Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:36:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Omari_Dangelo_Forlin_Dildey.pdf: 1490554 bytes, checksum: d179837ea4985c559fc54f5e530aaca2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Biotic inducing agents such as Trichoderma spp. are alternative uses for the resistance induction by activating plants mechanisms of defense. This work aimed to study the interaction of Trichoderma spp different isolates in bean plant on anthracnose control by evaluating the effects on the induction of resistance. Three experiments were conduced, one in vitro and two under greenhouse conditions. In vitro the aggressiveness of 21 Trichoderma isolates was evaluated by the culture direct confrontation method against C. lindemuthianum. In the greenhouse the bean plant was grown and treated with Trichoderma spp. (in vivo assay 1), which was inoculated via seed treatment in sterilized soil. A second assay was conducted which received inoculation from the 21 isolates inoculated via colonized rice deposition in the furrow and foliar spray of exudates of the same isolates. Leaves and roots collections for the enzyme activity determination before the exudates application, after the exudates application and collects after the inoculation were carried out. Analysis of defense enzymes (peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), fenilalanina ammonia-lyase (PAL), and β-1,3-glucanase (β-GASE)) was held. To check the endophytic colonization ability of the isolates, fragments of bean plant s roots were sanitized and placed in Petri dishes containing PDA media. The net rate of CO2 assimilation, chlorophyll content and anthracnose s severity on bean plants were also evaluated. The data were subjected to variance analysis and compared by the Scott-Knott test (p <0.05). The isolates TI2, TI4, TLB3, TLB12 (T. harzianum); TI3, TM2 (T. virens); TLB6 (T. asperellum); TLB14, TLB17 (T. koningiopsis) were considered as very efficient and the isolates TI1, TM4, TLB9, TLB15 (T. virens); TLB2, TLB4, TOD1, TOD3 (T. harzianum); TOD2A, TOD2B (T. longibrachiatum) were considered as efficient in direct confrontation against C. lindemuthianum. The isolates of Trichoderma spp, TI2 and TI4 (T. harzianum), TM4, TLB2, TLB9, TLB15, TOD1 (T. virens); TLB17 (T. koningiopsis) colonized the bean plant's roots, giving the microorganism endophytic ability on bean plant s roots. Trichoderma isolates interfere with the bean plant metabolism, acting endophytically. The isolates TI1, TM1, TLB15 (T. virens); TI2, TLB3, TLB4, TLB12, TOD1, TOD3 (T. harzianum); TLB6 (T. asperellum); TLB14, TLB17 (T. koningiopsis); TOD2B (T longibrachiatum) suppressed the β-1,3-glucanase activity in the leaf tissue, being considered as suppressors for the induction of defense on bean plants. The defense enzymes activity on the resistance induction of the bean plant treated with Trichoderma spp. for protection against C. lindemuthianum showed no major changes. The isolates did not affect the net rate of CO2 assimilation and did not change the chlorophyll content. The incidence of anthracnose's severity on bean plants, showed no significant difference by treatment via seed/soil and foliar spray of the exudates on the interaction of Trichoderma spp. evaluated. However the management with Trichoderma spp. cannot be ruled out and requires further studies in this pathossystem / Agentes indutores bióticos como Trichoderma spp. são alternativas de utilização para a indução de resistência ativando mecanismos de defesa das plantas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a interação dos diferentes isolados de Trichoderma spp. em feijoeiro no controle da antracnose, avaliando os efeitos na indução de resistência. Foram conduzidos 3 experimentos, sendo um in vitro e dois em condições de casa de vegetação. In vitro foi avaliada a agressividade de 21 isolados de Trichoderma pelo método do confronto direto de cultura contra o C. lindemuthianum. Em casa de vegetação o feijoeiro foi cultivado e tratado com isolados de Trichoderma spp. (ensaio in vivo 1), os quais foram inoculados via tratamento de semente em solo esterilizado. Um segundo ensaio foi conduzido o qual recebeu inoculação dos 21 isolados inoculados via deposição de arroz colonizado no sulco e pulverização de exsudato via foliar dos mesmos isolados. Foram realizadas coletas de folhas e raízes para determinação da atividade enzimática antes da aplicação dos exsudatos, depois da aplicação dos exsudatos e coleta após a inoculação do patógeno. Foi realizada análise das enzimas de defesa (peroxidase (POX), polifenoloxidase (PFO), fenilalanina amônia-liase (FAL) e β-1,3-glucanase (β-GASE)). Para verificar a capacidade de colonização endofítica dos isolados, fragmentos de raízes do feijoeiro foram sanitizadas e dispostas em placas de Petri contendo meio BDA. Foi avaliada também a taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2, teor de clorofila e severidade de antracnose nas plantas de feijoeiro. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparados pelo teste de Scott-Knott (p<0,05). Os isolados TI2, TI4, TLB3, TLB12 (T. harzianum); TI3, TM2 (T. virens); TLB6 (T. asperellum); TLB14, TLB17 (T. koningiopsis) foram considerados como muito eficientes e os isolados TI1, TM4, TLB9, TLB15 (T. virens); TLB2, TLB4, TOD1, TOD3 (T. harzianum); TOD2A, TOD2B (T longibrachiatum) foram considerado como eficientes no confronto direto contra C. lindemuthianum. Os isolados de Trichoderma spp., TI2 e TI4 (T. harzianum), TM4, TLB2, TLB9, TLB15, TOD1 (T. virens); TLB17 (T. koningiopsis) colonizaram as raízes de feijoeiro, conferindo a capacidade endofítica do microrganismo nas raízes do feijoeiro. Isolados de Trichoderma interferem no metabolismo do feijoeiro, atuando endofiticamente. Os isolados TI1, TM1, TLB15 (T. virens); TI2, TLB3, TLB4, TLB12, TOD1, TOD3 (T. harzianum); TLB6 (T. asperellum); TLB14, TLB17 (T. koningiopsis); TOD2B (T longibrachiatum) suprimiram a atividade de β-1,3-glucanase no tecido foliar, sendo considerados supressores para indução da defesa das plantas de feijoeiro. A atividade das enzimas de defesa na indução de resistência de feijoeiro tratado com Trichoderma spp. para proteção a C. lindemuthianum não demonstraram grandes alterações. Os isolados não interferiram na taxa de assimilação líquida de CO2 e não alteraram o teor de clorofila. A incidência de severidade de antracnose em plantas de feijoeiro, não apresentou diferença significativa por meio do tratamento via semente/solo e pulverização dos exsudato via foliar na interação dos isolados de Trichoderma spp. avaliados. Contudo o manejo com Trichoderma spp. não pode ser descartado e requer maiores estudos nesse patossitema

