This study focuses on the therapeutic interventions by mental health practitioners when faced with rebellious youths. Rebelliousness refers to the act of defying lawful authority or a resistant way of relating to authority or convention. It is manifested in, amongst others, withdrawal, deviance, delinquency, antisocial behaviour, and suicide. To date there are no interventions for rebellious youths per sé. Rebellious youths are often treated with traditional strategies which are often ineffective and show little promise for eliminating rebellious behaviour. Research has revealed that teen problem behaviours stem from "life-problems" such as psychosocial stressors. Therefore treating the adolescent for substance abuse, for example, is treating him/her for the wrong reasons. It is no surprise that many adolescents who have undergone intervention programmes for specific behaviour problems relapse soon after they are released from the programmes. The study focuses on integrating different strategies in order to combat rebelliousness in adolescence and beyond. This holistic approach argues that all treatments share certain curative processes. Therefore each treatment works best when it is combined with other aspects of treatment. For this reason, individual, family and group therapy were combined together with school strategies. The results of this study indicate that combining procedures that are designed to improve problematic behaviour in teenagers are viable forms of treatment. / Educational Studies / D.Ed.(Psychology of Education)

The ability to change one's beliefs in a rational manner is one of many facets of the abilities of an intelligent agent. Central to any investigation of belief change is the notion of an epistemic state. This dissertation is mainly concerned with three issues involving epistemic states: 1. How should an epistemic state be represented? 2. How does an agent use an epistemic state to perform belief change? 3. How does an agent arrive at a particular epistemic state? With regard to the first question, note that there are many different methods for constructing belief change operations. We argue that semantic constructions involving ordered pairs, each consisting of a set of beliefs and an ordering on the set of "possible worlds" (or equivalently, on the set of basic independent bits of information) are, in an important sense, more fundamental. Our answer to the second question provides indirect support for the use of semantic structures. We show how well-known belief change operations and related structures can be modelled semantically. Furthermore, we introduce new forms of belief change related operations and structures which are all defined, and motivated, in terms of such semantic representational formalisms. These include a framework for unifying belief revision and nonmonotonic reasoning, new versions of entrenchment orderings on beliefs, novel approaches to withdrawal operations, and an expanded view of iterated belief change. The third question is. one which has not received much attention in the belief change literature. We propose to extract extra-logical information from the formal representation of an agent's set of beliefs, which can then be used in the construction of epistemic state. his proposal is just a first approximation, although it seems to have the potential for developing into a full-fledged theory. / Computing / D.Phil.(Computer Science)

Rationale: Peak initiation of smoking occurs during adolescence and early onset of smoking is associated with a reduced probability of quitting and greater risk of relapse compared to later onset. Considering the epidemiological evidence, adolescents may exhibit a unique biological susceptibility to nicotine taking, in addition to the behavioural and psychosocial factors known to influence adolescent smoking. Objectives: The current series of experiments, using a rat model of adolescent nicotine taking, was designed to investigate age differences in the processes involved in the acquisition and maintenance of nicotine taking that might account for the elevated initiation rates of smoking during adolescence. Methods: We first investigated age differences in the neural response to acute nicotine administration using c-fos mRNA expression. We then examined age differences in the rewarding and aversive effects of nicotine in the conditioned place preference (CPP) and conditioned taste avoidance (CTA) paradigms, respectively. The direct reinforcing effects of nicotine were tested in adolescent and adult rats under a variety of reinforcement schedules in the operant intravenous self-administration paradigm; extinction and nicotine priming-induced reinstatement were also examined. Finally, age differences in nicotine withdrawal precipitated by mecamylamine were assessed. Results: Nicotine had greater activational effects on c-fos mRNA expression in reward-related neural substrates of adolescent compared to adult brain. Adolescent rats were also more sensitive to the rewarding effects of nicotine (CPP) yet less sensitive to its aversive effects (CTA) compared to adult rats. Nicotine was equally reinforcing in adolescents and adults self-administering under simple reinforcement schedules, but adults were more motivated to obtain nicotine under higher reinforcement schedules. Adults were more resistant to extinction, yet both age groups demonstrated similar priming-induced reinstatement of nicotine seeking. Under spontaneous acquisition conditions, adults were more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of a low nicotine infusion dose. The aversive effects of nicotine withdrawal were also more prominent in adults compared to adolescents. Conclusions: These findings have important implications since they demonstrate a unique susceptibility to the conditioned rewarding effects of nicotine that would promote acquisition of smoking behaviour during adolescence, whereas adults may be more vulnerable to processes involved in its maintenance.

