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The three-fold purpose of this study is: 1. To contrast the physical, mental, and emotional development of children who were six to six and one-half years old with those who were older than six and one-half at the beginning of the school year. 2. To contrast the amount of progress made in subject-matter achievement and in emotional development. 3. To determine, by comparison of the two groups, which group had the advantage as far as subject-matter achievement, adjustment, and behavior were concerned.

As replacement and removal of undersized culverts gains momentum as an effective technique for restoring natural stream flows and removing fish passage barriers, it is important to evaluate the benefits of these efforts on the in-stream and adjacent riparian habitat for other species of potential concern. This study compares stream-associated amphibian (SAA) occurrence in streams adjacent to different road crossing structures on unpaved forest roads in the Wilson River watershed located within the Tillamook State Forest, Oregon. Surveys were conducted at road crossing structures for three taxa of SAA; Pacific giant salamander (Dicamptodon tenebrosus), coastal tailed frog (Ascaphus truei), and Columbia torrent salamander (Rhyacotriton kezeri). Statistical models were created to analyze the effect of habitat variables on SAA occupancy, and determine whether those variables changed relative to road crossing structures. Results showed that coastal tailed frog occupancy was positively associated with dissolved oxygen and crayfish presence, negatively associated with longitude, and had a slight quadratic relationship to channel confinement. Because all sites were highly saturated with oxygen, percent dissolved oxygen was likely a surrogate for one or more other covariates, such as in-stream habitat or substrate size. Detection rates of Pacific giant salamander were too high and detection rates of Columbia torrent salamander were too low to provide reliable models, but they did provide some insight into the factors affecting occupancy in the study area, including information about their interactions with road crossing structures. Occupancy rates of Pacific giant salamanders in the study area appear to be unaffected by road crossings, fish passable or otherwise. Conversely, torrent salamanders seemed to be mostly absent from the study sites altogether, but based on the one stream where they were detected, they are not excluded from occupying fish barrier culvert sites. Top weighted habitat covariates, including dissolved oxygen, channel confinement, crayfish and fish presence, and flow constriction are all indicators of disturbance that can be linked to road crossings. Although the size and structure of road crossings did not prove to significantly influence SAA occupancy, indicators of stream disturbance that can be related to road crossings were included in the best models for predicting occupancy, demonstrating the importance of reducing disturbance related to road crossings on streams.

Hur kan begreppet support structures förstås i relation till det konstnärliga projektet SOLO SHOW? Denna uppsats behandlar arbetets villkor och synliggörandet av dessa inom konstens fält. Support structures (stödstrukturer) kan förstås som det arbete som upprätthåller, uppmuntrar, stärker och står bakom (något). Närmandet till ett, eller flera,”svar” på frågeställningen sker genom ett resonerande i relation till utsnitt ur Julia Bryan-Wilsons Art Workers: radical practice in the Vietnam war era, Hito Steyerls ”Is a Museum a Factory?” och hennes tolkning av termerna ”work” och ”occupation”, samt det genomgående teoretiska verktyget: begreppet support structures.

The current generation of Glass Ionomer Cements (GICs) have many advantageous properties over other dental restorative materials but lack the compressive strength of these other materials. The aim of this project is to increase the compressive strength of conventional Glass Poly-Vinyl-Phosphonate cement by inclusion of reactive sub-micron filler particles. The setting characteristics, chemical reactivity and cement strength have been found using oscillating rheology, infrared spectrometry, nuclear magnetic spectrometry, transmission electron microscopy, potentiometer analysis, laser diffractometry and mechanical analysis. The addition of sub-micron filler particles in direct weight by weight replacement of aluminosilicate glass of a control material has increased the ultimate compressive strength of the new cement from 206MPa (control) to 250MPa after 365 days of aging. The strength of the new filler enhanced cements were comparable with the control material after 3 hours. The setting chemistry of the filler enhanced cements follows the same order as the control cement but at a decelerated rate. Theoretical modelling found that a large volume of sub-micron filler could fit into interstitial spacing in formed cement however the alteration of the aluminosilicate glass to polyelectrolyte ratio has been found to drastically alter the cement setting time. The use of cubic and polyhedral shaped filler particles as supposed to spherical particles may increase the cement strength further as greater packing densities are achieved. The formulation of a Glass Ionomer Cement with increased compressive strength may find use as a posterior restorative or as a better material for restoration of lesions and cavity liners.

