In response to a dearth of empirical literature concerning the mechanisms underlying female same-sex intimate partner violence (FSSIPV) perpetration, the purpose of this research is to inform intimate partner violence intervention and prevention strategies specific to sexual minority women. The research responds in particular, this research aims to inform a working intersectional model predicting FSSIPV perpetration, and to evaluate the face validity and construct coverage of existing survey measures related to gender, minority stress, and violence. Fourteen lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer women recruited from the greater Portland, Oregon area participated in a series of in-depth, semi-structured, open-ended one-on-one and focus group interviews. Participant recruitment involved a combination of purposive and convenience sampling methods aided by the involvement of multiple community partners working in violence and education related fields. Interview and focus group questions addressed participants' experiences with gender role stress and minority stress. Grounded theory analysis of participants' narrative responses informed the coverage and relevance of constructs in a working intersectional model predicting women's use of violence in their same-gender intimate relationships. In particular, findings indicate that sexual minority women's experiences of gender role stress and minority stress, particularly in combination, were especially influential on their identities. Sexual minority women's experiences with minority stressors were not confined to minority stressors specific to their gender identities and sexual orientations, but intersected with minority stressors related to race and class as well. These findings support an intersectional and contextually-minded approach to IPV intervention and prevention strategies.

Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2016-05-09T19:49:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Antunes Possato.pdf: 865014 bytes, checksum: 1c52dfbe4b0ca4066e57d2b813ae5260 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-09T19:49:09Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fabio Antunes Possato.pdf: 865014 bytes, checksum: 1c52dfbe4b0ca4066e57d2b813ae5260 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-05-22 / The auto-composition of conflict has direct impact on social peace and violence prevention. To analyze the impacts of utilization of the auto-compositive mechanisms and its importance for low-income communities is a central goal of this dissertation. The development of this research is made by the systemic way and by the documental bibliography, understanding the conflict as a social fact which requires proper treatment for the balance of social relations, in particular the conflicts unleashed in excluded communities and low-income communities. In this same approach, this research studies the auto-composition mechanisms of dispute resolution, namely the negotiation, conciliation and mediation, checking its suitability to the characteristics of these social strata and the reflections of the use of these techniques in social peace and prevent violence. Utilizing the systemic method of research, beyond the technical literature and documents, we conclude the effectiveness of auto-composition conflict in low-income communities to promote social peace and prevent violence by strengthening community relationships and individuals empowerment, promoting their awareness and give them some tools to manage future disputes, which can be already checked by public policies already in progress in Brazil, but still in small proportion. / A autocomposição de conflitos tem reflexos diretos na pacificação social e na prevenção da violência. Entretanto, analisar os reflexos de seu emprego e sua importância para as comunidades de baixa renda constitui o objetivo central desta dissertação. O desenvolvimento do tema acontece de forma sistêmica e por meio de pesquisas documentais, entendendo o conflito como fato social que requer tratamento adequado para o equilíbrio das relações sociais, em especial os conflitos deflagrados em comunidades de excluídos, comunidades de baixa renda, para, sob esse mesmo enfoque, estudar os meios autocompositivos de solução de controvérsias, quais sejam a negociação, a conciliação e a mediação, verificando sua adequação às características desses extratos sociais e os reflexos do emprego dessas técnicas na pacificação social e na prevenção da violência. Utilizando-se do método sistêmico de pesquisa, além da técnica da pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, conclui-se pela efetividade da autocomposição de conflitos em comunidades de baixa renda, por promover a pacificação social e prevenir a violência ao fortalecer as relações comunitárias e empoderar os indivíduos, propiciando sua conscientização e capacitando-os para gerir futuras controvérsias, o que pode ser constatado pelas políticas pública que já se encontram em andamento, porém reduzidas, no Brasil.

This project explored the associations between the type of coping strategies used among women who live in domestic violence shelters and their overall well-being.