Ce travail de mémoire porte sur le processus d’insertion sociale et économique des personnes vivant des problèmes de santé mentale. Le travail est devenu un important véhicule d’intégration sociale. En effet, on prétend que la pratique d’un métier serait pour les personnes souffrant de problèmes de santé un outil de rétablissement et de mieux-être, car elle permet de réduire les symptômes et l’incidence des hospitalisations. Le travail permet, également, d’augmenter les interactions sociales et de contribuer activement à la société. Il existe, toutefois, d’autres véhicules d’intégration qui semblent, sous certains angles, apporter les mêmes avantages. Les activités bénévoles améliorent la qualité de vie, favorisent les interactions sociales et donnent, à l’individu, l’occasion de contribuer à sa communauté. Par ailleurs, le retrait social peut être un moyen de s’éloigner des pressions sociales et de s’accorder une pause bénéfique. On soutient que les personnes ayant un problème de santé mentale qui ont une lecture positive de leur situation de marginalité tendent à être moins hospitalisées. S’appuyant sur une démarche qualitative, ce travail de recherche a tenté de cerner les perspectives, les questionnements et les perceptions des personnes ayant un trouble mental à l’égard d’un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle, de participation sociale et de retrait social. Des entrevues semi-dirigées ont été menées auprès de onze personnes, et grâce à ces entretiens, un portrait au regard de leurs parcours social et professionnel a pu être brossé. Les entretiens ont permis d’explorer l’impact des problèmes de santé mentale sur leur réalité et sur leur identité, leurs représentations du marché de l’emploi et les motifs qui justifient le choix de s’engager ou de renoncer à un processus d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Les résultats de cette recherche ont permis d'identifier cinq facteurs qui peuvent influencer la décision des personnes qui sont le rapport à l'environnement social, l'identité, le rapport aux institutions de l'État, les discours de légitimation et les perspectives d'avenir. Les résultats démontrent que l'on ne peut isoler les notions de vulnérabilité, d'autonomie, de bien-être ou de stabilité dans une phase spécifique. La vulnérabilité, l'autonomie, le bien-être et la stabilité sont des états que l’on peut vivre en situation de retrait social, de participation sociale et d’intégration socioprofessionnelle. Selon les circonstances et l’état émotif, ils peuvent être des modes adaptés ou inadaptés. / This theisis explores the social and economic integration of people with mental health problems in regard to paid work. Work has become an important vehicle for social integration. Indeed, it is argued that having an occupation could be a tool to recovery and wellness in that it can reduce symptoms and prevent hospitalisation. Work also allows for increased social interactions and active participation in society. There are however, other vehicles for social integration that have the possibility of providing the same advantages as work. Volunteer activities improve the quality of life, promote social interaction and provide opportunities to contribute to community life. Moreover, social withdrawal can be viewed as a way to attain a sense of distance from social pressures and thus provide a beneficial break. It is argued that persons with mental health problems who have a positive perception of their marginal situation have a lower tendency for hospitalisation. Based on a qualitative approach, this research has attempted to identify the reasons why people with a mental disorder engage in a process of socio-professional integration, social participation and social withdrawal. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 people, and through these interviews, a portrait of their social and professional process has been presented. The interviews explored the impact of mental health problems on their reality and their identity, what the labour market represents, and the reasons that justify the decision to commit or to abandon a process of socio-professional integration. This research has demonstrated that there are five factors that can influence people’s decisions: the relationship to the social environment, identity, the relationship to state institutions, legitimizing discourses and future perspectives. The results show that we can isolate the notions of vulnerability, autonomy, well-being or stability in a specific phase. Vulnerability, autonomy, well-being and stability are states that can be lived in a situation of social withdrawal, social participation and professional integration. Depending on the circumstances and the emotional state of the person, they may be considered adaptive or inadequate modes of adaptation.