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Willian Bosquette Rosa.pdf: 1209101 bytes, checksum: 9f74d2b45a83e0233eaa0de44543b546 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-12 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the application of nitrogen (N) in coverage and molybdenum (Mo) by foliar application in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Three experiments were conducted in two cities in the western Parana (Toledo and Candido Rondon Rondon-PR) called Toledo, MCR 1st and 2nd harvest. The experiments were conducted at the field level in a randomized block design with four replications in a factorial 5 x 4, five nitrogen dosages (0, 30, 60, 120 and 240 kg ha-1) and four molybdenum dosages by leaf (0, 35, 70 and 140 g ha-1). The combinations and repetitions totaling 80 treatments in an area of 2,700 m2. The applications were performed at the phenological stage V4. The experimental plots were composed of 12 seeding rows, spaced 0,5 meters from each other, with five meters in length, featuring an experimental unit of 30 m2. The mass of 1,000 grains increased linearly in the three experiments above 60 kg ha-1 of nitrogen. Dosages of 120 and 240 kg ha-1 compared with 30 kg ha-1 at the Toledo experiment yielded a 12% increase in plant height, and 15% yield. Considering the experiment MCR 2nd harvest, the difference in productivity between the dose of 30 and 240 kg ha-1 of nitrogen is 1306 kg ha-1, an increase of 51%. The productivity of MCR experiments 1st and 2nd harvest were on average 35% higher compared to the experiment of Toledo. Generally, the dose of 140 g ha-1 molybdenum resulted in an increase of 8, 21 and 25% of the productivity experiments Toledo and MCR 1st and 2nd crop, respectively. The significant interactions for nitrogen x molybdenum, a significant effect only for the number of seeds per pod. When bean underwent dosage of 140 g ha-1 of molybdenum and increasing nitrogen rates, the increase in the number of seeds per pod was linear in all experiments. The application of nitrogen in coverage and molybdenum by foliar raised the leaf nitrogen content and crop yield. The economic viability of nitrogen doses, the dose of 120 kg ha-1 was expressed that the best net revenues. In summary, the application of nitrogen and molybdenum in bean crop, adds values in agronomic variables, including productivity, raises the leaf nitrogen content and is economically viable / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da adubação com nitrogênio (N) em cobertura e molibdênio (Mo) via foliar na cultura do feijão comum. Foram conduzidos três experimentos em dois municípios da região Oeste do Paraná (Toledo e Marechal Cândido Rondon-PR) denominados de Toledo, MCR 1ª safra e MCR 2ª safra. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em nível de campo em um delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial 5 x 4, sendo cinco doses de N em cobertura (0, 30, 60, 120 e 240 kg ha-1) e quatro doses de Mo por via foliar (0, 35, 70 e 140 g ha-1). As combinações e repetições totalizaram 80 tratamentos em uma área de 2.700 m2. As aplicações foram realizadas no estádio fenológico V4. As parcelas experimentais foram compostas por 12 linhas de semeadura, espaçadas 0,5 metros entre si, com cinco metros de comprimento, caracterizando uma unidade experimental de 30 m2. A massa de 1.000 grãos aumentou linearmente nos três experimentos com doses acima de 60 kg ha-1 de N. As doses de 120 e 240 kg ha-1 em comparação com a dose de 30 kg ha-1 no experimento de Toledo proporcionaram um aumento de 12% na altura de plantas e 15% na produtividade. Considerando o experimento de MCR 2ª safra, a diferença na produtividade entre a dose de 30 e a de 240 kg ha-1 de N é de 1.306 kg ha-1, um aumento de 51%. A produtividade dos experimentos MCR 1ª e 2ª safra foram em média 35% superior em comparação ao experimento de Toledo. Com relação aos efeitos significativos para Mo, o aumento nas doses do micronutriente resultou numa maior produtividade nos experimentos MCR 1ª e 2ª safra quando submetidos as doses de 70 e 140 g ha-1, sendo em média 45% superior ao experimento de Toledo. De forma geral, a dose de 140 g ha-1 de Mo resultou num aumento de 8, 21 e 25% na produtividade dos experimentos de Toledo e MCR 1ª e 2ª safra respectivamente. Quanto às interações para N x Mo, houve efeito significativo apenas para o número de grãos por vagem. Quando o feijoeiro foi submetido a dose de 140 g ha-1 de Mo e doses crescente de N, o aumento no número de grãos por vagem foi linear nos três experimentos. A aplicação de N em cobertura e Mo por via foliar elevou o teor de N foliar bem como a produtividade da cultura. Quanto a viabilidade econômica das doses de N, a dose de 120 kg ha-1 foi a que expressou a melhor receita líquida. Em síntese, a aplicação de N e Mo na cultura do feijão, agrega valores nas variáveis agronômicas, inclusive na produtividade, eleva o teor de N foliar e é economicamente viável

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:37:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andre_Luiz_Alves.pdf: 1293250 bytes, checksum: 5a9d56042aa0fbe04acf6487951e4e64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-22 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The objective of this study was to evaluate both the agronomic performance of two common bean cultivars and the population ocorrence of the main crop pests, according to foliar fertilization with potassium silicate. Experiments were conducted from August to December 2014 and from March to June 2015, under field conditions, in the rural area of Assis Chateaubriand, Paraná, Brazil. A randomized block design was used in both experiments, in a 2 x 5 factorial design, with four replications. The first factor refers to common bean cultivars (IPR Campos Gerais and IPR Tuiuiú), and the second factor refers to the doses of potassium silicate (0.0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ml ha-1). The product used contained 0.9 p.v. SiO2 (90 grams per liter of water) and 18% K2O in its formulation, and was diluted in humic acid. In both experiments, doses of potassium silicate were applied during phenological growth stages V3, V4 e R5, R6, R7 and R8 of crops by using the same quantity established for each treatment. The foliar fertilization with potassium silicate did not influence the agronomic characteristics of common bean cultivars, in both crops. IPR Campos Gerais cultivar presented plant height, thousand grain weight and grain yield higher than IPR Tuiuiú cultivar for rainy season crop. IPR Tuiuiú cultivar presented higher grain yield for dry season crop. Foliar fertilization with potassium silicate decreased populational ocorrence of crop pests belonging to Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Coleoptera orders / Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho agronômico de duas cultivares de feijoeiro e a ocorrência populacional das principais pragas da cultura em função da adubação via foliar com silicato de potássio. Os experimentos foram conduzidos nos meses de agosto a dezembro de 2014 e nos meses de março a junho de 2015 em condições de campo no município de Assis Chateaubriand-PR, Brasil. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, em um esquema fatorial 2 x 5, com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator refere-se às cultivares de feijão (IPR Campos Gerais e IPR Tuiuiú) e o segundo fator refere-se às doses de silicato de potássio (0,0; 250; 500; 750 e 1000 ml ha-1). O produto comercial utilizado, continha 0,9 p.v. de SiO2 (90 gramas por litro de água) e 18% de K2O em sua formulação, sendo o produto diluído em ácido húmico. As doses de silicato de potássio foram aplicadas durante os estádios fenológicos V3, V4 e R5, R6, R7 e R8 da cultura em ambos experimentos, sendo utilizada a mesma quantidade do produto estabelecida para cada tratamento nos diferentes estágios fenológicos de aplicação. A adubação foliar com silicato de potássio não influenciou nas características agronômicas das cultivares de feijoeiro em ambas as safras avaliadas. A cultivar IPR Campos Gerais apresentou maior altura de plantas, peso de mil sementes e produtividade de grãos em relação a cultivar IPR Tuiuiú para a safra das águas e a cultivar IPR Tuiuiú apresentou maior produtividade de grãos na safra das secas. A adubação foliar com silicato de potássio proporcionou diminuição na ocorrência populacional das pragas que incidiram sobre a cultura pertencentes as ordens: Hemiptera; Lepdoptera e Coleoptera

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:46:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Flavia.pdf: 1168497 bytes, checksum: f97523b328660e75a0d87b8afe672f21 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-07 / Beans are one of the foods used to supply the energy needs of the Brazilian diet, so it is necessary that farmers use high seed physiological potential, capable of increasing crop productivity. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological and biochemical changes occurring in beans stored for 360 days. Analyses were performed at 0, 30, 90, 180, 270, and 360 days after receiving the seeds (S1 and S2) and grains (G1 and G2) of BRS Radiance, coming from two producers. Tests of germination, accelerated aging, cold, and index of germination speed (IVG), average length of shoot (CMPA) and of root (CMR), electrical conductivity and the electrical conductivity of the leachate were quantified in levels of sugars and amino acids, in addition to Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe, and Zn. The experimental design was completely randomized split-plot in time and the means were compared by the Tukey test at 5% probability. Seed germination was not affected in S2, while S1 and G1 showed a significant fall. The grains from field 1 had a greater influence on heat, stress, and cold, with its vigor decreasing from 91 to 50% and from 93 to 76%, respectively, after 360 days. The IVG tests presented decreased during the experiment. The CMPA and CMR samples showed variations during the experiment, and G1 had the lowest means. In electrical conductivity greater loss of solutes occurred at 90 days of evaluation. Up to 180 days of storage, G1 presented higher amount of amino acids and at 360 days the greatest value S1. Larger amount of soluble sugars were found in samples from field 1. The amount of calcium ions, manganese, iron, and zinc found in the samples were very small. The amounts of potassium decreased until 360 days of storage, and G1 showed the highest value. After 90 days the amounts of magnesium of the samples increased considerably. The grains from field 1 had lower physiological quality. The tests of accelerated aging, cold, and IVG showed a drop in vigor of the Splendor BRS, whereas the electrical conductivity test was not sensitive enough to detect this decrease. This test did not present association with the quantification of the ions investigated. The amount and behavior of amino acids, sugars the ions studied in this work, failed to relate these variables to the decrease in vigor of the bean samples. The storage period influenced the physiological quality of the beans tested. / O feijão é um dos alimentos mais utilizados para suprir as necessidades energéticas da dieta dos brasileiros. Assim, é necessário que os agricultores utilizem sementes de alto potencial fisiológico, capazes de aumentar a produtividade da cultura. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e as mudanças bioquímicas ocorridas em feijões armazenados por 360 dias. As análises foram realizadas nos tempos 0, 30, 90, 180, 270 e 360 dias após o recebimento dos lotes de sementes (S1 e S2) e dos grãos (G1 e G2) da cultivar BRS Esplendor vindas de dois produtores. Foram realizados os teste de germinação, de envelhecimento acelerado, de frio, além de índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG), comprimento médio da parte aérea (CMPA) e da raiz (CMR), condutividade elétrica e do lixiviado da condutividade elétrica foram quantificados os teores de açúcares e aminoácidos, além dos íons Ca, K, Mg, Mn, Fe e Zn. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade. A porcentagem de germinação não foi afetada para S2, enquanto que nas S1 e G1 a queda foi significativa. Os grãos do campo 1 sofreram maior influência sobre estresse de calor e frio, tendo seu vigor diminuído de 91 para 50% e de 93 para 76%, respectivamente, após 360 dias. O IVG dos testes realizados apresentaram queda durante o experimento. O CMPA e o CMR das amostras apresentaram variações ao longo do experimento, sendo que G1 apresentou as menores médias. No teste de condutividade elétrica maior perda de solutos ocorreu aos 90 dias de avaliação. Até os 180 dias de armazenamento, G1 apresentou maior quantidade de aminoácidos e aos 360 dias S1, o maior valor. Maiores quantidade de açúcares solúveis foram evidenciadas nas amostras do campo 1. A quantidade dos íons cálcio, manganês, ferro e zinco encontrados nas amostras foram muito pequenas. As quantidades de potássio diminuíram até os 360 dias de armazenamento, quando G1 apresentou o maior valor. Após 90 dias, as quantidades de magnésio das amostras aumentaram consideravelmente. Os grãos do campo 1 apresentaram menor qualidade fisiológica. Os testes de envelhecimento acelerado, frio e IVG evidenciaram a queda do vigor da cultivar BRS Esplendor, enquanto que o teste de condutividade elétrica não foi sensível para detectar esta diminuição. Este teste não apresentou relação com a quantificação dos íons investigados. A quantidade e o comportamento dos aminoácidos, açúcares e dos íons estudados não permitiram relacionar estas variáveis com a queda do vigor das amostras de feijão. O período de armazenamento influenciou a qualidade fisiológica dos feijões testados.

