Magister Artium - MA / The year 2015 and 2016 marked a period of heightened turmoil for the universities in the Western Cape. The three leading institutions in the province were each affected by student-led protest during that year. The Rhodes Must Fall Campaign occurred at the University of Cape Town (UCT), followed by Luister at Stellenbosch University (SU) and later the Fees Must Fall Campaign happened at the University of the Western Cape (UWC). Of the three universities, UWC was the most affected by the student-led protest in the province. Aside from the financial costs incurred by the physical damages to the university, the effects of the movement also lead to the extended shutdown of UWC in 2015 and again in 2016. / 2021-11-25

La thèse présentée est intitulée « Le principe d’autonomie de la volonté de la patiente enceinte avant l’accouchement: Modèle de communication hospitalière ». Le travail de recherche est essentiellement méthodologique. Il comporte également une partie d’étude empirique, des enquêtes sous forme de témoignages auprès de plus de 500 patientes ayant subi une IVG en Europe. Il contribue à un thème de recherche important, la mise en place des mécanismes juridiques nécessaires à l’évolution des stratégies de santé publique du droit à l’IVG. La thèse est structurée en deux grandes parties : I. La consécration de l’autonomie de la femme lors d’une grossesse indésirée II. Les atteintes à l’autonomie de la femme lors d’une grossesse indésirée (modèle de communication) Ce découpage met en évidence le développement juridique autour de la remise en cause de la procédure d’accès à l’IVG par un éclairage de l’autonomie de la patiente. La première partie est divisée en deux titres qui présentent le respect de l’autonomie et le recueil du consentement. Le travail de recherche se construit par une analyse des données nécessaires pour évaluer les impacts du consentement perverti par le profane et le milieu médical dans lequel il s’inscrit. La deuxième partie propose deux titres qui présentent la responsabilité médicale et l’effet relatif des responsabilités quant à l’autonomie de la femme enceinte, permettant d’analyser les limites à la détermination de la patiente, le préjudice subi de la perte d’autonomie et les inégalités qui découlent des traitements différents selon les législations en vigueur. Malgré l’impossibilité de conclure à priori sur l’autonomie du processus de décision médicale, des solutions juridiques sont néanmoins proposées dans le dernier chapitre : il s’agit d’une étude de cas pour le renforcement juridique du consentement de la patiente (2019) menée aux Hôpitaux de Genève (HUG) en Suisse permettant, notamment, une déconstruction du principe de « libre-choix » de la patiente. Loin d’entrer dans une logique critique et antinomique pro-IVG, la thèse propose d’analyser les failles procédurales (le paradoxe de la responsabilité médicale) dans une étude nourrie de réflexions juridiques sur la notion d’autonomie et le statut de la femme lors de la décision IVG. / The thesis presented is entitled "The principle of autonomy of will of the pregnant patient before giving birth : a hospital communication model. The research work is essentially methodological. It also includes a part of empirical study, surveys in the form of testimonies with more than 500 patients having undergone a VTP care, in the 3 European countries determined in the study, in France, Poland and Switzerland. It contributes to an important research theme, the establishment of the legal mechanisms necessary for the evolution of public health strategies of the VTP right. The thesis is structured in two main parts : I. The recognition of women's autonomy when deciding on the use of the VTP care. II. Violations of women's autonomy when deciding on the use of the VTP care (hospital communication model). This division highlights the legal development around the questioning of the procedure of access to the VTP care by a lighting of the autonomy of the patient. The first part is divided into two titles that show respect for autonomy and the collection of consent. The research work is constructed by an analysis of the data needed to evaluate the impact of perverted consent by the lay person and the medical community in which he is enrolled. The second part proposes two titles that present the special medical responsibility and the relative effect of responsibilities on the autonomy of the pregnant woman, allowing to analyze the limits to the determination of the patient, the harm suffered from the loss of autonomy and the inequalities that result from different treatments according to the legislation in force. Despite the impossibility of concluding a priori on the autonomy of the medical decision-making process, legal solutions are nevertheless proposed in the last chapter : it is a case study for the legal strengthening of the patient's consent (2018) conducted at the Geneva Hospitals (HUG) in Switzerland allowing, in particular, a deconstruction of the principle of "free choice" of the patient. Far from entering a critical and antinomic pro-VTP logic, the thesis proposes to analyze the procedural flaws (the paradox of medical responsibility) in a study nourished by legal reflections on the notion of autonomy and the status of women during the decision IVG.

