[Truncated abstract] The process of selective withdrawal has, over many years, been used as an effective tool for extraction of water of particular quality from stratifed reservoirs. While the formation and steady-state theory of selective withdrawal in a stratifed fluid at rest has been extensively studied, little is known how vertical displacements of stratifcation due to long internal waves affect the water quality of the outflows. The first part of this study investigates the effect of basin-scale internal waves on the water quality parameters in Lake Burragorang, a large water supply reservoir for the city of Sydney, Australia. It is shown from field observations how the steady-state formulation of selective withdrawal can be used to predict the outflow water quality in reservoirs where internal waves are present, with a temperature prediction accuracy within 0.2 oC. . . In order to explain fluctuations in water quality parameters of the outflows, such as turbidity, it is important to know not only the stratifcation conditions in front to the offtake, but also to understand the dynamics of suspended particles in the upper reaches of the reservoir. In the third part of this study, transport and settling of suspended particles was investigated in the Wollondilly arm of Lake Burragorang by combination of direct and inverse methods. The inverse method was modifed to enable the separation of advective and diffusive transport of suspended particles from Stokes settling controlled by gravity, yielding twodimensional fields of particle velocities and settling fluxes in the upper reaches of the reservoir. These estimates are compared to the direct measurements of sedimentation fluxes made by the sediment traps and LISST-100.

This research deals with personality and biographical factors in absenteeism. The literature review looks at personality traits and absenteeism. The following question must then be asked: Can the construct ”personality” be analysed and described within the context of the work environment, and can the relationship between personality, biographical factors and absenteeism be studied empirically. The empirical study focuses on measuring the relationship between personality and absenteeism. The construct ”personality” is presented within the dimensional or trait perspective. The empirical investigation is presented within the functionalistic paradigm (quantitative approach). The chosen measuring instrument, namely, the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF SA 92) was administered by means of a random sample to 72 Aviation Security Officers. The reliability of the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire was determined using the Cronbach Alpha coefficient method. To determine if personality is a predictor of absenteeism, stepwise regression analysis was done. The results indicate that the degree (category) of absenteeism is associated only with marital status and number of dependants. / Industrial and Organisational Psychology / M. Comm. (Industrial Psychology)

Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2016-08-23T19:26:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VicenteMoraisJunior.pdf: 2274577 bytes, checksum: eb8d215b49c91c10e09e3ba79570b697 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-23T19:26:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VicenteMoraisJunior.pdf: 2274577 bytes, checksum: eb8d215b49c91c10e09e3ba79570b697 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-29 / This paper investigates the implementation of the regime of continued progression in the public schools of São Paulo in 1998, so has the research axis and reflections public policy of continued progression and the process of deployment and implementations. There was the use of two lines of research: bibliographical research and research and analysis of official deploys the regime cited, but also the gradation of the laws and their characteristics. The central research support relies on two established works, “The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” and “The Origin of Species” by Thomas Kuhn and Charles Darwin, respectively. The works cited are entitled to the title of this work, which uses the discussions proposed by Kuhn on ‘crisis’, having this as one of guidelines to analyze pre and post implementation of the combined regimen of Darwinim, which here is called teaching Darwinism. To establish a connection between the central object of research and the works mentioned above to research and discuss topics directly related, such as ‘a river and its tributaries’. The ‘affluent’ researched and discussed were: pedagogy and science, grading system, Darwinism, metaphor, public policy, gradation of the laws, identify, resistance and withdrawal. The ‘affluent’ were not restricted to literature, it was necessary to also in official discourse perform this methodological approach. The survey revealed that, as of Kuhn’s contributions of the regime of continued progression in the public schools of São Paulo only