The Mexican Revolution probably affected Texas more than any other state. As the Revolution intensified, Texans responded with increased efforts to shape the Mexican policies of the Woodrow Wilson administration. Some became directly involved in the Revolution and the U.S. reaction to it, but most Texans sought to influence American policy toward Mexico through pressure on their political leaders in Austin and Washington. Based primarily on research in the private and public papers of leading state and national political figures, archival sources such as the Congressional Record and the Department of State's decimal file, major newspapers of the era, and respected works, this study details the successes and failures that Texans experienced in their endeavors to influence Wilson's Mexican policies.

La maladie de Wilson est une maladie héréditaire due à un déficit du transporteur du cuivre, l’ATP7B. Cette maladie se présente sous forme d’insuffisance hépatique aiguë ou chronique, pour lesquels le traitement médical actuel consiste en l’administration d’agents chélateurs, ce qui ne résulte cependant pas en une guérison complète de la maladie. La transplantation orthotopique du foie est le seul traitement définitif actuellement, avec tous les désavantages qu’elle comporte. Un traitement alternatif à cette option est donc souhaitable. Cette étude porte sur la faisabilité de la transplantation d’hépatocytes chez le modèle animal de la maladie de Wilson, le rat Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC), avec pour buts d’en déterminer la sécurité et l’efficacité tant sur le plan clinique (amélioration de la survie, prévention de l’hépatite) que pathologique. Douze rats LEC ont reçu une injection intrasplénique de 2,6 x 105 – 3,6 x 107 hépatocytes prélevés chez des rats donneurs de souche LE. Ils ont été suivis durant 6 mois puis sacrifiés. Ils ont ensuite été comparés à un groupe contrôle de douze autres rats LEC. Aucune différence significative n’a été notée au niveau du poids, du bilan hépatique et des concentrations de cuivre biliaire et hépatique. Cependant, une amélioration de l’activité oxydase de la céruloplasmine post-transplantation a été démontrée chez le groupe de rats transplantés (49,6 ± 31,5 versus 8,9 ± 11,7). Les rats transplantés ont aussi eu une amélioration sur tous les critères histologiques étudiés. Enfin, l’ARNm de l’atp7b a été retrouvé chez 58% des rats transplantés avec un taux d’expression de 11,9% ± 13,6 par rapport à un rat LE normal. L’immunohistochimie a quant à elle démontré la présence de l’atp7b chez tous les rats transplantés. Les résultats obtenus sont considérés favorables à ce traitement alternatif, et indiquent que la transplantation d’hépatocytes est une technique sécuritaire qui peut contribuer à renverser le processus pathologique en cours dans la maladie de Wilson. / Wilson’s disease (WD) is a hereditary metabolic disease caused by a deficiency of copper-transporting ATP7B, resulting in copper accumulating to toxic levels in the liver. Its manifestations range from acute or chronic hepatic insufficiency to fulminant liver failure. The mainstay of therapy is the use of chelating agents. However selected patients may also require orthotopic liver transplantation (OTL), an invasive and complex procedure with life-long implications. Hepatocyte transplantation is an appealing alternative to OLT. Its safety and efficacy were evaluated in the animal model of WD, the Long Evans Cinnamon (LEC) rat. Twelve LEC rats received an intrasplenic injection of 2,6 x 105 – 3,6 x 107 hepatocytes obtained from LE donor rats. They were followed for 6 months before sacrifice. They were then compared to a control group of twelve rats. No difference was found when comparing their weights, biochemical parameters such as liver function tests and bilirubin, as well as their biliary and hepatic copper concentrations. However, the ceruloplasmin oxydase activity was improved in the transplanted rats (49,6 ± 31,5 versus 8,9 ± 11,7). After sacrifice, histologic evaluation and demonstration of atp7b mRNA in the recipient liver were performed. There was evidence of histological improvement and atp7b mRNA was found in 58% of transplanted rats with an expression of 11,9% ± 13,6 when compared to a normal LE rat. Evidence of successful engraftment of the transplanted cells was found in every transplanted rat using the technique of immunohistochemistry. These encouraging results are in accordance with previous studies on hepatocyte transplantation in the LEC rat. Its application to the human clinical setting is the next step, as it has already been tried in other metabolic liver diseases.

