Syftet med denna studie var dels att undersöka vad som motiverar människor att arbeta ideellt enligt självbestämmande teorin och i allmänhet genom en öppen fråga, samt om antalet år inom organisationen påverkade motivationsfaktorerna. Utifrån självbestämmande teorin undersöktes hur det tre motivationsbehoven autonomi, kompetens och samhörighet förändrades över tid hos volontärarbetarna. För att undersöka detta utformades en enkät som byggde på basic need satisfaction at work scale (BNS) som distribuerades till 70 volontärarbetare inom Röda korset verksamhet i Gävle. En hierarkisk regressionsanalys visade att behovet av samhörighet hos volontärarbetarna minskade över tid. Orsaker till att samhörigheten minskade över tid hos volontärarbetare diskuterades. / The purpose of this study was to examine what motivates people to volunteer both in general by an open-ended question, and according to self-determination theory. The purpose was also to investigate if the number of years in the organization affects the motivation factors. To investigate this a questionnaire based on the basic need satisfaction at work scale (BNS) was distributed to 70 volunteers in the Red Cross organization in Gävle. Based on self-determination theory this study examined how the three motivation needs of autonomy, competence and relatedness changed over time with volunteer workers. A hierarchical regression analysis showed that the need for relatedness of volunteer workers decreased over time. Reasons for the volunteer reduces of relatedness over time where discussed.

The main research question in this thesis explores why some people volunteer and give money compared to those that do not. The thesis builds on existing research that explains volunteering and giving, but is primarily concerned with showing how the social environment – or the context – in which people live can explain individual decisions to volunteer and give. This thesis answers three main research questions with this central theme in mind. First, how do the background characteristics of people explain whether they volunteer or give? Second, net of background characteristics of people, how does the social environment (context) that people live in explain volunteering and giving? Third, how do background characteristics of people and the social environment in which they live interact to explain volunteering and giving? Each of the four empirical chapters focuses on research questions that have received limited attention in the literature, while also utilizing relatively unique data, in relatively unique contexts. The main results of this study are as follows. Comparatively, the shared profile of a volunteer and charitable giver is someone who is middle aged, more educated, married, richer, healthier, and a religious service attendee. Contextual country characteristics also displayed an independent effect of these individual-level characteristics: religious diversity and belonging to a religious minority group was associated with a greater likelihood of volunteering, but are not associated with giving. Income inequality is associated with a decreased likelihood of volunteering and giving for respondents in developed countries, whereas the opposite is true for respondents in developing countries, supporting Wilkinson’s relative income hypothesis. A curvilinear relationship exists between national devoutness and volunteering, whereas a strong positive correlation exists between national devoutness and giving. Females are more likely to volunteer and give in societies that exhibit more gender equality; and the lower educated are more likely to volunteer in more educated societies, but that they are not more likely to give in these societies. There is no support for the idea that income disparities in volunteering and giving are exacerbated in more socially unequal societies. In England, there was no support for the idea that a stable residential area promotes volunteering and giving among adults, while neighbourhood deprivation and ethnic diversity were strong negative predictors of both behaviours. Among the youth demographic in England, religious diversity of schools is not associated with any form of civic engagement. Ethnic diversity is positively related to school extra curricular activities, but negatively with youth club participation. Youths attending private schools were more likely to take part in school-based extra-curriculars, but less likely to take part in out of school clubs and groups.

La tesi propone una ricognizione dei principali contributi sulla riflessione sviluppatasi attorno al nesso tra cittadinanza attiva, partecipazione e volontariato delle persone di origine straniera.  Il quadro teorico di riferimento integra il paradigma della sociologia relazionale e quello dell’approccio delle capabilities - i quali sono stati usati in un’ottica di complementarietà - nell’idea di unire la dimensione sociale, partecipativa e relazionale della cittadinanza alla richiesta di quest’ultima di essere continuamente sostenuta affinché possa configurarsi in termini di cittadinanza competente. L’analisi è stata condotta con metodologia qualitativa e, nello specifico, attraverso la realizzazione due studi di caso afferenti a esperienze di attivazione di persone di origine straniera all’interno di realtà di volontariato organizzato, nell’intento di identificare gli elementi facilitanti e ostacolanti la messa in atto di pratiche di cittadinanza attiva. I risultati più significativi riguardano: a) l’esigenza di approfondire la presenza di impliciti culturali stanti la diversa semantizzazione della pratica del volontariato delle persone di origine straniera, affinché la promozione di azioni di cittadinanza attiva trovi senso e spazio all’interno di una cornice di riferimento condivisa, b) l’importanza di policy integrate e condivise che riconoscano il ruolo chiave della società di accoglienza nel processo di integrazione. / The present study focuses on the nexus between active citizenship, social participation and Third Country Nationals volunteering in non-ethnic organizations. The theoretical framework integrates the paradigm of relational sociology and the capability approach with the specific aim to integrate the social, participatory and relational dimension of citizenship with its request to be continuously supported by the different actors of the civil society, so that it can configure itself as a competent citizenship. The analysis is done by conducting two case studies focusing on the experience of engagement of Third Country Nationals in non-ethnic voluntary organization, in order to identify factors and conditions promoting or hindering the implementation of active citizenship practices. Main results concern: a) the importance to take into consideration the diverse concepts of and attitude towards volunteering and the implicit cultural understandings of volunteering which affect the way in which volunteering is practiced and understood within society and b) the key role of the receiving society into the integration process of migrant.