made educations in the state get out of a crisis, and to enter into another. In addition, also showed thar the teaching Darwinism that prevailed in the ranking system, chances face the regime of continued progression, but still active, now directly affecting teachers, who actively resisted or opposed, or give up, either announced or covertly. / O presente trabalho investiga a implantação do regime de progressão continuada nas escolas públicas do estado de São Paulo em 1998, de modo que tem como eixo de pesquisa e reflexões a política pública progressão continuada e seu processo de implantação e implementação. Houve o uso de duas linhas de pesquisa: pesquisa bibliográfica e pesquisa e análise do discurso oficial, não somente aquele que implanta o regime citado, mas também a gradação das leis e suas características. O suporte central de pesquisa apoia-se em duas consagradas obras: “A estrutura das revoluções científicas” e “A origem das espécies”, de Thomas Kuhn e Charles Darwin, respectivamente. As obras citadas farão jus ao título desse trabalho, a qual utiliza das discussões propostas por Kuhn sobre ‘crise’, tendo esta como uma das linhas mestras para analisar os períodos pré e pós implantação do regime combinado ao darwinismo, que aqui se denomina darwinismo pedagógico. Para estabelecer uma conexão entre o objeto central de pesquisa e as obras acima citadas, houve a necessidade de pesquisar e discutir temáticas diretamente relacionadas, como ‘um rio e seus afluentes’. Os ‘afluentes’ pesquisados e discutidos foram: pedagogia e ciência, regime de seriação, darwinismo, metáfora, políticas públicas, gradação das leis, identidade, resistência e desistência. Os ‘afluentes’ não ficaram restritos a pesquisa bibliográfica, houve a necessidade de também no discurso oficial realizar esta linha metodológica. A pesquisa revelou que a partir das contribuições de Kuhn, a implantação do regime de progressão continuada nas escolas públicas do estado de São Paulo apenas fez com que a educação no estado saísse de uma crise e entrasse em outra. Além disso, revelou também que o darwinismo pedagógico que imperava no regime de seriação, muda de face no regime de progressão continuada, porém continua ativo, agora afetando diretamente os docentes, que resistem ativamente ou em oposição, ou desistem, seja de forma anunciada ou velada.

Introdução: Desde a década de 70, a limitação de suporte de vida vem sendo discutida como uma forma de oferecer uma morte digna a pacientes fora de possibilidades terapêuticas. A tomada de decisão de limitação terapêutica, quando não compartilhada por toda a equipe assistencial, pode se refletir em desconforto para os cuidadores, que devem executar a assistência conforme planejado, mesmo nem sempre concordando com as decisões tomadas. Esse desconforto pode ser reflexo de percepção de coerção, nem sempre manifesta. Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a expressão de coerção de cuidadores frente à assitência a pacientes pediátricos terminais, em limitação de tratamento. Material e métodos: através de estudo transversal e prospectivo, foi avaliada a expressão de coerção dos enfermeiros, médicos e técnicos de enfermagem que assistiram pacientes terminais, no período de um ano, utilizando-se a Subescala de Voz da MacArthur Admission Experience Survey modificada, solicitando concordância ou discordância a 4 sentenças. Na análise estatística foram realizados os testes de qui-quadrado com correlação de Pearson e o teste de comparações múltiplas de proporções com correção de Bonferroni. Foram utilizados o sistema SPSS v.18 e WINPEPI v.10.11. O nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5% (P<0,05). Resultados: foram analisados 227 questionários de Expressão de Coerção, relativos à assistência de 17 pacientes pediátricos terminais, no período de 2009 e 2010. Houve expressão de coerção em 17% dos questionários dos médicos, 72% dos enfermeiros (p<0,00001) e 76% dos técnicos (p<0,00001). Não houve diferença significativa de Expressão de Coerção entre enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. Com relação às sentenças, houve expressão de coerção em todas, em taxas variadas, nas diferentes categorias de cuidadores. Na sentença ―Tive oportunidade suficiente de dizer se concordava com a limitação terapêutica ou não-ressuscitação‖ houve diferença significativa entre médicos e enfermeiros (p=0,004) e entre médicos e técnicos (p<0,001). Na sentença ―Tive oportunidade de dizer o que queria a respeito da limitação terapêutica ou não-ressuscitação‖ houve diferença significativa entre médicos e enfermeiros (p=0,005 ) e entre médicos e técnicos (p<0,002). Não houve diferença entre as equipes nas demais sentenças. Conclusão: a pesquisa evidenciou expressão de coerção nas três categorias de cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos terminais em limitação de tratamento, sendo os médicos os que expressaram menor coerção. Dentre os itens de expressão de coerção, os relacionados à expressão de opinião foram os mais apontados, principalmente entre os enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. / Introduction: Limitation of life support is considered a means of providing dignified death to patients who are beyond any therapeutic possibility. The decision to limit life support should be shared among patients, their relatives, and their care providers. Health professionals caring for terminally or intractably ill children under limited life support may feel coerced, particularly when they were not involved in decision making for end-of-life care. In order to understand the feelings of these care providers, it is important that this perceived coercion be expressed and measured with valid instruments. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate expression of perceived coercion by nurses, physicians, and nurse technicians during limitation of life support among terminal patients treated at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary hospital, quantify this expression of coercion, and compare it across the three aforementioned categories of caregivers. Methods: This prospective study used the three-item Voice subscale of the MacArthur Admission Experience Survey, modified by the addition of a fourth statement regarding ―validation,‖ to quantify expression of perceived coercion by the health professionals involved in the care of 17 patients who were under limitation of life support during the study period. The chi-square test with Pearson correlation and multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Overall, 10 nurses, 41 nurse technicians, and 23 physicians (65% of eligible healthcare providers) took part in the study. A total of 227 Coercion Expression questionnaires were completed, 121 by physicians, 50 by nurses, and 56 by nurse technicians, for a return rate of 65%, 61%, and 52% respectively. There was a significant difference in rate of return between physicians and nurse technicians (p=0.0258). Providers in all three categories expressed coercion to varying degrees. Analysis by Pearson's chi-squared test revealed that coercion was expressed significantly more by nurses and nurse technicians than by physicians (p<0.00001 for both comparisons). There was no significant difference between nurses and nurse technicians (p=0.7016). Coercion was reported for all items by caregivers in all three categories. There were significant differences between physicians and nurses and between physicians and nurse technicians in two of the three items concerning ―Voice‖ (p<0.005). There was no significant difference among providers for one of the ―Voice‖ items or for the ―Validation‖ item. Conclusion: This study revealed variable rates of coercion expression across three categories of healthcare providers involved in the end-of-life care of pediatric patients under limitation of life support, with physicians manifesting the least perceived coercion. Among the four items on coercion expression evaluated in this study, those related to expression of one‘s opinion—an essential element of decision-making—were the ones most commonly mentioned, particularly by nurses and nurse technicians.

The dissertation is a study of the origins, development and contemporary manifestations of Christian retreats. It traces origins from the Biblical record until current retreats. Christian retreat is a period of withdrawal from usual activities to experience encounter with God through Christian prayer. Jesus' pattern of engagement in ministry and withdrawal is a vital basis for retreat. Other Biblical descriptions of retreat are studied. There is an examination of retreat experiences in Church history with a particular focus on monasticism, as a major expression of retreat life, and Ignatius of Loyola, the founder of the modern retreat movement. Varieties of subsequent retreat types in the spiritualities of different traditions from the Protestant Reformation onwards are considered. The spectrum of study includes Protestant, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Pentecostal spiritualities. The study culminates in focusing on current Ignatian and other retreats in their many forms. This includes private devotions to lengthy periods of retreat. / Christian Spirituality, Church History and Missiology / M.Th. (Christian Spirituality)

Introdução: Desde a década de 70, a limitação de suporte de vida vem sendo discutida como uma forma de oferecer uma morte digna a pacientes fora de possibilidades terapêuticas. A tomada de decisão de limitação terapêutica, quando não compartilhada por toda a equipe assistencial, pode se refletir em desconforto para os cuidadores, que devem executar a assistência conforme planejado, mesmo nem sempre concordando com as decisões tomadas. Esse desconforto pode ser reflexo de percepção de coerção, nem sempre manifesta. Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a expressão de coerção de cuidadores frente à assitência a pacientes pediátricos terminais, em limitação de tratamento. Material e métodos: através de estudo transversal e prospectivo, foi avaliada a expressão de coerção dos enfermeiros, médicos e técnicos de enfermagem que assistiram pacientes terminais, no período de um ano, utilizando-se a Subescala de Voz da MacArthur Admission Experience Survey modificada, solicitando concordância ou discordância a 4 sentenças. Na análise estatística foram realizados os testes de qui-quadrado com correlação de Pearson e o teste de comparações múltiplas de proporções com correção de Bonferroni. Foram utilizados o sistema SPSS v.18 e WINPEPI v.10.11. O nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5% (P<0,05). Resultados: foram analisados 227 questionários de Expressão de Coerção, relativos à assistência de 17 pacientes pediátricos terminais, no período de 2009 e 2010. Houve expressão de coerção em 17% dos questionários dos médicos, 72% dos enfermeiros (p<0,00001) e 76% dos técnicos (p<0,00001). Não houve diferença significativa de Expressão de Coerção entre enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. Com relação às sentenças, houve expressão de coerção em todas, em taxas variadas, nas diferentes categorias de cuidadores. Na sentença ―Tive oportunidade suficiente de dizer se concordava com a limitação terapêutica ou não-ressuscitação‖ houve diferença significativa entre médicos e enfermeiros (p=0,004) e entre médicos e técnicos (p<0,001). Na sentença ―Tive oportunidade de dizer o que queria a respeito da limitação terapêutica ou não-ressuscitação‖ houve diferença significativa entre médicos e enfermeiros (p=0,005 ) e entre médicos e técnicos (p<0,002). Não houve diferença entre as equipes nas demais sentenças. Conclusão: a pesquisa evidenciou expressão de coerção nas três categorias de cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos terminais em limitação de tratamento, sendo os médicos os que expressaram menor coerção. Dentre os itens de expressão de coerção, os relacionados à expressão de opinião foram os mais apontados, principalmente entre os enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. / Introduction: Limitation of life support is considered a means of providing dignified death to patients who are beyond any therapeutic possibility. The decision to limit life support should be shared among patients, their relatives, and their care providers. Health professionals caring for terminally or intractably ill children under limited life support may feel coerced, particularly when they were not involved in decision making for end-of-life care. In order to understand the feelings of these care providers, it is important that this perceived coercion be expressed and measured with valid instruments. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate expression of perceived coercion by nurses, physicians, and nurse technicians during limitation of life support among terminal patients treated at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary hospital, quantify this expression of coercion, and compare it across the three aforementioned categories of caregivers. Methods: This prospective study used the three-item Voice subscale of the MacArthur Admission Experience Survey, modified by the addition of a fourth statement regarding ―validation,‖ to quantify expression of perceived coercion by the health professionals involved in the care of 17 patients who were under limitation of life support during the study period. The chi-square test with Pearson correlation and multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Overall, 10 nurses, 41 nurse technicians, and 23 physicians (65% of eligible healthcare providers) took part in the study. A total of 227 Coercion Expression questionnaires were completed, 121 by physicians, 50 by nurses, and 56 by nurse technicians, for a return rate of 65%, 61%, and 52% respectively. There was a significant difference in rate of return between physicians and nurse technicians (p=0.0258). Providers in all three categories expressed coercion to varying degrees. Analysis by Pearson's chi-squared test revealed that coercion was expressed significantly more by nurses and nurse technicians than by physicians (p<0.00001 for both comparisons). There was no significant difference between nurses and nurse technicians (p=0.7016). Coercion was reported for all items by caregivers in all three categories. There were significant differences between physicians and nurses and between physicians and nurse technicians in two of the three items concerning ―Voice‖ (p<0.005). There was no significant difference among providers for one of the ―Voice‖ items or for the ―Validation‖ item. Conclusion: This study revealed variable rates of coercion expression across three categories of healthcare providers involved in the end-of-life care of pediatric patients under limitation of life support, with physicians manifesting the least perceived coercion. Among the four items on coercion expression evaluated in this study, those related to expression of one‘s opinion—an essential element of decision-making—were the ones most commonly mentioned, particularly by nurses and nurse technicians.