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[pt] Em fins de 2016 o conceituado Dicionário Oxford elegeu e divulgou que pós-verdade seria sua palavra do ano. A escolha teria se baseado no singular aumento de uso da palavra e seria relativa ao agitado panorama macropolítico que havia dominado a discussão pública, nos contextos aos quais se refere o dicionário, naquele ano. Sua definição remeteria a uma perspectiva na qual a emoção seria mais importante ao apelo público que referências aos fatos, tal como uma crescente desvalorização da verdade. A palavra, então, passou a ser bastante tematizada e discutida publicamente nesta chave. Partindo deste contexto, o presente trabalho chega à seguinte pergunta: por que se preteriria e defenderia, axiologicamente falando, uma afirmação enquanto verdadeira mesmo que epistemologicamente tais afirmações procedam ou não? A partir do debate acerca desta questão, o trabalho desloca seu olhar de uma vontade de verdade para uma vontade de identidade, pensando os processos pelos quais indivíduos ou grupos criam identificações acerca de certas verdades, em seu sentido axiológico. Assim, passa a indagar os mecanismos da identidade e consolidação de tais verdades; para isto, recorre aos postulados filosóficos de Friedrich Nietzsche e Jacques Derrida e estabelece uma narrativa, a partir da pergunta sobre a noção de pós verdade e seus limites, que se segue da vontade de verdade de acordo com o postulado por Nietzsche para as discussões acerca de identidades e identificações nos postulados de Derrida. Pergunta-se então, se em sentido axiológico se poderia falar de uma hipertrofia da verdade. / [en] At the end of 2016 the prestigious Oxford Dictionary has elected and announced that post-thuth was his word of the year. The choice was based on the significantly increase of the use of the word and it would be related to the main politics landscape that had been on the spots of the public discussion that year, about the contexts referred by the dictionary. His definition (of post-truth) would refer to a perspective where emotion was more important to the public appeal than references to facts, just as a growing devaluation of truth too. The word, then, got more themed and publicly discussed in this key. From this context, this text comes to the following question: why it would be preferred, pointed and defended, axiologically speaking, a statement as true even if epistemologically these statements proceed or not? From this debate, this text turns his view from a will to truth to a will to identity, thinking the processes in witch individuals or groups creates identifications about certain truths in their axiological sense. Thus, it begins to inquire the mechanisms of identity and the consolidation of those truths; in this purpose it resorts to the philosophical postulates of Friedrich Nietzsche and Jacques Derrida and establishes a narrative starting from the question about the notion of post-truth, its limits, which follows from the will to truth according to postulates of Nietzsche to the discussions about identities and identifications on Derrida s postulates. So, it s possible to outline the possibilities, in an axiological sense, of a discuss about a hypertrophy of truth.

Recently, the Whip-poor-will (Caprimulgus vociferous) has become focus of considerable conservation concerns as the result of evidence indicating significant population declines throughout its breeding range (Veit and Petersen 1993). The lack of quantitative data concerning much of this species natural history has delayed recovery efforts and is a fundamental shortcoming in forming effective conservation strategies. Current surveys show Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) / Scrub Oak (Quercus illicifolia) Barrens (PPSO) as habitat with high numbers of Whip-poor-wills relative to other forest types found throughout the northeastern United States (Cavanaugh in Cink 2002), so we focused our study in these habitats in an attempt to 1) identify habitat selection within PPSO, and 2) determine characteristics of PPSO that make it relatively high quality habitat. Our Study was conducted during the 2005 and 2006 breeding seasons at the Massachusetts Military Reservation on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, USA. We used mist nets to capture adult Whip-poor-wills and affix radio-transmitters for locating individuals during night hours, using triangulation techniques. A kernel analysis of these locations was used to estimate the home range of each individual, where structural characteristics of vegetation was measured, for use in habitat selection analyses. Prey availability was estimated using captures from light traps (Leroy Koehn design, Georgetown, KY) with UV bulbs. Light traps were run on 12 different nights in each habitat during both years of the study. We assessed diet from fecal samples collected at day roost locations used by radio-marked individuals on a daily basis. Samples were dissected under a 22x stereoscope with prey fragments identified to the family when possible. Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to model habitat selection from structural variables of the habitat collected at used and random locations within the home range, while a compositional analysis of habitat use was also done by comparing the amount of radio-locations in each habitat type to the total amount of that habitat found within the home range. A compositional analysis was also used to test for prey selection. Data from 15 Whip-poor-wills were used in our analyses. Univariate and multivariate statistics showed that there was no difference in vegetation structure between used and random sites. Ground cover was the best predictor of habitat use identified by the GLMM, but was still inefficient for determining habitat use. However, the compositional analysis of habitat use did show a preference of pitch pine – oak forests over pitch pine – scrub oak communities. The fecal analysis showed Whip-poor-wills preferred moths over scarab beetles, and “other” prey items which consisted mainly of beetles other than scarabs, along with neuropterans. Light trap captures showed prey was distributed equally among habitats at the MMR. Although our study did not show any strong relationships between vegetation structure and habitat selection, this may not be the case in habitats of lesser quality (i.e. not PPSO). The habitat preference rank from the compositional analysis directly correlated with the amount of ground cover found in each habitat, which is supporting evidence that ground cover may be an important factor in selecting habitat. Low amounts of ground cover may allow Whip-poor-wills to detect and capture prey more easily, as well as provide open area for an easy escape route from potential predators. Land management techniques such as prescribed burning that reduce understory are recommended treatments to increase habitat quality for Whip-poor-wills.