This thesis describes Japan's modern system of community fire brigades, a federated civilian paramilitary organization dedicated to localized fire prevention and response with a current active membership of over 800,000 men and women. Auxiliary firefighting institutions in Japan have had comparatively high rates of participation vis-à-vis those of other nations, but are now facing acute recruitment difficulties in the face of increased competition from alternative venues for civic engagement since the mid-1990s. This suggests both the tractability of civil society as an extra-statal sphere of institutionalized social organization as well as the inherent pluralism of its vernacular expression. I demonstrate that the nationalization of the fire brigade system in 1894 was predicated on the existence of an autonomous and normative sphere of age-graded practices of inter-household mutual aid in the villages of Tokugawa Japan. The gradual absorption and redirection of these practices into the nation-building projects of the Meiji state and its successors realized the creation of a functional emergency service organ with universal penetration at minimal expense. Nevertheless, drawing on Maurice Bloch's theory of rebounding violence, I argue that the secular rituals and state symbolism used to achieve this encompassment have conferred a legacy of structural ambivalence between civility and uncivility that continues to inform perceptions and representations of the brigade in public discourse. It follows that the phenomenon of organizational aging and questions of recruitment and succession should be seen as ideological in nature, rather than as simple indices of wider demographics or social transformation. This thesis is based on data collected during twenty months of research in Japan between 2008 and 2010, including eleven months of continuous participant observation with a brigade in Suwa District, Nagano Prefecture. Extensive ethnographic interviews with local firefighters, community members, and town officials are supplemented with data from primary and secondary historical sources, including online discussion forums. This thesis contributes to the literature on local voluntarism in Japan, as well as to the wider anthropological project of documenting non-western models of civil society.

This thesis deals with the topic of corporate social responsibility in the energy company E.ON, both in the Czech Republic and in Europe. The first part describes the topic of social responsibility in general and related topics closely related to the of social responsibility are mentioned. The methodical part describes the data processing itself as it was done in the practical part and what methods were used for the evaluate-on. The practical part describes E.ON in the Czech Republic as well as in Europe. Activities around social responsibility are described in selected regional units. All activities related to social responsibility were mapped in the E.ON CZECH Group. The second part consists of a questionnaire survey of employees of E.ON CZECH, where the aim was to find out employees' awareness of social responsibility in the company.

The thesis deals with examining, if the non-governmental organizations are ready for extraordinary situations, specifically is focused on organizations, which are located in the area of České Budějovice region. The topic is actual, the reason being high frequency of those extraordinary situations in the south Bohemia and it is important to find out, if the help of volunteers is effective. For non-governmental organizations is specific that they are not managed by the government. Their activities try to substitute non-existing or poorly functioning services, which are provided by the government. Activities include realization of free time activities for children, helping socially weak, educational activities in many areas, protection of the environment or historical landmarks, helping disabled and elderly, humanitarian and development aid and many others. The objective of the thesis is to find out, how much are non-governmental ready to deal with extraordinary situations and how they engage in education to prepare population for dealing with extraordinary situations. In the thesis is used the method of information analysis, that meaning content analysis of information, where is specific gathered knowledge ordered on the basis of literature search. To fulfill set objective a semi-structured interview with employees of the chosen non-governmental organization was conducted. The results of the thesis will be offered to chosen non-governmental organizations, which participated in the research. These results could be used to increase quality of training of members of non-governmental organizations and volunteers.