Neste trabalho, medimos o perfil 3D de superfícies (microtopografia) utilizando uma técnica de interferometria óptica: Phase-Shi,ftzng (Deslocamento de Fase). Utilizamos um interferômetro do tipo Twyman-Green para produzir fi.guras de interferência da superfície analisada. Essas imagens foram armazenadas usando-se uma câmera CCD ligada à um microcomputador. Para obter a microtopografia, calculamos o Mapa de Fase a partir das imagens digitalizadas usando um programa de microcomputador. Posteriormente um outro programa removeu a ambiguidade da função tangente (unwrapping), pela Técnica do Autômato Celular, usada no cáiculo do Mapa de Fase. Então efetuamos os cálculos para determinar a microtopografia da superfície. Depois fizemos a análise da microtopografia, levantando informações relevantes para a sua caracterização. Analisamos objetos com alta refletividade (espelhos planos e redes de Ronchi) e obtivemos bons resultados. Também comparamos alguns dos resultados obtidos com a técnica de Deslocamento de Fase com os resultados obtidos pela análise de Franjas de Igual Espessura. / In this work we measured the 3D profile of surfaces (microtopography) using a optical interferometric technique: Phase-Shifting. We used a interferometer of type Twyman-Green to produce interferograms from analyzed surface. These images was captured using a CCD camera that was linked to a microcomputer. To obtain a microtopography, we calculated the Phase Map using the digitalized images and a software of microcomputer. Then another program removed the wrapping of tangent fuction, using the Cellular-Automata Technique, that was used to calculate the Phase Map. So we calculated the microtopography of the surface. After we did the analyses of the microtopography, find out some important informations of its description. We studied objects with high reflectivity (plane mirrors and Ronchi ruting) and we obtained good results. Also we compared some results with that obtained by analyses of Fringes of Equal Thickness\'

Introdução: Desde a década de 70, a limitação de suporte de vida vem sendo discutida como uma forma de oferecer uma morte digna a pacientes fora de possibilidades terapêuticas. A tomada de decisão de limitação terapêutica, quando não compartilhada por toda a equipe assistencial, pode se refletir em desconforto para os cuidadores, que devem executar a assistência conforme planejado, mesmo nem sempre concordando com as decisões tomadas. Esse desconforto pode ser reflexo de percepção de coerção, nem sempre manifesta. Objetivo: o objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a expressão de coerção de cuidadores frente à assitência a pacientes pediátricos terminais, em limitação de tratamento. Material e métodos: através de estudo transversal e prospectivo, foi avaliada a expressão de coerção dos enfermeiros, médicos e técnicos de enfermagem que assistiram pacientes terminais, no período de um ano, utilizando-se a Subescala de Voz da MacArthur Admission Experience Survey modificada, solicitando concordância ou discordância a 4 sentenças. Na análise estatística foram realizados os testes de qui-quadrado com correlação de Pearson e o teste de comparações múltiplas de proporções com correção de Bonferroni. Foram utilizados o sistema SPSS v.18 e WINPEPI v.10.11. O nível de significância estabelecido foi de 5% (P<0,05). Resultados: foram analisados 227 questionários de Expressão de Coerção, relativos à assistência de 17 pacientes pediátricos terminais, no período de 2009 e 2010. Houve expressão de coerção em 17% dos questionários dos médicos, 72% dos enfermeiros (p<0,00001) e 76% dos técnicos (p<0,00001). Não houve diferença significativa de Expressão de Coerção entre enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. Com relação às sentenças, houve expressão de coerção em todas, em taxas variadas, nas diferentes categorias de cuidadores. Na sentença ―Tive oportunidade suficiente de dizer se concordava com a limitação terapêutica ou não-ressuscitação‖ houve diferença significativa entre médicos e enfermeiros (p=0,004) e entre médicos e técnicos (p<0,001). Na sentença ―Tive oportunidade de dizer o que queria a respeito da limitação terapêutica ou não-ressuscitação‖ houve diferença significativa entre médicos e enfermeiros (p=0,005 ) e entre médicos e técnicos (p<0,002). Não houve diferença entre as equipes nas demais sentenças. Conclusão: a pesquisa evidenciou expressão de coerção nas três categorias de cuidadores de pacientes pediátricos terminais em limitação de tratamento, sendo os médicos os que expressaram menor coerção. Dentre os itens de expressão de coerção, os relacionados à expressão de opinião foram os mais apontados, principalmente entre os enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem. / Introduction: Limitation of life support is considered a means of providing dignified death to patients who are beyond any therapeutic possibility. The decision to limit life support should be shared among patients, their relatives, and their care providers. Health professionals caring for terminally or intractably ill children under limited life support may feel coerced, particularly when they were not involved in decision making for end-of-life care. In order to understand the feelings of these care providers, it is important that this perceived coercion be expressed and measured with valid instruments. Objective: The objective of this study is to evaluate expression of perceived coercion by nurses, physicians, and nurse technicians during limitation of life support among terminal patients treated at the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of a tertiary hospital, quantify this expression of coercion, and compare it across the three aforementioned categories of caregivers. Methods: This prospective study used the three-item Voice subscale of the MacArthur Admission Experience Survey, modified by the addition of a fourth statement regarding ―validation,‖ to quantify expression of perceived coercion by the health professionals involved in the care of 17 patients who were under limitation of life support during the study period. The chi-square test with Pearson correlation and multiple comparisons with Bonferroni correction were used for statistical analysis. The significance level was set at 5%. Results: Overall, 10 nurses, 41 nurse technicians, and 23 physicians (65% of eligible healthcare providers) took part in the study. A total of 227 Coercion Expression questionnaires were completed, 121 by physicians, 50 by nurses, and 56 by nurse technicians, for a return rate of 65%, 61%, and 52% respectively. There was a significant difference in rate of return between physicians and nurse technicians (p=0.0258). Providers in all three categories expressed coercion to varying degrees. Analysis by Pearson's chi-squared test revealed that coercion was expressed significantly more by nurses and nurse technicians than by physicians (p<0.00001 for both comparisons). There was no significant difference between nurses and nurse technicians (p=0.7016). Coercion was reported for all items by caregivers in all three categories. There were significant differences between physicians and nurses and between physicians and nurse technicians in two of the three items concerning ―Voice‖ (p<0.005). There was no significant difference among providers for one of the ―Voice‖ items or for the ―Validation‖ item. Conclusion: This study revealed variable rates of coercion expression across three categories of healthcare providers involved in the end-of-life care of pediatric patients under limitation of life support, with physicians manifesting the least perceived coercion. Among the four items on coercion expression evaluated in this study, those related to expression of one‘s opinion—an essential element of decision-making—were the ones most commonly mentioned, particularly by nurses and nurse technicians.