La graisse commune est la principale phytobactériose du haricot.Cette maladie est causée par Xanthomonas citri pv. fuscans(Xcf) et X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xpp). Xcf et Xpp étantphylogénétiquement distantes, leur capacité à produire lesmêmes symptômes sur haricot serait le fruit d’une convergencepathologique. L’objectif de cette thèse était d’identifi erles gènes candidats pour la spécifi cité d’hôte et d’étudier le rôledes effecteurs Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) dans l’interactionXanthomonas - haricot. Par une approche de génomiquecomparative, nous avons identifi é 116 gènes spécifi ques desagents de la graisse commune, dont un grand nombre a ététransféré horizontalement entre Xcf et Xpp. Ces gènes codentdes protéines intervenant aux différentes étapes de l’interaction.L’obtention du génome de 17 souches par séquençageSingle-Molecule Real-Time a révélé l’existence de un à troisgènes codant des effecteurs TAL par souche, pour un total dequatre gènes tal différents dont deux (tal23A et tal18H) ontété également transférés horizontalement entre Xcf et Xpp.L’ensemble de ces gènes constitue un répertoire spécifi que deXcf et Xpp qui pourrait expliquer la convergence pathologiqueentre ces pathovars. Des tests de pouvoir pathogène couplés àdes analyses transcriptomiques après inoculation d’un mutantde délétion de tal18H sur haricot ont révélé que TAL18H étaitimpliqué dans l’aggravation des symptômes et avait un effetpléiotrope sur le transcriptome du haricot lors de l’interaction.Les résultats de cette thèse constituent une / Common bacterial blight is the main bacterial disease of commonbean. This disease is caused by Xanthomonas citri pv.fuscans (Xcf) and X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Xpp). Xcf and Xppare phylogenetically distant yet they share the ability to inducethe same symptoms on common bean, which is suggestive ofpathological convergence between these two pathovars. Thisthesis aimed at identifying candidate genes for host specifi -city and studying the role of Transcription Activator-Like (TAL)effectors in the Xanthomonas – common bean interaction.Using a comparative genomic approach, we identifi ed 116genes specifi c to common bacterial blight agents, a largenumber of which were horizontally transferred between Xcfand Xpp. These genes encoded proteins involved in the differentsteps of the interaction.Single-Molecule Real-Timesequencing of 17 Xcf and Xpp genomes unveiled one to threeTAL-encoding genes per strain for a total of four different talgenes, two of which (tal23A and tal18H) were also horizontallytransferred between Xcf and Xpp. All these genes forma repertoire specifi c to Xcf and Xpp that could be responsiblefor the pathological convergence observed between thesetwo pathovars. Combination of pathogenicity tests and transcriptomicsafter inoculation of a tal18H deletion mutant oncommon bean plants revealed that TAL18H was involved insymptom development and displayed a pleiotropic effect oncommon bean transcriptome during the interaction. The resultsof this thesis constitute a stepping stone towards optimizingthe monitoring of co

Orientador: Arthur Bernardes Cecílio Filho / Resumo: Em solos onde o cultivo de hortaliças e a aplicação de fertilizantes minerais são constantes, os teores dos nutrientes nestes locais podem aumentar consideravelmente, principalmente fósforo (P) e potássio (K), que estão entre os três nutrientes mais aplicados nas culturas agrícolas. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a resposta da beterraba a doses de fósforo e de potássio em Latossolo com altos teores destes nutrientes. Foram realizados dois experimentos em campo, o delineamento experimental de ambos foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 2 e 4 x 2 para os experimentos de P e de K, respectivamente, com quatro repetições. Em ambos experimentos foram utilizadas duas cultivares ('Early Wonder' e 'Kestrel'). As doses de P foram 0, 120, 240, 360 e 480 kg ha-1 de P2O5; e as doses de K foram 0, 60, 120 e 180 kg ha-1 de K2O. Aos 50 dias após o transplante avaliaram-se os teores de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e boro na folha diagnose. Produtividade e acúmulo de nutrientes foram feitos na colheita. Nos dois experimentos, teores de P e K no solo eram altos. Os acúmulos para todos os nutrientes avaliados na ‘Early Wonder’ na parte aérea e na raiz tuberosa foram superiores a 'Kestrel' em ambos experimentos. Não foi observado efeito das doses de P e de K na produtividade. Em Latossolo com teor alto de P e de K disponível, as cultivares ‘Early Wonder’ e 'Kestrel' não respondem de forma diferenciada à adubação fosfatada e potássica com relação à produtividade, portanto, não se recomenda... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In soils where vegetable cultivation and mineral fertilizer application are constant, nutrient levels at these sites can increase considerably, especially phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), which are among the three most commonly applied nutrients in agricultural crops. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the response of beet to phosphorus and potassium doses in Oxisol with high levels of these nutrients. Two field experiments were carried out and the experimental design was randomized blocks in a 5 x 2 and 4 x 2 factorial scheme for the P and K experiments, respectively, with four replications. In both experiments two cultivars ('Early Wonder' and 'Kestrel') were used. The doses of P were 0, 120, 240, 360 and 480 kg ha-1 of P2O5; and the K rates were 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg ha-1 of K2O. At 50 days after transplantation, the levels of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron in the diagnosis leaf were evaluated. Productivity and nutrient accumulation were measured at harvest. In both experiments, soil P and K contents were high. The accumulations for all nutrients evaluated in 'Early Wonder' in the shoot and root were higher than 'Kestrel' in both experiments. No effect of P and K doses on yield was observed. In Oxisol with high content of P and K, 'Early Wonder' and 'Kestrel' cultivars do not respond differently to phosphate and potassium fertilization regarding to yield, so it is not recommended to fertilize beet crop with these nutrients in Oxisol with high levels of both nu... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Die Gattung Beta gehört zur Familie der Chenopodiaceae und wird in die vier Sektionen Beta, Corollinae, Nanae und Procumbentes unterteilt, wobei die Zuckerrübe der Sektion Beta zugeordnet wird. Aus dem Genom der Zuckerrübe und verwandter Wildarten konnten bereits eine Vielzahl von repetitiven DNA-Familien kloniert und untersucht werden. Mit der monosomen Fragmentadditionslinie PRO1 stand eine Chromosomenmutante zur Verfügung, die neben den 18 B. vulgaris-Chromosomen ein Chromosomenfragment der Wildrübe Beta procumbens enthält. Da dieses als Minichromosom bezeichnete Fragment mitotische Stabilität aufweist, muss es ein funktionelles Centromer besitzen, das auch im genetischen Hintergrund von Beta vulgaris aktiv ist. Mit der Erstellung einer BAC (bacterial artifical chromosome)-Bank von PRO1 wurde die molekulare Charakterisierung von Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons eines einzelnen Wildrüben-Centromers möglich. Die für die Wildrübe Beta procumbens spezifischen Satellitenrepeats pTS5 und pTS4.1 dienten der Selektion von BACs aus der Centromer-Region des PRO1-Minichromosoms. Die Identifizierung eines unikalen genomischen Locus, mit einer Verschachtelung von zwei nicht homologen LTR-Retrotransposons, ermöglichte die gerichtete Isolation der LTR-Retrotransposons Beetle1 und Beetle2. Das Retrotransposon Beetle1 hat eine Gesamtlänge von 6736 bp und wird von LTR-Sequenzen begrenzt, die eine Länge von 1091 bp (5’-LTR) bzw. 1089 bp (3’-LTR) aufweisen. Das LTR-Retrotransposon Beetle2 weist mit 6690 bp eine ähnliche Gesamtlänge wie Beetle1 auf. Es wird von deutlich kürzeren LTR-Sequenzen mit einer Länge von 774 bp begrenzt. Aufgrund der Reihenfolge der Polyproteingene lassen sich Beetle1 und Beetle2 in die Gruppe der Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons (Metaviridae) einordnen. Beide Retrotransposon-Familien besitzen ein einziges offenes Leseraster (open reading frame; ORF) mit fusionierten gag- und pol-Genen. Datenbankrecherchen zeigten hohe Homologien von Beetle1 und Beetle2 mit den centromerischen Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons CRM aus Zea mays, CRR aus Oryza sativa und cereba aus Hordeum vulgare. Diese centromerischen Retrotransposons (CRs) sind in den Poaceae stark konserviert und stellen neben Satellitenrepeats eine hochabundante Sequenzklasse der Centromere der Süßgräser dar. Da sie im 3’-Bereich des gag-pol-Polyproteins eine Chromodomäne aufweisen, werden sie der eigenständigen Gruppe der Chromoviren zugeordnet. Chromodomänen sind zur Bindung von Proteinen und DNA befähigt und spielen eine wichtige Rolle in der Chromatin-Modifikation und der Bildung von Heterochromatin-Regionen. Beetle1 und Beetle2 besitzen Motive einer Chromodomäne, die vermutlich für eine gerichtete Transposition in die Centromer-Region verantwortlich ist. Neben der geringen Divergenz von Beetle1- und Beetle2-Sequenzen sowohl im Genom von Beta procumbens als auch in den anderen Arten der Sektion Procumbentes spricht auch das junge Alter von 100 000 bis 350 000 Jahren und die Transkriptionsaktivität für eine Einordnung dieser Ty3-gypsy-Retrotransposons in die Gruppe der Chromoviren. Sowohl die Southern-Hybridisierung als auch die Fluoreszenz-in situ-Hybridisierung zeigten, dass Beetle1 und Beetle2 nur für die Sektion Procumbentes spezifisch sind und dort in hoher Kopienzahl vorkommen. Untersuchungen mit methylierungssensitiven Restriktionsendonukleasen veranschaulichten den hohen Grad an Cytosin-Methylierung von Beetle1 und Beetle2.

Magistro darbe tiriama paprastojo kiečio (Artemisia vulgaris L.) biologinių savybių priklausomybė nuo tyrimo vietos edafinių ir klimatinių ypatumų. Darbo objektas – paprastasis kietis (Artemisia vulgaris L.). Darbo tikslas – nustatyti įvairias paprastojo kiečio fiziologinias charakteristikas. Darbo metodai – Tyrimai atlikti LŽŪU aplinkotyros laboratorijoje. Azoto kiekis nustatytas Kjeldalio metodu. Dirvožemio sunkiųjų metalų analizė atlikta mėginius deginant „Multiwave 3000 Synthos 3000“ ir gauto ekstrakto elementų koncentracijos nustatytos pagal standartą LST ISO 11047 (Dirvožemio kokybė), naudojant liepsnos ir elektoterminės atominės absorbcijos spektrometrinius metodus. Flavonoidų kokybinė ir kiekybinė sudėtis nustatyta efektyviosios skysčių chromatografijos metodu. Epifitinių mikroorganizmų kiekis nustatytas naudojant sojos leptono ir Salsbūro agarą. Duomenys įvertinti, panaudojant Excel ir SPSS statistines programas. Darbo rezultatai. Atlikus tyrimus įvertintos paprastojo kiečio fiziologinės savybės ir gauti tokie rezultatai: dirvožemio geležies, cinko nikelio koncentracijos buvo didžiausios 2 km atstumu nuo AB “Achema” (prie geležinkelio), 0,5 km atstumu nuo AB „Achema“ – vidutinės, mažiausios – Kačerginės; dirvožemio ir paprastojo kiečio įvairių augalo dalių azoto koncentracija išsidėsto tokia tvarka: dirvožemio < šaknų < stiebų < žiedų < lapų; tarp visų tyrimo vietų reikšmingai skyrėsi paprastojo kiečio sausoji masė. Pagal stiebus ir žiedynus A. vulgaris L... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Topic of the diploma (Master degree in Ecology) was evaluation of Artemisia vulgaris L.) physiological-biochemical parameters depending on site edaphic and climatic factors. Research object - Artemisia vulgaris L. Purpose of the work – evaluation of various morphophysiological-biochemical parameters of Artemisia vulgaris L. in respect of the distance from the nitrogen fertilizer factory, ommiting ammonia also in respect of heavy metal concentrations in the soil. Methods. Analyses were performed at the laboratory of Environment of University of Agriculture of Lithuania. Concentration of nitrogen was determined by Kjeldal method. For the determination of the heavy metal concentration the samples of the soil were burned by „Multiwave 3000 Synthos 3000“ and obtained extracts were analysed following protocol for the soil quality (LST ISO 11047), using method of flame and electrothermal atomic absorbtion spectrometry. The amount of epiphytic microorganisms was determined bacteria on soya agar and fungi on Salsbur medium. Data were analysed using Excel and SPSS statistical packages. Results and discussion. Concentration of the nitrogen in the soil and leaves of Artemisia vulgaris, falls in the following order: site, located in 2 km distance from the factory < site located besides the factory < Kačerginė site located in 45 km distance from the factory (as a control, „relatively clean“ site). In the sampling sites of Artemisia vulgaris concentrations of heavy metal (Pb, Cr, Ni... [to full text]

El Estornino Pinto (Sturnus vulgaris) es un ave nativa de Europa, Oeste de Asia y norte de África que ha sido introducida en numerosos países y actualmente es considerada una de las 100 especies más invasoras del mundo. En la Argentina fue introducida en la década del 80 y a partir de ese momento se ha observado un aumento importante en la cantidad de ejemplares por bandada y una expansión a distintas provincias del país. Entre noviembre de 2010 y octubre de 2011 se realizó un censo de aves en el parque Pereyra Iraola y una búsqueda de nidos de estorninos y de otras especies. Se determinó que actualmente el Estornino Pinto es la especie que nidifica en cavidades con mayor densidad en la zona (1,47 individuos/ha). Para nidificar utilizaron una gran variedad de cavidades, principalmente en árboles vivos pero también en árboles muertos y construcciones humanas como techos de viviendas y luminarias. Se observaron interacciones agresivas con dos parejas de carpinteros y con un hornero por el uso de estas cavidades. En estos casos el estornino no logró desplazar a las otras aves, pero por otro lado se registraron dos parejas de estornino nidificando en cavidades que unos días antes estaban siendo construidas carpinteros. Durante cuatro temporadas reproductivas (septiembre-diciembre de 2010, 2011, 2012 y 2013) se realizó un estudio de la biología reproductiva del estornino mediante el uso de cajasnido. El Estornino Pinto fue la única especie que las utilizó. Dentro de las cajas construyeron un nido voluminoso utilizando principalmente gramíneas y ramas. También utilizaron hojas verdes, hojas secas, corteza, líquenes, clavel del aire, vainas de leguminosas, flores, crines y estiércol de caballo, bolitas de barro y materiales artificiales. El tamaño de la puesta fue de 4,06 ± 0,13 huevos por nido y el éxito de eclosión del 77,5%. Nacieron en promedio 3,15 pichones por nido y se produjo reducción de nidada en el 37,9%. En el 67% de los nidos donde nacieron pichones la totalidad de ellos murieron. La proporción de pichones que sobrevivieron por nido fue muy baja (x= 0,24) y disminuyó en las nidadas tardías, viendose afectada negativamente por la temperatura ambiental, mientras que las precipitaciones tuvieron un efecto positivo sobre la supervivencia de los pichones. La temperatura ambiental también tuvo un efecto subletal sobre los pichones, disminuyendo el peso asintótico alcanzado conforme aumentó la temperatura. Los pichones fueron parasitados por larvas de Philornis mostrando la prevalencia más alta (61,82%) registrada en aves de Argentina y con una intensidad media de 10,7 larvas por pichón. En el 60,7% de los nidos con pichones parasitados no sobrevivió ningún pichón. La proporción de pichones que sobrevivieron por nido varió en función de la edad a la que fueron parasitados, siendo menor cuando el parasitismo ocurrió a una edad más temprana, sin embargo, no se vió afectada por la intensidad de Philornis. Se analizó el contenido estomacal de pichones y se observó que consumieron principalmente larvas y adultos de coleópteros, himenópteros y larvas de lepidópteros. En menor proporción consumieron alimento vegetal, encontrándose semillas de Morera Negra Morus nigra en el 48,7% de los estómagos, por lo que el estornino podría estar actuando como un dispersor de especies vegetales exóticas. También se encontraron piedras en el 53% de los estómagos. La proporción de artrópodos disminuyó y la de alimento vegetal y piedras aumentaron con el crecimiento de los pichones y al avanzar la temporada reproductiva. Con respecto a los parásitos, se encontraron ooquistes de Isospora sp. (Coccidia) con una prevalencia del 26,8% en muestras de heces de pichones y huevos de cestode sólo en una muestra. También se extrajeron los ectoparásitos de pichones y juveniles de estornino muertos y de pichones vivos, encontrando sólo ácaros de la especie Ornithonyssus bursa. Todas estas especies son cosmopolitas y se encontraban previamente en la zona, por lo que el estornino no habría adquirido nuevas especies de parásitos, con excepción de Philornis, ni habría transmitido nuevos parásitos a las aves nativas Esta tesis constituye el primer estudio sobre los distintos aspectos de la invasión del Estornino Pinto en la Argentina y aporta datos importantes para el conocimiento de la situación de esta especie en el Noreste de la provincia de Buenos Aires que podrían utilizarse en un futuro con el fin de implementar estrategias de control de la especie.