Denna kvalitativa studies syfte är att lyfta fram vikten av att arbeta våldsförebyggande i lågstadiet och vilka hinder som kan finnas. Att arbeta våldsförebyggande handlar om att agera innan något hänt och att lära ut redskap och definitioner av vad våld är och innebär. Utifrån Vygotskijs syn på inlärning har materialet tolkats för att försöka få fram om och i så fall på vilket sätt lärarnas syn på våld påverkar deras våldspreventiva arbete. Som stöd i teoridelen har vi också använt oss av våldspyramiden samt normaliseringsprocessen, detta för att ytterligare försöka förstå det komplexa ämne våld är. Skolans syfte är inte enbart att lära ut skolämnen utan är också en plats där barn skall vara trygga och kunna tillgodose sig den kunskap som förmedlas.Vi vill med denna uppsats undersöka hur lärare i lågstadiet ser på våld mellan elever och om deras syn påverkar det våldsförebyggande arbetet i skolan. Vi vill också försöka bidra men att öka kunskapen kring våldets komplexitet och vad skolan och lärare kan göra för att försöka minska detta. Vi har intervjuat lärare för att försöka identifiera på vilket sätt de arbetar våldsförebyggande och vad de anser vara våld men också försöka få reda på om lärarnas syn på våld kan påverka sättet de arbetar våldsförebyggande. / The purpose of this qualitative study is to highlight the importance of working with violence prevention in primary school and what obstacles may exist. Working with violence prevention is about acting before something has happened and teaching tools and definitions of what violence is and means. Based on Vygotsky's view of learning, the material has been interpreted to try to find out if and if so how teachers' views on violence affect their violence prevention work. As support in the theory part, we have also used the violence pyramid as well as the normalization process, this to further try to understand the complex subject of violence. The purpose of the school is not only to teach school subjects, but is also a place where children should be safe and able to satisfy the knowledge that is conveyed.With this paper, we want to investigate how primary school teachers view violence between pupils and whether their views affect violence prevention in schools. We also want to try to contribute but to increase knowledge about the complexity of violence and what the school and teachers can do to try to reduce this. We have interviewed teachers to try to identify how they work with violence prevention and what they consider to be violence, but also to try to find out whether teachers' views on violence can affect the way they work with violence prevention.

Bakgrund: Tidigare studier och forskning visar på att ungdomar som utsätts för våld och mobbning riskerar att ha en försämrad hälsa under barndomen och tonårstiden. Den psykiska ohälsan tenderar även att fortsätta upp i vuxenlivet. Det finns ett ansvar och en skyldighet att samhället ska eliminera riskfaktorer för ungdomar och motverka dessa genom ett hälsofrämjande arbete som främjar friskfaktorer. Hur det arbetet ser ut skiljer sig åt i landet. Karlstad kommun har valt att arbeta med verksamheten ”Ungdomar för trygghet”. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att få fördjupad kunskap om hinder och möjligheter i trygghetsskapande insatser bland unga. Metod: En kvalitativ ansats valdes, där anställda i Ungdomar för trygghet, personal som arbetar på skolorna och ungdomar i ålder 15 och 16 år intervjuades med en semistrukturerad intervjuguide. Intervjuerna spelades in, transkriberades och analyserades därefter med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Analysen av intervjumaterialet resulterade i ett tema: ”Uft en del i det förebyggande arbetet mot våld och mobbning” med tre tillhörande kategorier: ”Vuxennärvaro en ökad trygghet”, som består av subkategorierna trygga relationer och förebilder. ”En mer uppstyrd verksamhet” som består av subkategorierna oklar roll och arbetsmodell. ”Samverkan för barnets bästa” som består av subkategorierna rätt stöd till rätt individ och förebyggande arbete med hjälp av information. Slutsats: Unga goda vuxna förebilder i ungdomarnas närhet framkom vara en viktig förutsättning för att skapa en lugn och trygg skolmiljö. Vidare framkom det att en trygg och tillitsfull relation mellan ungdomarna och de anställda i Ungdomar för trygghet är av betydelse för Ungdomar för trygghet arbete. Resultatet visade även på att det behövs ett tydligare samarbete mellan Uft och de vuxna vilket skulle kunna främja det förebyggande arbetet mot våld och mobbning och därmed gynna ungdomarnas hälsa. / Background: Previous studies and research show that young people who are exposed to violence and bullying are at risk of deteriorating health not only during childhood and adolescence, but mental illness tends to continue into adulthood. There is a responsibility and an obligation for society to find risk factors for young people and counteract these through health-promoting work in order to find health factors. How that works is different in the country. Karlstad kommun have choosen to work with a method called “Ungdomar för trygghet”. Aim: The purpose of the study was to gain depth knowledge of obstacles and opportunities in security creating initiatives among young people. Method: A qualitative approach was chosen, in which the employees of Youth for Safety, staff working in schools and young people aged 15-16 were interviewed using a semi- structured interview guide. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. Results: The analysis of the interview material resulted in a theme: "Part of the preventive work against violence and bullying" with three associated categories: "Adult presence an increased security", which consists of the subcategories safe relationships and role models. The category "managed activities" consists of the subcategories unclear role and work model. The third category "Collaboration for the best interests of the child" consists of the subcategories the right support for the right individual and preventive work with the help of information. Conclusion: Young good adult role models in the vicinity of young people emerged as an important prerequisite for creating a calm and safe school environment. Furthermore, it emerged that a safe and trusting relationship between the young people and the employees of “Ungdomar för trygghet” is important for “Ungdomar för trygghet” work. The result also emerged that there is a need for clearer cooperation between Uft and the adults, wich could promote the preventive work against violence and bullying and thereby benefit the young people ́s health.