O uso lesivo de bebidas alcoólicas é o terceiro maior fator mundial de risco de doenças e incapacitação. O álcool pode causar várias alterações no Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), dentre elas, a diminuição do processamento de informações visuais. Alguns estudos avaliam as alterações nos processos perceptuais durante a Síndrome de Abstinência do Álcool (SAA) por meio da ilusão visual da máscara côncava. Essa ilusão exemplifica o fenômeno ilusório de inversão visual da profundidade de uma máscara humana oca, que é percebida como convexa. Foi encontrado um possível desequilíbrio entre os componentes bottom-up e top-down da percepção visual provocado pelo álcool, capaz de prejudicar a capacidade do indivíduo de perceber essa ilusão. Entretanto, a presente pesquisa investiga uma hipótese alternativa, e sugere que a redução na frequência de respostas de inversão pode resultar de mudanças de critérios para emitir as repostas e não em alterações perceptuais. Para isso, foram utilizados os parâmetros da Teoria da Detecção de Sinal (TDS) aplicada à psicofísica. Participaram da pesquisa 20 indivíduos saudáveis, 20 com SAA leve e 20 com SAA moderada. Eles realizaram duas tarefas experimentais de observação monocular dos lados côncavo e convexo, alternadamente, de uma máscara da face humana de tamanho reduzido. Na tarefa de confidence rating, foram julgadas a concavidade ou convexidade da máscara e o grau de certeza nas respostas, com certeza ou com dúvida. Na tarefa de escolha forçada entre duas alternativas (2AFC), as máscaras foram apresentadas aos pares alternados e o participante identificava o lado côncavo. A análise dos resultados revelou que os indivíduos com SAA moderada apresentaram maiores escores para os índices de sensibilidade R-index, Az, e da, na tarefa de confidence rating, apontando para uma capacidade significativamente maior de identificação e discriminação dos lados côncavo e convexo da máscara. Isto reflete um prejuízo significativo na capacidade destes indivíduos em perceber a ilusão da máscara côncava. Não houve diferença entre os grupos de indivíduos saudáveis e com SAA leve. Entretanto, os grupos com SAA apresentaram um maior grau de certeza em seus julgamentos comparativamente ao grupo controle. Resultados semelhantes para o grupo com SAA moderada foram encontrados na tarefa de escolha forçada para os índices d e taxa de acerto, indicando maior capacidade desses indivíduos em discriminar os dois lados da máscara. Todos os participantes apresentaram critérios de decisão moderados na tarefa de confidence rating. Os indivíduos saudáveis, na tarefa de escolha forçada, se mostraram tão capazes quanto os com SAA moderada na discriminação dos dois lados da máscara. Os indivíduos saudáveis, na tarefa de escolha forçada, se mostraram tão capazes quanto os com SAA moderada na discriminação dos dois lados da máscara. Entretanto, supõe-se que esses resultados foram provenientes de estratégias inesperadas por esses indivíduos em seus julgamentos, prejudicando a validade interna dos resultados; e representam um viés de pesquisa importante. As análises apontam para um possível desequilíbrio, já relatado em estudos anteriores, entre os componentes bottom-up e top-down da percepção visual, provocado pelo álcool, que impede o SNC de corrigir hipóteses perceptuais ambíguas. / The harmful use of alcoholic beverages is the third largest worldwide risk factor for illness and disability. Alcohol can cause several changes in the Central Nervous System (CNS), among them, the decrease in the processing of visual information. Some studies evaluate changes in perceptual processes during Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome (AWS) through the hollow face illusion. Its exemplifies the illusory visual depth inversion of a hollow human mask, which is perceived as convex. A possible imbalance was found between the bottomup and top-down components of visual perception caused by alcohol, which could impair the individual\'s ability to perceive the illusion. However, the present research investigates an alternative hypothesis, and suggests that the reduction in the frequency of inversion responses may result from changes in the criteria to issue responses rather than on perceptual changes. The parameters of the Signal Detection Theory (SDT) applied to psychophysics allow this analysis. Twenty healthy subjects, 20 with mild AWS and 20 with moderate AWS participated in the study. They performed two experimental tasks of monocular observation