Die Verbindung von genetischen, physikalischen und zytologischen Daten ist entscheidend für die Genom- und Chromosomenanalyse. Obwohl Beta vulgaris (2n = 18) als wichtige Kulturpflanze und Untersuchungsobjekt der Grundlagenforschung eine intensiv analysierte Art darstellt, existiert bisher keine Verknüpfung zwischen Kopplungsgruppen (LG) und Chromosomen. B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen können zudem aufgrund fehlender morphologischer Unterscheidungsmerkmale bisher nicht einzeln identifiziert und klassifiziert werden. Somit sind zytogenetisch gewonnene Ergebnisse nicht ohne weiteres auf genetische Kopplungsgruppen und physikalische Karten übertragbar. Zytogenetische Methoden können zur Analyse struktureller Chromosomenveränderungen, zur Identifizierung und Lokalisierung von repetitiver DNA sowie zur Kartierung schwierig zu positionierender Marker verwendet werden. Ziel dieser Arbeit war es daher, ein FISH (Fluoreszenz-in-situ-Hybridisierung)-Verfahren zu etablieren, das die Kopplungsgruppen und Chromosomen der Zuckerrübe korreliert und die mikroskopische Identifizierung aller Chromosomenarme ermöglicht. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde ein FISH-Referenzkaryotyp der Zuckerrübe entwickelt. Durch ein Sondenset aus 18 BACs (bacterial artificial chromosome) sind alle Chromosomenarme der Zuckerrübe identifizierbar und werden mit den nördlichen und südlichen Enden der genetischen Kopplungsgruppen verknüpft. Somit ist eine einheitliche Nummerierung von Kopplungsgruppen und Chromosomen möglich. Durch die gleichzeitige Hybridisierung von chromosomenspezifischen BACs und den Satelliten-DNA-Sonden pAv34 und pBV VI beziehungsweise pEV und pBV wurden die Verteilungsmuster der Sequenzfamilien auf den Chromosomen ermittelt. Die gleichzeitige Hybridisierung aller vier repetitiven Sonden ergab ein chromosomenspezifisches Muster aus subtelomerischen, interkalaren und zentromerischen Signalen. Damit ist die Identifizierung aller B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen in einem einzelnen FISH-Experiment möglich. Zudem wurden dadurch die Chromosomen mit hohem Anteil an tandemartig angeordneten repetitiven Sequenzen identifiziert und die Chromosomenregionen lokalisiert, welche die Sequenzassemblierung behindern können. Sowohl das entwickelte BAC-Set als auch der Sondenpool aus repetitiver DNA unterscheiden die somatischen Metaphasechromosomen erstmals unabhängig von trisomen Linien. Da mit Hilfe der Satelliten-DNA-Sonden alle Chromosomen gleichzeitig markiert werden können, waren die spezifischen physikalischen Längen ermittelbar. Sie wurden mit den genetischen Längen der Kopplungsgruppen in Verbindung gebracht und deckten eine kopplungs-gruppenspezifische Rekombinationshäufigkeit zwischen 0,73 und 1,14 Mb/cM auf. Durch Hybridisierung der BACs und subtelomerischer beziehungsweise telomerischer Sonden auf Pachytänchromosomen wurde der Abstand der BACs sowie der in ihnen enthaltenen genetischen Marker zum physikalischen Chromosomenende abgeschätzt. An fünf Chromo-somenenden wurde ein deutlicher Abstand zwischen den Signalen des BACs und der terminalen Sonden festgestellt. Die zugehörigen Kopplungsgruppen sind demnach erweiterbar. Zudem wurden drei BACs mit nicht detektierbarem Abstand zum Chromosomenende durch FISH an gestreckten Chromatinfasern näher untersucht. Einer der drei BACs wurde eindeutig in unmittelbarer Nähe des Telomers nachgewiesen. Für dieses Ende (Chr 2N) ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit gering, dass die Kopplungsgruppe durch zusätzliche Marker erweitert werden kann; sie wird darum als abgeschlossen angesehen. Für die Enden Chr 4S und Chr 9S war der Abstand zwischen BAC und terminaler Sonde zu groß, um ihn durch Fiber-FISH zu ermitteln. Für sie sind weitere distal zu positionierende Marker wahrscheinlich. Weiterhin wurden bioinformatische Analysen an der verfügbaren B.-vulgaris-Genomsequenz RefBeet 1.0 durchgeführt. Scaffolds, welche die genetischen terminalen Marker enthalten, wurden bioinformatisch identifiziert und auf ihren Gehalt subtelomerischer und telomerischer Sequenzen untersucht. Vorhandene terminale Sequenzen sind ein Nachweis für eine terminale Lokalisierung der in-silico-Chromosomenabschnitte. Für drei Scaffolds mit zuvor ungeklärter Lage wurde dadurch das in-silico-Chromosom ermittelt beziehungsweise die nördliche oder südliche Position auf dem Chromosom dargestellt. Durch die Lokalisierung dieser Bereiche innerhalb der Sequenz in Bezug zum genetischen Marker und unter Berücksichtigung der Ergebnisse der Pachytän-FISH wurde die Strangorientierung von 16 Scaffolds ermittelt. Auf 14 Scaffolds wurden die Abstände der Marker zu den terminalen Sequenzen bestimmt. Der Median betrug etwa 196 kb. Für alle Kopplungsgruppenenden außer dem Norden von LG 2 und LG 4 ist das Vorhandensein weiterer distaler genetischer Marker wahrscheinlich. Satelliten-DNA ist innerhalb einer Art meist homogen, kann jedoch chromosomenspezifische Varianten ausbilden. Auf dem BAC-Marker für Chr 2N wurde durch Southern-Hybridisierung die subtelomerische Sequenzfamilie pAv34 detektiert. Von dem betreffenden BAC wurde eine Subklonbank erstellt. Durch Southern-Hybridisierung wurde der pAv34-Gehalt der Subklone analysiert. Positive Klone wurden sequenziert. Dabei wurden vier verschiedene vollständige pAv34-2N-Monomere detektiert. Im Vergleich mit pAv34-Volllängenmotiven aus der RefBeet 1.0 und dem Datensatz der nicht assemblierten Sequenzen der RefBeet 0.2 bilden die pAv34-2N-Einheiten mit pAv34-Kopien, die verschiedenen in-silico-Chromosomen und Contigs zugeordnet sind, eine Subfamilie. Aus den Sequenzen der Subklone wurden zwei Subklon-Contigs gebildet, die im in-silico-Chromosomenabschnitt von Chr 2N (Bvchr2.un.sca001) positioniert wurden. Dadurch wurden Regionen bisher unbekannter Sequenz entschlüsselt. Abweichungen zwischen den assemblierten Daten und den Subklonsequenzen deuten auf Assemblierungsfehler der Genomsequenz in repetitiven Bereichen hin. Die in dieser Arbeit erzielten Ergebnisse ermöglichen erstmalig die eindeutige Identifizierung aller B.