The purpose of this study was to examine Machofabriken 2.0 through discourse analysis.Examine how concepts are filled with meaning and what alternative meanings that are excluded. Ialso scrutinized what pedagogic tools and strategies put forward to achieve change and discuss ifit is possible to approach ordinary men as violent. Furthermore, I have analyzed underpinningassumptions of gender and violence and how masculinities, femininities, violence, andresponsibility are discursively produced. I have paid extra attention to three short movies; RealLife (Sexual harassment and bystander), Ice Cream (Consent and Free will) and Step-up(Pornography) with inspiration from feministfrequency.se to explore visual media and to payattention to the Male Gaze, objectification and sexualization of women, constructed differencesbetween men and women. Feminist Frequency provided me with the concept of Tropes in theexamination of representations of boys and girls in the short movies.The examination has uncovered gender biases in Machofabriken, which privilege the male overthe female and runs the categories fixed and reveals how the masculine discourse has constructedwomen as the Other. This thesis argues, it has dismantled the destructive masculine discourse andhow subjects of both genders are positioned and constituted within that discourse. This alsomeans the construction of gender is already there, before the text, before the short movies.

The international community has long sent democracy aid, and technical election assistance (TEA) has become increasingly popular in the last three decades. Despite these investments, little is known about the effects of TEA. This master thesis focuses on how TEA affects violence during elections and asks if and how does technical election assistance prevent electoral violence in some contexts and not in others? I argue the TEA that is provided to both state and non-state actors in combination can reduce electoral violence. I argue that this can make elections credible and that credible elections are less probable to turn violent. By conducting case studies on Kenya, Nigeria, and Zimbabwe using Structured Focused Comparison, this thesis finds that the hypothesis when a state receives comprehensive technical election assistance, it will experience a reduction in electoral violence gets limited support. The findings show that TEA can help reduce violence since violence was reduced in all three cases, but only two of them received comprehensive TEA.

Våld i ungas partnerrelationer är ett stort problem i dagens samhälle. Det har traditionellt sett fokuserats mer på våld i vuxna partnerrelationer och våld mot barn, vilket har lett till att våld bland unga länge har normaliserats och inte tagits på allvar. Syftet med studien är att få kunskap om samhällsaktörers upplevelser av arbetet med att informera ungdomar om partnervåld samt hur denna information tas emot från ungdomars perspektiv. För att undersöka detta har semistrukturerade intervjuer med samhällsaktörer genomförts samt fokusgruppsintervjuer med elever i årskurs 9. Datamaterialet har analyserats genom tematisk analys där fyra teman identifierades; ansvar, utmaningar, ungdomars informationskällor och förbättringsmöjligheter samt tillhörande subteman. Resultatet visade att samhällsaktörer ser våld i nära relation bland unga som en viktig fråga men att det inte får tillräckligt mycket fokus på grund av okunskap och avsaknad av forskning inom ämnet. Aktörerna beskriver även att de vill göra mer men att de resursmässigt inte räcker till och att annat därmed prioriteras. Utifrån fokusgruppsintervjuerna framkom det att samhällsaktörerna inte lyckats att nå ut med information om partnervåld i den utsträckning som ungdomarna hade önskat. Ungdomarna kände liten tillit till vuxenvärlden och berättade att de inte kände sig bekväma med att vända sig till personal på skolan eller andra samhällsaktörer vid potentiell utsatthet för partnervåld. De efterfrågade att aktörer lyfte frågan mer och ansåg själva att detta kan förebygga att ungdomar blir utsatta för våld i partnerrelationer. En slutsats som kan dras är att det behövs mer forskning om våld i ungas partnerrelationer och att frågan behöver prioriteras mer av samhällsaktörer för att färre ungdomar ska falla offer för partnervåld. / Youth intimate partner violence is a major problem in the society today. Traditionally there has been more focus on violence in adult partner relationships and violence against children, which has led to violence among adolescents being normalized and not taken seriously for a long time. The aim of the study is to investigate how stakeholders experience the work of informing adolescents about intimate partner violence and how this information is received from the perspective of adolescents. To investigate this, semi-structured interviews with stakeholders have been conducted, as well as focus group interviews with pupils in year 9. The data has been analyzed through a thematic analysis where four themes were identified: responsibilities, challenges, adolescents' sources of information and opportunities for improvement, with associated subthemes. The results showed that stakeholders value youth intimate partner violence as an important question. However, despite that importance the question does not receive much focus due to ignorance and a lack of research on the subject. The stakeholders also describe the desire to do more but that they do not have enough resources and other things are prioritized. Based on the focus group interviews, it emerged that the stakeholders do not succeed in reaching out with information about partner violence to the extent that the adolescents had wished. The adolescents had little trust in the adult world and said that they did not feel comfortable turning to employees at the school or other stakeholders in case of potential victims of intimate partner violence. They requested the stakeholders to raise the issue more and believed this could prevent adolescents from being exposed to violence in partner relationships. A conclusion that can be drawn is the need of more research in youth intimate partner violence and that the issue needs to be prioritized more by stakeholders to prevent adolescents from being victims of partner violence.