of concave and convex sides, alternately, of a reduced size human face mask. In the task of confidence rating, the concavity or convexity of the mask and the degree of certainty in the answers were judged: certainly or with doubt. In the task of forced choice between two alternatives (2AFC), the masks were presented in alternating pairs and the participant identified the concave side. The analysis of the results revealed that individuals with moderate AWS presented higher scores for the sensitivity index scores R-index, Az, and da, pointing to a significantly greater capacity of identification and discrimination of the concave and convex sides of the mask. This reflects a significant impairment in the ability of these individuals to perceive the hollow face illusion. There was no difference between healthy individuals and with mild AWS. However, all groups with AWS presented a greater degree of certainty in their judgments compared to the control group. Similar results for the group with moderate AWS were found in the task of forced choice to the indices d and hit rate, indicating a greater ability of these individuals to discriminate both sides of the mask. Healthy subjects, on the task of forced choice, showed themselves to be as capable as those with moderate AWS in discriminating both sides of the mask. However, it supposed that these results were from unexpected strategies used by these individuals in their judgments, impairing the internal validity of the results, and represented an important research bias. The analyzes point to a possible imbalance, already reported in previous studies, between the bottom-up and top-down components of visual perception, caused by alcohol, which inhibits the CNS from correcting ambiguous perceptual hypotheses.

Notre étude porte sur la constitution de l’événement médiatique particulièrement dans la presse en ligne, étant un dispositif qui permet l’interaction entre les journalistes, les acteurs politiques et les lecteurs. D’une part, nous nous occupons de la mise en récit de l’événement dans le journal électronique, en analysant la façon dont les journalistes ont traité, évoqué et raconté cet événement. D’autre part, nous étudions la façon dont les journalistes et les lecteurs se rencontrent à travers le dispositif de la presse en ligne qui leur permet de commenter, de discuter et de se plonger dans des débats autour des événements émergeants. Plus précisément, nous étudions comment la presse en ligne américaine, irakienne et saoudienne- représentée dans notre corpus par le Los Angeles Times, le Washington Post, Almada, et Alhayat- a constitué l’événement du retrait des troupes américaines d’Irak qui a eu lieu entre 2010 et 2011. Ensuite, nous étudions comment les commentaires des lecteurs de ces journaux électroniques ont contribué à la modification, voire à la reconfiguration des récits racontés par les journalistes. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’analyser comment les événements médiatiques sont organisés par les discours de la presse en ligne, et de démontrer que les publics peuvent, eux-aussi, participer à la constitution des récits des événements à travers leurs interventions et leurs feedbacks dans les champs consacrés aux commentaires des lecteurs dans les journaux électroniques. / This research studies the formation of the media event particularly in the electronic press, as a support that allows the interaction between journalists, politicians and readers. On one hand, we deal with the configuration of the story of the event in the electronic newspaper, by analyzing how journalists treated and narrated this event. On the other hand, we study how journalists and readers meet through the support of the electronic press which allows them to comment, discuss and delve into debates related to the emerging events. Herein, we study how the American, Iraqi and Saudi electronic press, represented in our corpus by the Los Angeles Times, the Washington Post, Almada, and Alhayat, configured the event of the American withdrawal from Iraq between 2010 and 2011. In addition, we study how the comments of the readers on these electronic newspapers have contributed to the modification or the reconfiguration of the stories told by journalists. The objective of this project is to analyze how media events are organized and formed in the electronic press, and to show how the public can also participate in shaping the media stories through the space designated for readers' comments in electronic newspapers.