aggression.

Total institutions' (which include prisons) unique context prescribes "confinement" of inmates. Coping mechanisms applied "outside" (especially the ability to create distance from stressful events) is thus ineffective. Another common feature is lack of privacy, which may result in "forced intimacy" - individuals being forced into a situation of physical and psychological "invasion" (beyond the norm) of their person/personal space. Victims lose control over intimate decisions, including who may and may not be intimate with them. Within prisons, gangs "force intimacy" by sexually victimizing inmates, taking advantage of the context to heighten their power, and to control inmates "under" them. Four (subjects) victims' experiences and means of adaptation/ empowerment were investigated phenomenologically. Results indicated that inadequately empowered victims suffer prolonged and repeated victimization - a continued "posttraumatic stress disorder" - which is more traumatizing and draining than one circumscribed traumatic event (due to its intensity, immobilization and resulting drastic change of "personality"). / Psychology / M.A. (Clinical Psychology)

Dans le Modèle Standard de la physique des particules, le mécanisme Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa (CKM) décrit le phénomène du mélange des quarks. De ses paramètres, l'angle gamma est celui connu avec la moins grande précision. Les mesures directes donnent une incertitude d'environ 15º, importante comparée à celle sur la valeur extraite des ajustements globaux, de 3º. Pour vérifier la cohérence du Modèle Standard, gamma doit être mesuré précisément. Cela est possible en utilisant des processus au niveau des arbres, où seules des contributions du Modèle Standard sont attendues, ou avec des processus impliquant des boucles, qui peuvent être sensibles à des effets au-delà. Des différences entre la mesure de gamma avec des diagrammes en arbres et avec des boucles pourraient être donc une indication de nouvelle physique. Cette thèse présente la première mesure des observables CP dans la désintégration B0 -> DK*0. Celle-ci est sensible à gamma du fait de l'interférence entre l'amplitude des diagrammes b -> u et b -> c, au niveau des arbres. L'asymétrie CP dans le mode B0 -> D(K+K-)K*0 et le rapport des largeurs partielles avec B0 -> D(K+pi-)K*0 sont mesurés avec 1 /fb de données récoltées par l'expérience LHCb en 2011,A_KK_d = -0,452 +/- 0,230 +/- 0,025 = A_CP+,R_KK_d = 1,360 +/- 0,366 +/- 0,075 = R_CP+. L'asymétrie CP du mode supprimé B0 -> D(K-pi+)K*0 et le rapport des largeurs partielles avec le favorisé B0 -> D(K+pi-)K*0 sont mesurés avec 3 /fb de données récoltées en 2011 et 2012,A_sup_d = -0,094 +/- 0,318 = A_ADS,R_d = 0,075 +/- 0,023 = R_ADS. Les études réalisées sur le système de déclenchement hadronique de l'expérience LHCb sont aussi présentées.

Organisations worldwide are experiencing an explosion of knowledge in the current technological information age as well as a serious skills shortage. The fast-paced aggressive and highly cyclical nature of the profession which often does not provide employees with the necessary resources and support causes employees in the information technology (IT) industry to show high turnover intent which is extremely costly and detrimental to organisational success. IT specialists are becoming a scarce commodity in a highly competitive environment where financial gain is very important and employee well-being is not necessarily a prerogative. Employers are faced with additional obligations than just paying equitable salaries, such as creating an environment that is conducive towards well-being. Efforts to promote flourishing and optimal functioning of employees will affect individual and organisational outcomes. Flourishing and languishing are opposite end points on a continuum of mental health indicating the emotional, psychological and social well-being of individuals. An individual who feels well (emotional well-being) is more likely to function well (psychological and social well-being) which means meeting the criteria for positive mental health as flourishing. Investments in the well-being of employees lay the basis for positive employment relations. The aim of this study was to investigate the flourishing of employees in the information technology industry and to determine the antecedents and outcomes thereof. A cross-sectional survey design was used to gather data regarding the flourishing of IT professionals and its outcomes. A convenience sample (N = 205) was taken of employees in information technology organisations in South Africa. The measuring instruments used were the Mental Health Continuum Short Form, Job Satisfaction Scale, Work Engagement Scale, Work-related Basic Need Satisfaction Scale, Work Role Fit Scale, Psychological Contract Inventory, Violations of PC Questionnaire, Organisational Commitment Scale, Turnover Intention Scale and Counterproductive Work Behaviour measures. The results of study 1 showed that 58.5% of the IT professionals were neither languishing nor flourishing, while 3.9% were languishing. Flourishing strongly impacted job satisfaction and had minor to moderate direct and indirect effects on organisational citizenship behaviour and organisational commitment. Job satisfaction impacted directly and positively on organisational commitment and negatively on turnover intention; and moderately negatively on counterproductive behaviour. Flourishing had both a direct and positive effect, and an indirect and negative effect (via organisational commitment) on turnover intention. Study 2 showed that psychological contract breach and violation strongly and negatively impacted flourishing at work and in life. The results provided support for a model in which psychological contract breach and violation had both direct and indirect effects via satisfaction of psychological needs on job satisfaction, work engagement, turnover intention and flourishing of IT professionals. Study 3 showed that work role fit and the availability of resources were strong predictors of flourishing at work and in life. Work role fit, the availability of resources, and supervisor relations impacted job satisfaction and social well-being indirectly through autonomy satisfaction. The availability of resources impacted work engagement and psychological well-being indirectly via competence satisfaction. Furthermore, work role fit, the availability of resources, and supervisor relations impacted psychological well-being indirectly through relatedness. Recommendations for future research were made. / PhD, Labour relations management, North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2012