In dieser Arbeit praesentieren wir Resultate der topologischen Suszeptibilitaet “chi” und untersuchen die Faktorisierung der reinen SU(N) Yang-Mills Eichtheorie im 't Hooft'schen Grenzwert grosser N. Ein entscheidender Teil der Berechnung von chi in der Gittereichtheorie ist die Abschaetzung des topologischen Ladungsdichtekorrelators, die durch ein schlechtes Signal-Rausch- Verhaeltnis beeintraechtigt ist. Um dieses Problem abzuschwaechen, fuehren wir einen neuen, auf einem mehrstufigen Vorgehen beruhenden Algorithmus ein, um die Korrelationsfunktion von Observablen zu berechnen, die mit dem Yang-Mills Gradientenfluss geglaettet wurden. Angewandt auf unsere Observablen, erhalten wir Ergebnisse, deren Fehlerskalierung besser ist, als die von herkoemmlichen Monte-Carlo Simulationen. Wir bestimmen die topologische Suszeptibilitaet in der reinen Yang-Mills Eichtheorie fuer Eichgruppen mit N = 4,5,6 und drei verschiedenen Gitterabstaenden. Um das Einfrieren der Topologie zu umgehen, wenden wir offene Randbedingungen an. Zusaetzlich wenden wir die korrekte Definition der topologischen Ladungsdichte durch den Gradientenfluss an. Unser Endresultat im des Grenzfalls von grossen N repraesentiert eine neue Qualitaet in der Verifikation der Witten-Veneziano Formel. Schliesslich benutzen wir die Gitterformulierung, um die Erwartungswertfaktorisierung des Produkts eichinvarianter Operatoren im Grenzwert grosser N zu verifizieren. Wir arbeiten mit durch den Yang-Mills Grandientenfluss geglaetteten Wilsonschleifen und Simulationen bis zur Eichgruppe SU(8). Die Extrapolationen zu grossen N sind in Ueberstimmung mit der Faktorisierung sowohl fuer endlichen Gitterabstand als auch in Kontinnumslimes. Unsere Daten erlauben uns nicht nur die Verifizierung der Faktorisierung, sondern auch einen hochpraezisen Test des 1/N Skalierungsverhaltens. Hier konnten wir das quadratische Skalierungsverhalten in 1/N finden, welches von 't Hooft vorhergesagt wurde. / In this thesis we present results for the topological susceptibility “chi”, and investigate the property of factorization in the 't Hooft large N limit of SU(N) pure Yang-Mills gauge theory. A key component in the lattice gauge theory computation of chi is the estimation of the topological charge density correlator, which is affected by a severe signal to noise problem. To alleviate this problem, we introduce a novel algorithm that uses a multilevel type approach to compute the correlation function of observables smoothed with the Yang-Mills gradient flow. When applied to our observables, the results show an scaling of the error which is better than the one of standard Monte-Carlo simulations. We compute the topological susceptibility in the pure Yang-Mills gauge theory for the gauge groups with N = 4, 5, 6 and three different lattice spacings. In order to deal with the freezing of topology, we use open boundary conditions. In addition, we employ the theoretically sound definition of the topological charge density through the gradient flow. Our final result in the limit N to infinity, represents a new quality in the verification of the Witten-Veneziano formula. Lastly, we use the lattice formulation to verify the factorization of the expectation value of the product of gauge invariant operators in the large N limit. We work with Wilson loops smoothed with the Yang-Mills gradient flow and simulations up to the gauge group SU(8). The large N extrapolations at finite lattice spacing and in the continuum are compatible with factorization. Our data allow us not only to verify factorization, but also to test the 1/N scaling up to very high precision, where we find it to agree very well with a quadratic series in 1/N as predicted originally by 't Hooft for the case of the pure Yang-Mills gauge theory.

<p>Den här uppsatsen började som något helt annat. En studie över vad egentligen sekter är. Ju längre undersökningarna fortskred desto mer likhetstecken började jag se med ett något helt annat. Jag har varit försäljare i Tupperware i 5 år och det var i detta företag jag hittade likheterna med sekterna jag läste om. Kan det verkligen vara så att Tupperware är en sekt? Det är det vi ska ta reda på med hjälp av olika forskare och deras teorier.</p>