Ce mémoire de maîtrise en anthropologie est le résultat d’une recherche de terrain menée au service de néonatologie du CHU Sainte-Justine et ayant pour objectif de documenter les pratiques décisionnelles entourant l’arrêt des traitements curatifs chez les patients. La fin de vie de ces patients est traversée par des enjeux de nature éthique, socioculturelle et professionnelle. Par le biais d’observations prolongées et d’entretiens menés auprès de soignants de ce service, ces fins de vie se sont révélées tissées d’incertitude et propices aux divergences d’opinions. Loin d’être distribuées de manière arbitraire, ces divergences se dessinent souvent en fonction des corps de métiers. Elles ont donc été étudiées en relation avec l’organisation du travail en néonatologie pour saisir l’influence qu’exerce cette dernière sur la formation des valeurs et des postures morales des soignants. Les rapports qu’entretiennent les professionnels avec l’incertitude, ainsi que le partage (ou non) de la prise de décision au sein de l’équipe soignante se rattachent à ces postures morales et dévoilent des dynamiques sociales et organisationnelles à l’oeuvre dans ce service hospitalier. En dernier lieu, le travail en néonatologie fut observé à la loupe des dimensions cure et care des soins de santé. Depuis cette optique, la fin de vie apparaît comme une occasion de prise en charge qui reconnaît la singularité et l’humanité des soignants comme des soignés. / This master's thesis in anthropology is the result of fieldwork conducted in the neonatal intensive care unit of the CHU Sainte-Justine. It aims to document the decision-making practices regarding the withdrawal of life-sustaining interventions. The patients’ end-of-life treatment decisions are underpinned by ethical, socio-cultural, and professional issues. Through extended observations and interviews with caregivers from this service, these situations have proven to be riddled with uncertainty and characterized by differences of opinion. Far from being randomly distributed, these differences are generally divided along the lines of the medical and nursing professions. This study therefore concentrates on the organization of work in neonatology to better understand its influence on the formation of values and moral stances. The healthcare professionals’ relationship with uncertainty, as well as the choice to share or not the decision-making process within the healthcare team, are connected to these moral positions and reveal social and organizational dynamics at work within this hospital department. Finally, work in neonatology is observed through the lens of the cure and care dimensions of healthcare. From this perspective, end-of-life situations appear as an opportunity to offer care while recognizing the singularity and humanity of both caregivers and care receivers.

Dans le cadre du renouvellement doctrinal sur les unions fédérales, nous proposons une définition du pacte fédératif qui se fonde sur l'étude des systèmes fédéraux allemand, américain, et suisse dans la perspective d'une qualification juridique des traités européens. Le pacte fédératif est un acte conclu volontairement entre des Etats fondant une institution, la Fédération, qui constitue une union politique. La stabilité de cette Fédération impose des mécanismes assurant sa cohérence et le respect du droit fédéral, ainsi que le développement d'un sentiment d'appartenance fédéral. Mais les autorités fédérales doivent à l'inverse respecter l'intégrité des Etats membres. Si l'un de ces éléments n'est pas respecté la Fédération risque d'imploser ou de se transformer en Etat fédéral. L'Union européenne répond globalement à ces critères de définition, ce qui permet sa qualification de Fédération. L'étude de son fonctionnement permet également de mettre en évidence un respect général de l'équilibre entre les niveaux fédéral et fédéré nécessaire à sa pérennisation en tant que Fédération. Au plan matériel, l'équilibre entre impératif de bon fonctionnement de la Fédération et le respect de l'intégrité des Etats membres ne fait pas l'objet de tensions avec les Etats membres, que ce soit au niveau de la répartition comme de l'exercice des compétences. Au plan institutionnel, le processus décisionnel a dû s'adapter au renforcement de l'intégration européenne. On constate notamment un renforcement de la légitimité démocratique, condition préalable au développement d'un sentiment d'appartenance européen, même si des améliorations restent nécessaires. Le reproche de déficit démocratique lié à l'absence d'alternative partisane paraît plus difficile à résoudre car le facteur partisan n'est pas aisé à concilier avec la logique de