A handful of studies have shown that National Inter-religious Councils (NIRCs) contribute to electoral violence prevention. However, no quantitative study has evaluated the impact of their interventions and the conditions under which they lower electoral violence. Using data on African national elections from 1992-2019, I examine whether NIRCs' electoral-related peacebuilding interventions lower the severity of electoral violence and if their ability to do so depends on NIRCs' social power. The results in this thesis indicate that the presence of NIRCs' interventions during electoral rounds lowers the likelihood of severe electoral violence. The findings also reveal a significant disordinal interaction between NIRCs' interventions and their power, where the predicted probability of severe electoral violence reduces by 42% when powerful NIRCs implement peacebuilding interventions and, on the other hand, increases by 20% when less powerful NIRCs intervene. While this thesis fails to explain the disordinal interaction effect, it details this study's methodological tools and limitations and contributes an original dataset of NIRCs' interventions and power for future research.

Au Canada et ailleurs dans le monde, le système judiciaire occupe une place de plus en plus importante dans la prise en charge des personnes vivant avec un trouble mental grave. Le rôle du système judiciaire comme levier d'accès aux soins est particulièrement évident dans le cas des personnes déclarées non criminellement responsables pour cause de troubles mentaux (NCR). La vaste majorité des personnes déclarées non criminellement responsables pour cause de troubles mentaux (NCRTM), formant la clientèle principale des services psycho-légaux, était déjà connue des services de santé mentale. Cela questionne la présente capacité du réseau à répondre aux comportements perturbateurs et fait ressortir la possibilité de prévenir le potentiel passage à l’acte et la trajectoire judiciaire subséquence. La présente thèse de doctorat utilise des données administratives provenant des secteurs de la santé, de la justice et de la sécurité publique pour plus de 1 000 personnes qui ont reçu un verdict de non-responsabilité criminelle au Québec. Ces données sont complétées par des entrevues qualitatives avec des parties prenantes. Ensemble, l’analyse de ce corpus de données permettent de mettre en lumière les barrières à l'accès aux soins et les interruptions de services que subissent, dans leur parcours de soins, les personnes atteintes de troubles mentaux sévères et ayant des comportements perçus comme perturbateurs ou dangereux qui les rendent susceptibles d’être judiciarisés. Le premier article décrit les tendances d’utilisation de services de santé et des réclamations de médicaments sur ordonnances dans l’année précédant une infraction qui a entraîné un verdict de NRCTM. Les résultats indiquent que – bien que des résultats antérieurs montrent que plus de 70 % des personnes NCRTM avaient déjà été en contact avec des services pour des raisons de santé mentale – moins de la moitié des personnes déclarées NCRTM avaient bénéficié d’une réelle prise en charge médicale avant l’incident. Les résultats montrent également qu’une personne sur cinq avait commis l’infraction moins d'une semaine après le contact de santé mentale le plus récent. Parmi celles qui avaient au moins une prescription pour un antipsychotique, près de la moitié ne prenaient pas d’antipsychotique au moment de l’infraction. Le deuxième article identifie les facteurs individuels et contextuels facilitants et ceux faisant obstacles à l’accès aux services de santé mentale dans la période avant le délit. Les considérations géographiques jouent un grand rôle dans la possibilité d’accéder et de recevoir les services de santé mentale spécialisés – au-delà des facteurs individuels liés aux besoins. De plus, vivre avec des proches diminue de moitié la probabilité d’aller chercher des services de santé mentale et diminue l’intensité de l’utilisation de services de santé mentale spécialisés, même en tenant compte et ajustant les modèles pour les besoins. Finalement, le troisième article repose sur l’analyse d’entretiens individuels et de groupes d’entretiens focalisés avec 16 personnes ayant de l’expérience vécue (pairs aidants, proches aidants), des praticiens et des administrateurs. Les résultats mettent en évidence comment les expériences passées de stigmatisation, de traumatisme, d'inefficacité et de discrimination au sein d'un système hospitalo-centrique influencent la capacité des utilisateurs de services et des proches aidants à chercher et à s'engager dans les soins. Les mécanismes d'accès existants en période crise, tels que l'intervention policière et les services d'urgence, sont des options inacceptables pour les utilisateurs de services