Atomic parity violation measurements provide a way to probe physics beyond the Standard Model. They can provide constraints on conjectures of a massive Z′ bosonor a light boson, or searches of dark energy. Using the two-pathway coherent control technique, our group plans to make a new measurement of the weak interaction induced parity non-conservation (PNC) transition moment (<i>E_PNC</i>) on the cesium 6S→7S transition. We will coherently interfere a 2-photon transition with the Stark and PNC transitions to amplify and extract the PNC amplitude. Previously, our lab has measured the magnetic dipole transition moment on the same 6S→7S transition to about 0.4% uncertainty using this technique. In this dissertation, I discuss improvements made to the system, and review what future upgrades are needed for a new<i> E</i>_{<i>PNC </i>}measurement. Key systematics are also described. For an accurate determination of <i>E_PNC</i>, properties of cesium such as the scalar (<i>α</i>) and vector (<i>β</i>) transition polarizabilities are needed. I present improved determinations of keyelectric dipole matrix elements, and calculate new high precision determinations of <i>α</i> and <i>β</i>. Finally, using <i>β</i> and the previously measured value of <i>E_PNC/β</i>, I calculate new values for the weak charge of the cesium nucleus Q_w.<br>

Våld i nära relation och grov kvinnofridskränkning är aktuella frågor som har fått stort utrymme i media på senare år. Syftet med den här studien är att undersöka om det framkommer mönster och beskrivningar av hur målsäganden (brottsoffren) och de tilltalade (gärningspersonerna) framställs och beskrivs i förundersökningsprotokoll med tillhörande domar avseende grov kvinnofridskränkning. Tidigare forskning förklarar orsakerna till mäns våld mot kvinnor utifrån olika vetenskaper, så som socioekologiska faktorer, biologiska förklaringar och ur ett könsmaktsperspektiv. Teorierna som använts i den här studien är Nils Christies teori om det ideala brottsoffret och den ideala gärningspersonen samt teorin om genus. Förundersökningsprotokollen och domarna har textanalyserats och diskursanalys har använts för att fokusera på diskurserna och maktrelationerna inom den. Resultatet bekräftar mycket av tidigare forskning främst att majoriteten av gärningspersonerna tenderar att ha ett kontrollerande och svartsjukt beteende och att brottsoffren kunde beläggas skuld för våldet. Samtidigt som teorin om det ideala offret och gärningsperson inte uppfylldes på alla kriterium. En majoritet av brottsoffren hade nämligen det ekonomiska överläget över gärningspersonerna som i flera fall var arbetslösa. Flera av brottsoffren försökte att rädda relationen för att de älskade sina män så innerligt. Kontrollerande gärningspersoner och kärleksfulla brottsoffer.