De globala hållbarhetsmålen, antagna år 2015, ska verka för en global satsning för ökad social, ekonomisk, och miljömässig hållbarhet. I styrdokument publicerade 2018 från FN uppmanas berörda parter på olika nivåer att inkorporera mer ideellt engagemang i form av volontärarbete. Detta för att kunna etablera en lokal förankring som ska underlätta genomdrivandet av de 17 målen, med tillhörande 169 delmål. En typ av volontärarbete som vuxit fram de senaste 20 åren är så kallade volontärresor, där ofta unga västerlänningar åker för att hjälpa till i projekt i utvecklingsländer, i kombination med nöjesresor. I denna studie undersöks hur projekt som erbjuds av svenska volontärresebyråer kan relateras till de globala hållbarhetsmålen, samt hur olika publikationer från FN om volontärarbete och hållbar turism kan förstås utifrån kommersiell volontärturism. Här har fyra svenska volontärresebyråers projektbeskrivningar synats och jämförts med delmålen för Agenda 2030. Metoden som använts är en kvalitativ innehållsanalys av projektbeskrivningar från volontärresebyråernas hemsidor. Rättighetsperspektivet (Human Rights Based Approach) har använts vid analysen för att se på vilket sätt projektbeskrivningarna kan ses vara rättighetsbaserade. Resultaten visar på att volontärturism främst berör hållbarhetsmål för utbildning och biologisk mångfald, genom engelskundervisning och vård av djur och natur. I de projekt som finns kan kvalitén på de insatser som görs ofta inte garanteras, och en medvetenhet kring hållbarhetsmålen tycks heller inte finnas. Engagemanget kan därför ses adressera effekterna av strukturella problem, men inte verka för en lösning av de grundläggande orsakerna till problemen. En förbättring som föreslås för att volontärturism ska kunna bidra till en väg till utveckling är att öka kopplingen i projekten till Agenda 2030 genom kunskapsspridning. / The sustainable development goals, published in 2015, were created as a global effort to increase sustainable social, economic and environmental development. In documents published in 2018 from the UN, relevant actors are encouraged to incorporate more voluntary work on different levels of society, in order to establish a local anchoring for the 17 goals with its’ 169 sub-targets. One kind of non-profit work that has gained popularity in the last 20 years are the so-called volunteer travels, where tourists, often young Westerners, travel in order to help out in developing countries, in combination with leisure activities. In this study, descriptions of projects that are offered by Swedish volunteer- travel agencies have been examined as to how they relate to the Sustainable Development Goals, along with how different publications from the UN on how volunteerism and sustainable tourism can be understood in regard to commercial volunteer tourism. Here, four Swedish volunteer tourist agencies have been examined and compared to the sub-targets for the Sustainable Development Goals, also known as Agenda 2030. The method used is a qualitative content analysis of the project descriptions found on the web pages of the volunteer tourist agencies. The Human Rights Based Approach has been used to analyse the data in order to investigate in what way the project descriptions can be seen as rights based. The result shows that volunteer tourism primarily is related to development goals concerning education and biological diversity, through English classes and care of animals and nature. The established projects that are available often cannot guarantee the quality of the efforts being made and do not seem to incorporate an awareness of the Sustainable Development Goals. The activity can therefore be seen as addressing the effects of structural problems, rather than a solution of the underlying causes of the problems. A possible improvement that is suggested for volunteer tourism to contribute more to a road to development, is to more emphasize the connection between projects in volunteer tourism and the Sustainable Development Goals, mainly through knowledge sharing.