fonctionnement des institutions européennes qui impose une forme de compromis. / As part of the renewal of the doctrin regarding federal unions, I suggest a definition of the federal compact which is based on the study of the German, the American and the Swiss federal systems in order to find a legal classification for the European treaties. The federal compact is an act voluntarily concluded between states founding an "institution", the Federation, which is a political union. The stability of this Federation implies mechanisms which safeguard consistency and compliance with federal law ; besides it requires the development of a federal sense of belonging. But conversely, federal authorities have to respect the member states’ integrity. If one of those criteria is not met, the Federation may collapse or turn into a federal state. The European Union meets these criteria completely, which allows its characterization as Federation. The study of its functioning enables then to highlight a global compliance of the balance between federal and state level, which is necessary for the Federation’s stability. On the material level, the balance between the obligation of a good functioning Federation on the one hand and the respect of the member states on the other doesn't turn into a conflict with the member states, neither in regard of the allocation of power nor in regard of the exercise of power. On the institutional level, decisional process had to be adapted to a deeper European integration. There is in particular a strengthened democratic legitimacy, which is required for a European sense of belonging to develop, even though improvements are still necessary. It seems more difficult to solve the problem of the criticism related to the lack of democracy based on the absence of political challenge because political challenge is not easy to achieve given the compromise-based way the European institution function.

DUBOVÁ, T. Rehabilitation of family drug addicted parents. Key words: Abstinence - oriented treatment, Dependance syndrome, Dysfunctional family, Rehabilitation of family, Resocialization, Withdrawal syndrome This thesis addresses the issue of drug addiction and parenting. It focuses on society's view on drug addicted parents and briefly defines the concept of addiction. The core work is the rehabilitation of these families and its various forms. It describes the role of professional institutions that deal with protecting the interests of the child and work with drug addicted parents and contributes to the rehabilitation of the family. The work also includes specific aspects of women's drug addiction and the consequences of substance use during pregnancy on the child. At the end of the theoretical chapter is devoted to professional institutions and their programs to work with the family. The practical part of this thesis includes three case studies that describe families of drug addicted parents and the way their efforts to restore or maintain the family.

Nous avons posé la problématique suivante : Quelles sont, dans le cadre d'une situation duale d'apprentissage scolaire, les conditions interactionnelles permettant, chez l'enfant, autiste moyen et très peu verbal (test CARS-T), auprès duquel nous sommes intervenu, l'émergence, le développement et le maintien des procédures cognitives nécessaires à la production lexicale écrite ? Nous avons distingué trois domaines foncièrement imbriqués dans la réalité de nos interventions pédagogiques : celui de l'attention conjointe (Schaeffer, 1977), des interactions (Bruner 1983, 1987) inscrites dans une perspective pragmatique des échanges (Bates, 1976 ; Bernicot, 2006 ; Dardier, 2004) et celui de l'orthographe lexicale. Notre travail s'est attaché à les distinguer pour parvenir à corréler l'aspect interactionnel et le développement des processus phonographique. La situation pédagogique représente un contexte de communication qui exerce des contraintes d'ordre pragmatique, langagier, communicationnel (attention conjointe, gestion des échanges) sur l'application des ressources cognitives et en particulier sur les régulations qui auraient du mal à s'effectuer ou s'automatiser chez les personnes avec autisme (hypersensorialité et son corollaire, le démantèlement). La mise en œuvre des interactions de tutelle auprès de notre élève, nous a conduit à réfléchir aux conditions de leur réalisation. Nous est alors apparue la pertinence de parler "d'harmonisation volontaire à visée de tutelle." Nous avons procédé à une étude clinique selon les modalités de l'observation participante (Bogdan et Taylor, 1985). Nous avons travaillé sur les axes diachroniques et synchroniques à partir d'un