The aim of the present dissertation is to provide the fullest possible legal analysis of the complaint against a violation of law, including its historical and international context, and to endeavour to reflect critically on its current application in practice. In the author's approach, the review of criminal cases on the basis of the files prior to a possible application of this legal remedy is an indispensable object of study. Among other things, the work thoroughly analyzes the applicable grounds for the complaint against a violation of law, its purpose and role in the whole system of extraordinary remedies, and it describes the course as well as the specifics of the Supreme Court proceedings. Standard and optional methods of interpretation are complemented by an empirical examination of the sample of 80 complaints submitted to the Supreme Court, which is aimed at identifying and classifying the alleged flaws and the extent to which there might be an overlap with extraordinary appeal (dovolání). The chosen topic appears to be very timely with regard to the ongoing preparatory legislative work on the new Criminal Procedure Code. The descriptive passages are accompanied by the author's opinions on selected decisions of the Supreme Court and the deficiencies of the current legislation. Taken...

A família pressupõe um reduto de felicidade. Quando se dá a ruptura do afeto, é comum a ocorrência da alienação parental. Esse é um fenômeno que sempre aconteceu, mas recentemente passou a ser objeto de estudo dos doutrinadores, operadores do direito e das pessoas vítimas de tal prática. A alienação parental se verifica quando um dos genitores, em meio a uma disputa, usa os filhos para atingir, desqualificar e/ou se vingar do outro genitor. A prática de atos alienadores surge mais comumente com o fim do relacionamento do casal (pais). Vários juristas, psicólogos e assistentes sociais estão se adaptando ao reconhecimento e identificação desse comportamento que, se efetivamente concretizado, recebe o nome de síndrome da alienação parental. Os profissionais envolvidos com o tema buscam formas de evitar que o filho seja novamente vitimado pelo fim do relacionamento dos pais. Além de estudar a figura novel da alienação parental, buscou-se compreender as previsões contidas na Lei de Alienação Parental de n.º 12.318, sancionada em 26 de agosto de 2010, mostrar que a prática da alienação fere a dignidade da pessoa humana, viola sobremaneira os direitos da personalidade dos filhos e do genitor alienado, em especial, o direito à convivência familiar. Buscou-se também identificar as medidas que podem ser aplicadas para evitar e reprimir alienação parental, especialmente as relacionadas ao planejamento familiar, ao exercício da paternidade responsável, ao uso da guarda compartilhada e ao acompanhamento terapêutico. Por fim buscou-se avaliar as possibilidades de responsabilização do alienador, por meio de tutela inibitória ou ressarcitória. Estudos a respeito do tema começaram nos Estados Unidos, em seguida, na Europa, recentemente no Brasil, todos feitos inicialmente com base nos artigos e escritos de Richard Gardner e Françoise Podevyn. A produção doutrinária e jurisprudencial no Brasil sobre o tema ainda é tímida, sendo também objetivo deste estudo aprofundar a temática e produzir material doutrinário a respeito do assunto. / Family presupposes a stronghold of happiness. When affection ends, parental alienation typically ensues; this is a situation that has always occurred, albeit only recently has it become a matter studied by jurists, law practitioners and victims of such practice. Parental alienation occurs when a parent, amid some dispute, uses his or her children to hit, disqualify and/or take vengeance on the other. Alienating actions are most commonly exercised upon the end of the relationship (parents). Several jurists, psychologists and social workers have adapted to recognizing and identifying this behavior which, if effectively put into practice, is referred to as parental alienation syndrome. Professionals dedicated to studying this issue look for ways to prevent the child from being victimized again by the end of his/her parents failed relationship. In addition to examining the new legal issue of parental alienation, one has sought to understand the provisions set forth by Brazilian Parental Alienation Act No. 12318, sanctioned on August 26th 2010, by demonstrating that alienation violates personal dignity, strongly infringes not only the childrens but also the alienated parents individual rights, not to mention the right to family life. One has also attempted to determine the actions that allow for avoiding and restraining parental alienation, particularly those connected with family planning, joint custody and therapeutic monitoring. Finally, one assessed the likelihood of holding the alienating parent liable, by means of inhibiting or compensatory remedies. Studies on this subject matter started developing in the United States, then in Europe, and only recently in Brazil, and all of them were based on the articles and papers drafted by Richard Gardner and Françoise Podevyn. In Brazil, scholarly writing and case law on this subject has yet to become prolific, wherefor this present study also aims at producing academic material on the matter as well as deepening the analysis thereof.