Este trabalho pretende analisar os aspectos do trabalho voluntário de tradução e, em qual medida, ele interfere nas relações socioculturais e sociedade. Para tanto, tomaremos como objeto de estudo um grupo de tradutores voluntários que atuam na Organização Não-Governamental Soka Gakkai Internacional. Como se pretende estudar os agentes que participam desse processo, como parte de uma estrutura social, utilizaremos a teoria de actor-network de Bruno Latour (2005). Com o intuito de analisar a função e o desenvolvimento dos tradutores voluntários envolvidos no processo, sua experiência pessoal e profissional e suas relações socioculturais, utilizaremos a noção de habitus discutida por Pierre Bourdieu (1972; 1990; 2003). Com base nos estudos preliminares, pressupõe-se que os atores que desenvolvem esse trabalho voluntário de tradução compartilham princípios e disposições semelhantes, ou seja, possuem basicamente os mesmos habitus e negociam as regras que regem o seu trabalho de acordo com a prática, e não partindo da teoria. Finalmente, busca-se confirmar a premissa de que, para o grupo em questão, os valores que permeiam o seu trabalho, a despeito da recompensa financeira, agregam novas características ao trabalho de tradução, sob uma concepção mais humanista e social. / This article aims to analyze translation as volunteering work as long as to what extent it influences socio-cultural relations and society. Thus, the object of our study is a group of volunteers who work as translators for the Non-Governmental Organization Soka Gakkai International. As we intend to study the agents who participate in this process, considering them to be part of a social structure, the empirical data are discussed against the background of the Actor-Network-Theory by Bruno Latour (2005). We also intend to analyze the role and development of the volunteering translators involved in the process, their background and socio-cultural relations, which will be framed in terms of Pierre Bourdieus concept of habitus (1972; 1990; 2003). Based on preliminary studies, we may argue that the actors who take part in this translation volunteering work share similar principles and dispositions, that is, they have the same habitus and their starting point is not the theory, but they negotiate the rules of translation according to their practice. Finally, we intend to confirm the hypothesis that, for this group, the value of their job is beyond the financial reward, and bring new characteristics to translation.

No description available.