et leurs aidants familiaux et sont donc souvent considérés comme des derniers recours. Par conséquent, les utilisateurs de services entrent dans le système de santé avec des besoins complexes qui sont difficiles à traiter avec les connaissances cliniques actuelles et qui résultent bien souvent en des mesures coercitives plutôt qu’axées sur le rétablissement. Les résultats peuvent être interprétés à la lumière de la stigmatisation structurelle, qui fait référence aux politiques et pratiques institutionnelles qui ont un impact négatif sur les opportunités des personnes atteintes de maladies mentales. Dans le cas présent, la stigmatisation structurelle réduit l'accès aux soins en raison d'une allocation de ressources inadéquate, d'un manque de collaboration intersectorielle et d'intégration des soins, d'attitudes et de pratiques négatives des praticiens de la santé, et d'une surutilisation d'approches coercitives. Nous proposons des stratégies pour réduire les barrières à l’accès liées au système et aux prestataires de soins. / In Canada and elsewhere, the justice system is playing an increasingly important role in the care of individuals with severe mental illness. The role of the justice system as a lever for accessing care is particularly evident in the case of individuals found not criminally responsible on account of mental disorder (NCR). The vast majority of individuals found NCR, who make up the majority of forensic mental health service users, were already known to mental health services. This raises questions about the current capacity of the mental health system to respond to disruptive behaviors and highlights the potential for preventing future justice involvement. This doctoral thesis uses administrative data from the health, justice, and public security sectors for over 1,000 individuals who received a verdict of NCR in Québec. These data are complemented by qualitative interviews with stakeholders. Together, the analysis of this data corpus highlights the barriers to accessing care and service interruptions that individuals with severe mental illness and behaviors perceived as disruptive or dangerous encounter in their care pathway, leading to the risk of judicial involvement. The first article describes trajectories in health services use and prescription drug claims in the year preceding an offense that led to a NCR verdict. The results indicate that, although previous research has shown that over 70% of NCR individuals had already been in contact with mental health services, less than half of NCR individuals had received no consistent care prior to the offense. The results also show that one in five individuals committed the offense less than a week after their most recent mental health contact. Among those who had at least one prescription for an antipsychotic, nearly half were not taking an antipsychotic at the time of the offense. The second article identifies individual and contextual factors that facilitate or hinder access to mental health services in the period prior to the offense. Geographic considerations play a major role in the possibility of accessing and receiving specialized mental health services, beyond individual factors related to needs. Additionally, living with family members decreases the likelihood of seeking mental health services by half and decreases the intensity of specialized mental health service use, even after adjusting for models based on needs. Finally, the third article is based on the analysis of individual interviews and focus groups with 16 individuals with lived experience (peer support workers, family caregivers), practitioners, and administrators. The results highlight how past experiences of stigma, trauma, inefficiency, and discrimination within a hospital-centric system influence the ability of service users and family caregivers to seek and engage with care. Existing access mechanisms during crisis periods, such as police intervention and emergency services, are unacceptable options for service users and their family caregivers and are often considered as a last resort. As a result, service users enter the healthcare system with complex needs that are difficult to address with current clinical knowledge and often result in coercive measures rather than recovery-oriented care. The results can be interpreted in light of structural stigma, which refers to institutional policies and practices that negatively impact the opportunities of people with mental illness. In this case, structural stigma reduces access to care through inadequate allocation of resources, lack of intersectoral collaboration and care integration, negative attitudes and practices of healthcare practitioners, and overreliance on coercive approaches. We propose strategies to reduce system-level and provider-level barriers to access.