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This thesis asserts that one aspect of The Lord of the Rings which has been previously overlooked is the hierarchical nature of the master/servant relationship, which mirrors in many ways the hierarchical nature of the Catholic church. Through the various master/servant relationships that Tolkien portrays, he reflects not only the ideal of master and servant working together for good, but also the ways in which this intimate relationship can go horribly wrong. Aragorn represents an ideal master, one who is wise and good, and his servants are either rewarded or punished according to their loyalty to him. In the stories of Wormtongue and Saruman, we see how betrayal and seeking to usurp the power of the master leads to the downfall of the servant. Denethor's fall illustrates how a bad servant becomes, in turn, a bad master. The choices of Faramir, Pippin, Beregond, and the servants of Denethor reflect the difficulties a servant has when trying to decide whether or not to continue following a poor master. Merry and Éowyn show us that sometimes grace may intervene in what seems to be a fairly straightforward situation of disobedience. And the story of Frodo, Sam, and Gollum, from betrayal to ultimate loyalty, at times reflects the complicated hierarchical relationship between mortals and deity.

Denna uppsats syftar till att analysera hur rollfiguren Will Byers porträtteras som queer i Matt och Ross Duffers Stranger Things, samt att undersöka skaparnas intention med rollfiguren och hur seriens fans har mottagit Will och diskuterat rollfiguren på Twitter. Uppsatsen utgår ifrån queerteoretiska perspektiv och analyserar Will utifrån en queer läsning. Fansens reaktioner baseras på mottagandeteori, där Stuart Halls kodning- och avkodningsmodell används. Utifrån en queer läsning visar resultatet att Will har kodats som queer genomgående i serien. Analysen visar också att skaparnas kodning av Will har varit medveten, men även avsiktligt subtil. Resultatet visar även att fansens mottagande främst har handlat om att belysa deras queera läsning av Will, men att Twitter i detta fall även har använts som ett verktyg att direkt kunna kritisera seriens hantering av rollfiguren.

[pt] A tese pretende examinar a akrasia antiga e a fraqueza de vontade contemporânea. O problema da fraqueza de vontade (weakness of will) contemporânea tem suas raízes no fenômeno denominado de akrasia desde a Ética a Nicômaco de Aristóteles. Tradicionalmente, a história da filosofia retrata a continuidade de um mesmo problema filosófico essencial. A investigação inicial da fraqueza de vontade contemporânea em Richard. M. Hare e Donald Davidson estabelece a retomada do debate da akrasia antiga presente em Platão e Aristóteles. No entanto, há uma distinção fundamental entre ambos os fenômenos: enquanto a fraqueza de vontade reflete apenas à ação contrária ao melhor juízo do agente, a akrasia se refere à submissão da razão aos impulsos irracionais. A minha presente tese estabelece que há dois problemas distintos: o problema antigo da akrasia diante do conhecimento moral e o problema contemporâneo da ação irracional contra o melhor juízo do agente. De fato, a recepção analítica da akrasia antiga marca o restabelecimento da fraqueza de vontade contemporânea a partir das obras de Hare e Davidson. Meu plano de investigação analisa a relação intrínseca entre a akrasia antiga e a fraqueza de vontade contemporânea. Assim, a tese se divide em duas partes. Na primeira parte, examino o conflito interno da akrasia antiga e o estatuto do conhecimento moral em Platão e na Ética de Aristóteles. Na segunda parte, a recepção da akrasia antiga nas obras de Hare e Davidson esclarece a emergência da formulação original da fraqueza de vontade contemporânea em torno do conflito prático da ação irracional contra o melhor juízo. / [en] This thesis aims at examining ancient akrasia and contemporary weakness of will. The contemporary problem of weakness of will is rooted on the phenomenon called akrasia since Aristotle s Ethics. Traditionally, the history of philosophy depicts the continuity of the same essential philosophical problem. The initial inquiry on contemporary weakness of will in Richard M. Hare and Donald Davidson renewed the ancient akrasia debate as presented in Plato and Aristotle. Nevertheless, there is a fundamental distinction between both phenomena: while weakness of will reflects only action contrary to better judgement, akrasia refers to submission of reason to irrational impulses. My present thesis aims at establishing that there are two distinct philosophical problems: the ancient problem of akrasia in the face of moral knowledge and the contemporary problem of irrational action against better judgment. Indeed, analytic reception of ancient akrasia in Plato and Aristotle marks the reestablishment of contemporary weakness of will on the works of Hare and Davidson. My research plan examines the underlying relation between ancient akrasia and contemporary weakness of will. Therefore, the thesis is divided in two parts. In the first part, I look into ancient akrasia s internal conflict and the status of moral knowledge in Plato and Aristotle s Ethics. In the second part, reception of ancient akrasia in the works of Hare and Davidson informs the emergence of the original formulation of contemporary weakness of will on practical conflict of irrational action against better judgement.