corpus filmique. Nous avons effectué une analyse quantitative et qualitative des modifications conjointes à court, moyen ou long terme des régulations inter et intra-individuelles des conduites au cours d'interactions entre l'enfant et nous-même, en fonction de variables de contexte afin d'étudier l'interface entre fonctionnement cognitif apparent et l'aspect inter-individuel dans le cadre d'une situation pédagogique. Les résultats Sur le plan de l'attention conjointe, nous avons noté une réduction des désengagements longs et de ceux à caractère définitif. Concernant la dimension pragmatique des échanges, la coconstruction a permis à l'enfant de développer un discours métapragmatique et métalinguistique. A propos des apprentissages, nous avons souligné un investissement volontaire de l'enfant dans l'apprentissage orthographique qui s'est traduit par un allongement de son attention durant les tâches de reconnaissance (avec amorçage direct) ou de production lexicale aidée (cartes phonogrammiques) ainsi qu'un développement d'une procédure phonographique. Cette recherche s'est appuyée sur des connaissances neuropsychologiques, cognitives, linguistiques qui, constituées en un ensemble cohérent nous ont permis de tracer les perspectives d'une intervention pédagogique adaptée que nous avons nommée harmonisation volontaire à visée de tutelle dont nous avons tenté de définir les éléments constitutifs. Elle est fondée sur l'adoption d'une posture de retrait actif, inspirée de la posture "en aval" de Laurent Danon-Boileau (2002), par le professeur suffisamment attentif à l'enfant avec autisme pour intégrer dans sa démarche pédagogique les fonctionnements psychiques et cognitifs inévitablement idiosyncrasiques de l'élève. Par conséquent, nous pensons que "l'harmonisation volontaire à visée de tutelle" en tant que notion objectivement définie, mais qui demande cependant à être approfondie, peut être considérée comme un contenu de formation pour les enseignants spécialisés dans la perspective d'une école inclusive. / What are the interactional conditions in the context of a dual school learning setting which enable the emergence, development and maintenance of cognitive procedures necessary for the written lexical production for the minimally verbal child with moderate autism we worked with? We distinguished three areas fundamentally embedded into the reality of our educational interventions : joint attention (Schaeffer 1977), interactions (Bruner , 1983, 1987) consistent with the pragmatic approach to exchanges (Bates, 1976 ; Bernicot 2006 ; Dardier, 2004) and word spelling. Our work aimed at differentiating the three areas in order to correlate interactional aspects and the development of the phonographic process. The teaching setting creates a context for communication that places pragmatic, linguistic, and communicative --joint attention , exchange management-- constraints on autistic students' ability to apply cognitive resources, particularly their ability to self-regulate (hypersensoriality and its corollary, dismantling). As we strove to implement guardianship interactions with our student, and reflected on the conditions of their realization, we realized the relevance of speaking of voluntary harmonization aiming at guardianship. Results related to joint attention showed a decrease in both long- term and permanent disengagement. In terms of pragmatic dimension of exchanges, co-construction enabled the child to develop a meta-pragmatic and meta-linguistic discourse. As for the learning itself, we noticed that the child invested himself voluntarily in his spelling learning, resulting in an increased ability to sustain attention during recognition (direct priming) or supported word production (phonogram cards) tasks, and a developing phonographic procedure. We used our knowledge of neuropsychology, cognitive science, and linguistics to set the framework for our research and outline the prospects of an appropriate educational intervention we called voluntary harmonization aiming at guardianship, whose constituent elements we tried to define. The purpose of this approach is to promote learning through scaffolding. It is based on the adoption by an adult sufficiently attentive to the autistic child of an active withdrawal posture, inspired by Laurent Danon-Boileau (2002)'s forward posture, to integrate into his approach the child's inevitably idiosyncratic psychic and cognitive functioning. We believe that although objectively defined, the notion of voluntary harmonization aiming at guardianship requires further research, and may open up new training opportunities for specialized teachers in the context of inclusive education.