-vulgaris-Chromosomen unabhängig vom Zellzyklusstadium und im Einklang mit genetischen Informationen. Zytogenetische sind jetzt mit molekularen Daten integrierbar und können verwendet werden, um den chromosomenspezifischen Satelliten-DNA-Gehalt aufzudecken und mögliche chromosomenspezifische Subfamilien zu identifizieren. Sie erlauben, physikalische Abstände zwischen Markern zu ermitteln und die Abdeckung von Kopplungsgruppen im terminalen Bereich zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse tragen dazu bei, Marker und nicht zugeordnete Contigs und Scaffolds zu kartieren, Ursachen für Lücken aufzudecken und damit die Sequenzdaten des Zuckerrübengenoms zu einer fortlaufenden, hochqualitativen Sequenz zu assemblieren. Die zytogenetischen Daten bilden zudem die Basis für zukünftige Untersuchungen struktureller Umbauten von Chromosomen, die während der Genomevolution stattfanden. / The correlation of genetic, physical and cytological data is crucial for interdisciplinary genome and chromosome analyses. Beta vulgaris (2n = 18) is an important crop and an object of basic research. Although it is an intensely analysed species, its genetic linkage groups (LG) have not been assigned to chromosomes. Additionally, sugar beet chromosomes lack distinct morphological features and could therefore not be identified and classified individually. Consequently, results generated by cytogenetic methods can not be readily applied to genetic and physical maps. Cytogenetic approaches enable analysing structural chromosomal changes, identifying and localizing repetitive DNA, and mapping of markers which are difficult to place within linkage maps. Therefore, the main objective of this work has been the development of a FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) procedure that correlates LGs with chromosomes of sugar beet and that allows the microscopic identification of individual chromosome arms. In this work a FISH reference karyotype for sugar beet has been established. A set of 18 BACs (bacterial artificial chromosome) allows the unequivocal identification of each sugar beet chromosome and assigns them to the southern and northern ends of LGs. Hence, the chromosomes are numbered in accordance with the genetic map. The arm-specific BACs and the satellite DNA families pBV and pBV VI or pEV and pAv34 have been hybridized simultaneously to assign the distribution patterns of the highly abundant sequence families to chromosomes. Simultaneous hybridization of the four repetitive probes revealed a chromosome-specific pattern of subtelomeric, intercalary and centromeric signals. Thus, each of the sugar beet chromosomes can be identified in a single FISH experiment. Furthermore, chromosomes with a high content of repetitive DNA have been identified and chromosomal regions that may hinder the correct sequence assembly have been localized. The BAC set as well as the pooled satellite DNA probes discriminate the somatic chromosomes for the first time independently from trisomic lines. Since the chromosomes are differentially labelled with the satellite DNA probes their physical distances could be determined and correlated with genetic distances of the corresponding LGs. A LG-specific recombination frequency from 0.73 to 1.14 Mb/cM has been disclosed. BACs and subtelomeric or telomeric sequences have been hybridized simultaneously on pachytene chromosomes to estimate distances between BACs plus the markers they contain and the physical chromosome ends. Five BACs showed substantial distances to the physical chromosome ends; the corresponding LGs could thus be extended by additional markers. Furthermore, three BACs showing only minor distances to chromosome ends have been investigated in detail by fiber-FISH. One of these BACs was localized closely adjacent to the telomere. For this chromosome end (Chr 2N) it is unlikely that the LG could be extended distally by additional markers and is therefore considered to be closed. The BACs for the chromosome ends Chr 4S and Chr 9S have been too distant from the terminal probe to be bridged by fiber-FISH. For them it is likely that further markers can be placed distally. Furthermore, the B. vulgaris genomic sequence RefBeet 1.0 has been investigated. Scaffolds containing terminal genetic markers have been identified bioinformatically and analysed for the content of subtelomeric and telomeric sequences. The occurrence of terminal sequences confirms the terminal localization of in silico chromosome segments. Three scaffolds with an initially unknown position could thus be allocated to in silico chromosomes and to the northern or southern position on the chromosome. The strand orientation of 16 scaffolds has been determined based on the localization of terminal sequences in relation to the genetic marker considering the results of FISH on pachytene chromosomes. The distance between markers and terminal sequences has been determined for 14 scaffolds. The median is 196 kb. It is likely that further markers can be placed distally from all LG ends except for the north of LG 2 and LG 4. Satellite DNA is usually homogenous within one species; however, it can form chromosome-specific variants. Southern hybridization revealed that the BAC marker for Chr 2N contains the subtelomeric sequence family pAv34. The BAC has been subcloned and the pAv34 content of the subclones has been analysed by Southern hybridization. Positive clones have been sequenced. Thereby, four pAv34-2N monomeres have been detected. Compared to full-length pAv34 motives derived from the RefBeet 1.0 and from unassembled sequence data of the RefBeet 0.2 the pAv34-2N units form a subfamily together with pAv34 copies assigned to different in silico chromosomes and contigs. The subclone sequences have been assembled to two subclone contigs, which have been positioned within the in silico chromosome segment of Chr 2N (Bvchr2.un.sca001). Thereby, regions of unknown sequence have been decoded and probable misassemblies in repetitive regions within the RefBeet 1.0 have been disclosed. The results obtained in this work enable the identification of all sugar beet chromosomes independently from their stage of cell division and in accordance with genetic information. Cytogenetic data are integrated with molecular data and can be used for identifying the chromosome-specific distribution of repeats and chromosome-specific repeat variants. They enable determining physical distances between markers and investigating the terminal coverage of LGs. The results support the correct mapping of markers and unassigned contigs, uncover reasons for gaps within maps and sequence assemblies, and thus contribute to assembling data into a continuous high quality genome sequence of sugar beet. Moreover, the cytogenetic data represent the basis for future investigations of structural chromosomal changes that took place during evolution.