Submitted by Josimar Priori (josimarpriori@hotmail.com) on 2019-01-21T16:51:56Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eunice Nunes (eunicenunes6@gmail.com) on 2019-01-21T18:26:12Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Eunice Nunes (eunicenunes6@gmail.com) on 2019-01-21T18:37:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2019-01-21T18:37:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - A construção da cidade - versão pós defesa revisada.pdf: 3113556 bytes, checksum: 53796b1563c68a9c72583660d5cfc095 (MD5) modelo-carta-comprovante-1.pdf: 163497 bytes, checksum: cfea1a73e8913e74f73a056e06b1e731 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-04-19 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / This thesis analyzes the construction of the city from a study on the relationships between people living on the streets and their religious, volunteers and state interlocutors. Urban construction is thought from a situational perspective. The city is treated as the result of daily practices and seen from different positions: people living on the streets, religious, volunteers, state agents. The ethnographic research was conducted in the city of Maringá-PR between January 2015 and January 2016, during which I followed the daily life of people living on the streets and the forms of intervention carried out by Christian churches, volunteer groups and state agents. The starting point was the mapping of what life on the streets creates in political and social terms. I observed that life on the streets prompts a series of social practices, which draw attention to their disproportion in relation to the number of people living on the streets and the disagreement (RANCIÈRE, 2006) related to the ways of representing it when it is taken as reference the ways in which street life itself is understood. Thus, at least three cités or ordinances (BOLTANSKI and THEVENOT, 2006) are produced by social actors, at the same time as they provide references to justify their actions. These are religious, voluntary and state ordinances, which create administrative ways, including public policies, to intervene on street life and presuppositions for interpretations of urban order. Religious see life on the streets from the standpoint of sin and spiritual causes, voluntary as scarcity and the state as urban dirt or lack of rights. The former set out to evangelize the people who live on the streets; the latter, in the name of solidarity, to help them, and third parties, on the one hand, to remove them from the field of vision and, on the other hand, to realize their rights. The people who intervene on them become, through this intervention, public agents, militants, good Christians, organizers of the city, in other words, they produce themselves as actors, subjects able to intervene in the issues of interest that are considered as of the city. In short, they constitute themselves as political subjects. People that live on the street, on the other hand, are displaced into a position of recipients of these policies, even though they are by contrast constitutive of them. These subjects, however, elaborate a narrative about themselves that questions the external representations, in addition to creating a set of practices, knowledge and ways of interpreting their life and the contemporary world that oppose this state of things. On the one hand, they make instrumental use and re-signify the resources that the interveners bring to them. On the other, they refuse the terms of orderings assistencial, religious and state ordinances in terms of their assumptions. From this use and contestation, important misunderstandings appear that make us understand more than just ways of managing life on the streets. They also talk about urban conflict and make it possible to observe the main ordering forms of the contemporary social world, which builds the city. Specifically, I argue that life on the streets offers terms for the establishment of the following political subjects: 1) Pentecostal churches, linked to a political-religious project of a nation; 2) individuals who identify themselves as good practitioners, children of God, supporters and builders of new projects of life, as well as professional politicians, militants who think the extension of rights, or are adept at social hygiene; 3) good men who elaborate a solidarity and welcoming city representation; 4) people living on the streets are seen as objects of intervention and priority state management. The overlap between religious, voluntary and state practices about street life seems to me, therefore, a relevant sign to know the ways of building order, power and the contemporary city. Being this mechanism of urban production from the street so recurrent and relevant, nationally and internationally, I suggest in this thesis that it is, sociologically, treated as a structuring mechanism of urban life. / Esta tese analisa a construção da cidade a partir de um estudo sobre as relações entre pessoas que vivem nas ruas e seus interlocutores religiosos, voluntários e estatais. A construção urbana é pensada a partir de uma perspectiva situacional. A cidade é tratada como o resultado de práticas cotidianas e vista a partir de diferentes posições: das pessoas que vivem nas ruas, de religiosos, de voluntários, de agentes do Estado. A pesquisa etnográfica foi realizada na cidade de Maringá-PR, entre janeiro de 2015 e janeiro de 2016, período em que acompanhei o cotidiano de pessoas vivendo nas ruas e as formas de intervenção realizadas por igrejas cristãs, grupos de voluntários e agentes estatais. O ponto de partida foi o mapeamento daquilo que a vida nas ruas cria em termos políticos e sociais. Observei que a vida nas ruas impulsiona uma série de práticas sociais, as quais chamam a atenção por sua desproporção em relação ao número de pessoas vivendo nas ruas e pelo desentendimento (RANCIÈRE, 2006) relacionado às maneiras de representá-la quando se toma como referência os modos como a própria vida nas ruas se compreende. Constitui-se, então, ao menos três cités ou ordenamentos (BOLTANSKI E THEVENOT, 2006) produzidos pelos atores sociais, ao mesmo tempo em que fornecem referências para que eles justifiquem suas ações. Trata-se dos ordenamentos religioso, voluntário e estatal, os quais criam modos administrativos, inclusive de políticas públicas, de intervir sobre a vida nas ruas e pressupostos para interpretações sobre a ordem urbana. Religiosos veem a vida nas ruas sob a ótica do pecado e de causas espirituais, voluntários como escassez e o Estado como sujeira urbana ou ausência de direitos. Os primeiros se propõem a evangelizar as pessoas que vivem nas ruas; os segundos, em nome da solidariedade, a ajudá-los, e os terceiros, por um lado, a retirá-los do campo de visão e, por outro, a efetivar seus direitos. As pessoas que intervém sobre eles se tornam, por meio dessa intervenção, agentes públicos, militantes, bons cristãos, ordenadores da cidade, ou seja, produzem-se como atores, sujeitos aptos a intervir nas questões de interesse que são tidos como da cidade. Em suma, se constituem como sujeitos políticos. As pessoas que vivem nas ruas, por outro lado, são deslocadas para uma posição de receptores dessas políticas, ainda que sejam, por contraste, constitutivas delas. Estes sujeitos, no entanto, elaboram uma narrativa sobre si que questiona as representações externas, além de criarem um conjunto de práticas, saberes e formas de interpretar sua vida e o mundo contemporâneo que se opõem a esse estado de coisas. De um lado, fazem uso instrumental e ressignificam os recursos que os interventores lhes fazem chegar. De outro, recusam os termos dos ordenamentos assistencial, religioso e estatal no plano de seus pressupostos. Desse uso e contestação, aparecem desentendimentos importantes, que nos fazem compreender mais do que formas de gerenciamento da vida nas ruas. Eles também falam sobre o conflito urbano e tornam possível a observação das principais formas ordenadoras do mundo social contemporâneo, que constroem a cidade. Especificamente, argumento que vida nas ruas oferece termos para o estabelecimento dos seguintes sujeitos políticos: 1) igrejas pentecostais, vinculadas a um projeto político-religioso de nação; 2) sujeitos que se identificam como praticantes do bem, filhos de Deus, solidários e construtores de novos projetos de vida, bem como políticos profissionais, militantes que pensam a extensão de direitos, ou são adeptos do higienismo social; 3) homens de bem que elaboram uma representação de cidade solidária e acolhedora; 4) pessoas que vivem nas ruas são figuradas como objeto de intervenção e de gestão estatal prioritária. A imbricação entre práticas religiosas, voluntárias e estatais sobre a vida nas ruas, parece-me, portanto, um signo relevante para conhecer os modos de construção da ordem, do poder e da cidade contemporânea. Sendo esse mecanismo de produção urbana a partir da rua tão recorrente e relevante, nacional e internacionalmente, sugiro nessa tese que ele seja, sociologicamente, tratado como mecanismo estruturante da vida urbana.