The aim of this thesis is to show that Emily Dickinson was not concerned with the publication of her poems and she herself decided to withdraw from the outside world, a decisive event which contributed to the original production of her almost eighteen hundred poems and over eleven hundred letters. Emily Dickinson withdrew into her untouched private world – which here is called “the bubble” – and developed the contemplation process based on the approach of apprehending perceptions which resulted in the instant captions that have enchanted readers. Since her withdrawal was as a result of her own free choice and own writing and living conventions, she was able to be the craftsperson that enjoyed living and writing. Her perception of nature by taking instant captions of the observable natural objects is perfected by the process of contemplation developed in some of her poems. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study comes from the analysis of the complete edition of poems edited by Thomas H. Johnson, the letters edited by Mabel Loomis Todd, and the concept of Nature by Hans Georg Schenk. For the analyses of different issues related to Dickinson’s verses, withdrawal, and apprehension of perceptions, the works of the biographer Richard Benson Sewall and critics such as Albert Gelpi, Barton Levi Armand, Karl Keller, Sharon Cameron, among others, were consulted. This study aims to demonstrate that Emily Dickinson was not concerned with publication and her withdrawal within her bubble was a positive event for her life and poetry. Such conclusion might contribute to enlighten the knowledge about the life and work of such an amazing personage of American Literature and American society as Emily Dickinson has been so far.

本文針對附保證年金型投資商品進行評價，其中被保險人脫退因素除受到死亡解約因素之外，對經濟環境影響因素產生解約問題，如利率攀升、經濟成長率、失業率等亦須考慮。附保證年金型投資商品公帄價值為保險公司販賣投資型年金商品須對負債面進行評價，以確保被保險人之權益，保險商品價值除因投資市場環境變動造成投資商品價值累積變動之外，對於被保險人因應市場環境轉變造成脫退問題亦影響保險公司對於投資型商品準備金價值評估，本篇依照Kolkiewicz & Tan(2006)之研究，假設附保證年金型投資商品評價方式，除投資標的受到市場變動影響外，對於經濟環境變動造成被保險人解約狀況亦考慮於核保模型中，因脫退因素考慮層面過廣，故本篇主要以死亡、經濟環境變動劇烈與利率上升導致解約因素為主要考慮狀態。 本研究推導之模型主要得出下列結果：(1)附保證年金型商品的公帄價格以保險年期的影響最大，其次為風險性資本市場長期帄均波動，而死亡率影響附保證投資年金型商品主要由風險性資本市場價值決定。(2)契約初始為主要解約期間，當解約力持續增加至一定值，契約後期解約率將趨於帄坦，本研究推估契約前期經濟市場波動易造成被保險人解約狀況，故解約程度增加。(3)主要投資型商品風險價差問題影響因素為長期市場波動程度，因風險價差之衡量主要考慮風險因子變動因素導致與公帄價值或期初保費差距，依照模型假設變動因子以風險性資產價值波動程度影響最巨，其次為保險期間，因此歸納出風險價差因子主要變動來源為風險性資產價值。 / In this paper, the goal is to evaluate fair value of guaranteed annuity-type investment products. In addition to death factors, the insured terminate by other reasons, such as interest rates raising, economic growth rate, and unemployment rate. Accordance with the liabilities side, the reserve of guaranteed annuity-type investment products must match it’s fair value. There is a question how to accurately evaluate fair value of guaranteed annuity-type investment products. The price of guaranteed annuity-type investment products is affected by two parts. One is cumulative index price change in value of investment goods, the other one is withdrawal rates. Kolkiewicz & Tan’s research assume guaranteed annuity-type investment products evaluation methods which is affected by market environment and termination status of the insured. The results show that (1) The major impact on fair value of guaranteed annuity-type investment products is mainly from the period of the insurance contracts. The secondary effect is long-term average risk capital market volatility. (2) The main terminate time is the beginning of the contracts. When the lapse rates continued to increase to a certain value, lapse rate tends to smooth.(3) The major impact on risk spread of guaranteed annuity-type investment products is mainly from long-term market volatility. To sum up, the major changes in sources of risk spreads factor are from asset value.